Bayezid I, also known as Bayezid the Thunderbolt, was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1389 to 1402. He adopted the title of Sultan-i Rûm, Rûm being the Arabic name for the Eastern Roman Empire. In 1394, Bayezid unsuccessfully besieged Constantinople. He defeated the Crusaders at the Battle of Nicopolis in what is now Bulgaria in 1396. He was later defeated and captured by Timur at the Battle of Ankara in 1402 and died in captivity in March 1403, which triggered the Ottoman Interregnum.
Murad I was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1362 to 1389. He was the son of Orhan Gazi and Nilüfer Hatun. Murad I came into the throne after his elder brother Süleyman Pasha's death.
Mehmed I, also known as Mehmed Çelebi or Kirişçi, was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1413 to 1421. The fourth son of Sultan Bayezid I and Devlet Hatun, he fought with his brothers over control of the Ottoman realm in the Ottoman Interregnum (1402–1413). Starting from the province of Rûm he managed to bring first Anatolia and then the European territories (Rumelia) under his control, reuniting the Ottoman state by 1413, and ruling it until his death in 1421. Called "The Restorer," he reestablished central authority in Anatolia, and he expanded the Ottoman presence in Europe by the conquest of Wallachia in 1415. Venice destroyed his fleet off Gallipoli in 1416 as the Ottomans lost a naval war.
Murad II was twice the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1421 to 1444 and from 1446 to 1451.
Orhan Ghazi was the second sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1323/4 to 1362. He was born in Söğüt, as the son of Osman I.
The Karamanids, also known as the Emirate of Karaman and Beylik of Karaman, was one of the Anatolian beyliks, centered in South-Central Anatolia around the present-day Karaman Province. From the mid 14th century until its fall in 1487, the Karamanid dynasty was one of the most powerful beyliks in Anatolia.
The Candar dynasty, also known as the Isfendiyar dynasty, was an Oghuz Turkic princely Anatolian dynasty that reigned in the territories corresponding to the provinces of Eflani, Kastamonu, Sinop, Zonguldak, Bartın, Karabük, Samsun, Bolu, Ankara and Çankırı in present-day Turkey from the year 1291 to 1461. The region was known in Western literature as Paphlagonia, a name applied to the same geographical area during the Roman period.
Ibrahim II was a bey of Karaman. In 1425 he married Ilaldi Sultan Hatun, a daughter of Ottoman Sultan Mehmed I. They had six sons among them Ishak Bey, Pir Ahmet Bey and Kaya Bey, who married his cousin Hafsa Hatun, daughter of Murad II, and had a son, Kasım Bey.
İsa Çelebi was an Ottoman prince and a co-ruler of the empire during the Ottoman Interregnum.
Şehzade Ahmed was a Şehzade (prince) of the Ottoman Empire, the eldest survived son of Sultan Bayezid II. He fought against his younger brother, Selim, in the Ottoman Civil War of 1509–1513 to succeed their father, and was a central figure in the Şahkulu rebellion. Ahmed ultimately lost the war against his brother, and was executed by Selim's order after the latter usurped the throne.
Nasiraeddin Mehmed II of Karaman, also Mehmed Beg, Mehmed Beg II or Nasir al-Din Mehmed Beg was the Bey ruler of Karaman. His mother was Nefise Hatun, a daughter of Ottoman Sultan Murad I.
Alaeddin Ali II of Karaman was the bey of Karamanids in what is now modern Turkey in the 15th century. He was the second son of Alaattin Ali of Karaman and Nefise Melek Sultan Hatun, Ottoman Sultan Murad I's daughter.
Yakub II, also known as Yakub Chelebi, was Bey of Germiyan in western Anatolia from 1387 to 1390, 1402 to 1411, and 1414 until his death. Yakub was the patron of several literary and architectural works produced during his reign.
Süleyman of Karaman was a bey of the Karaman Beylik, a Turkish principality in Anatolia in the 14th century.
Pir Ahmed of Karaman was a bey of Karaman Beylik, a Sunni Muslim Turkoman principality in Anatolia in the 15th century.
Ottoman wars in Asia refers to the wars involving the Ottoman Empire in Asia. Ottoman Empire was founded at the beginning of the 14th century. Its original settlement was in the northwest Anatolia where it was a small beylik (principality). Its main rival was Byzantine Empire. In 1350s Ottomans were able to cross the Dardanelles strait and eventually they conquered most of the Balkans. Although they mainly concentrated their expansions in Europe, they also expanded their territories in Asia, mainly in Fertile Crescent and Arabian Peninsula.
Nefise Melek Sultan Hatun was an Ottoman princess, the daughter of Sultan Murad I of the Ottoman Empire. She was the wife of Alaeddin Ali Bey of Karaman, the ruler of Karamanids, the mother of the next Karamanid ruler, Mehmed II of Karaman and the first political active Ottoman princess known.
Mubāriz al-Dīn Isfendiyār Bey, was a member of the Candar dynasty that reigned as bey from 1385 until his death in 1440. Although the name of the dynasty is Candar, following his reign, as a testament to its longevity certain historians of the Ottoman Empire also began to refer to the beylik by the name İsfendiyar.
Beylik of Tacettin was a small Turkmen principality in Anatolia in the 14th and 15th centuries.
The Battle of Kırkdilim was fought in July 1391 or 1392 between the Ottoman şehzade Ertuğrul and Kadi Burhan al-Din, ruler of northeastern Anatolia. The details of the battle are debated: Burhan al-Din's court poet Ibn Ardashir presents Bayezid's campaign being ended by a major victory for his master, which temporarily halted Ottoman expansion in Anatolia, but the contemporary letters of Manuel II Palaiologos, who accompanied Bayezid on his Anatolian campaigns, contain no indications of a major clash, and point to the expedition having been an Ottoman success overall.
