The Banu Khazrun were a family of the Maghrawa that ruled Tripoli from 1001 to 1146.
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Banu Khazrun | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1001–1146 | |||||||||
| Capital | Tripoli | ||||||||
| Common languages | Arabic, Berber | ||||||||
| Religion | Islam | ||||||||
| History | |||||||||
• Established | 1001 | ||||||||
• Disestablished | 1146 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Today part of | |||||||||
The Banu Khazrun were a family of the Maghrawa that ruled Tripoli from 1001 to 1146.
Banu Khazrun | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1001–1146 | |||||||||
| Capital | Tripoli | ||||||||
| Common languages | Arabic, Berber | ||||||||
| Religion | Islam | ||||||||
| History | |||||||||
• Established | 1001 | ||||||||
• Disestablished | 1146 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Today part of | |||||||||
During the 10th century, the region of Ifriqiya and Tripolitania came under the control of the Fatimid Caliphate. After the Fatimids moved their capital to Cairo in the 970s, they left their territories in the Maghreb under the control of their vassals, the Zirid dynasty. After 1001, Tripolitania broke away from Zirid control under the leadership of Fulful ibn Sa'id ibn Khazrun, a leader of the Banū Khazrūn tribe, from the Maghrawa Berber confederation. This established the Banu Khazrun dynasty that lasted up to the mid-12th century. [1] [2] [3] [4]
Fulful fought a protracted war against Badis ibn al-Mansur, the Zirid emir, and sought outside help from the Fatimid caliphs themselves in Cairo and even from the Andalusi Umayyads in Córdoba. After his death in 1009, the Zirids were able to retake Tripoli for a time. The region nonetheless remained effectively under control of the Banu Khazrun, who fluctuated between practical autonomy and full independence, often playing the Fatimids and the Zirids against each other. [5] [6] [2] [7]
After the death of Fulful ibn Sai'd ibn Khazrun in 1009–10, his brother Warru was proclaimed as leader. He warred against the Zirids but was forced to recognize their authority several times. [5] After his death in 1014–5, the Maghrawa tribes were divided in a succession dispute between Warru's brother, Khazrun ibn Sa'id, and Warru's son, Khalifa. Khalifa prevailed and Khazrun left for Egypt along with his two sons, Sa'id and al-Muntasir. Khalifa initially recognized the Zirid ruler, Badis, but refused to recognize the authority of his successor, al-Mu'izz ibn Badis (r. 1016–1062). He launched attacks in the regions around Gabès and Tripoli. [5] The Zirids finally ceded Tripoli to the Banu Khazrun in 1022. [8] In 1026–7, Khalifa obtained from the Fatimid caliph in Cairo, al-Zahir, a formal confirmation of his position as governor of Tripoli, while agreeing to send gifts to al-Mu'izz ibn Badis. [9]
Within Khalifa's lifetime, the sons of Khazrun ibn Sa'id returned to contest control of Tripolitania. Eventually, al-Muntasir emerged victorious as the ruler of Tripoli and the Maghrawa in the region, a position which he kept for a long period. [5] Between 1038 and 1049, he waged a long war against the Zirids, defeating two of their expeditions against him. He was defeated by a third Zirid expedition and agreed to a peace treaty. [5] During the invasions of the Banu Hilal in 1051–1052, he accepted the authority of al-Mu'izz ibn Badis and came to his aid. The Zirids and their allies were nonetheless defeated and forced to retreat, leaving the Banu Hilal to occupy the inland plains across the region, although Al-Muntasir still retained control of Tripoli. [5]
Sometime around 1075, al-Muntasir led the Banu Adi, an Arab tribe, on an expedition against the Hammadid kingdom to the west (in present-day Algeria). He occupied the towns of Ashir and al-Masila, along with the M'zab and Righ regions, while retaining control of Tripoli. He made a new base for himself in Waghlana (modern-day Ourlal), near Biskra. The Hammadid governor of Biskra later succeeded in having him killed. [5]
Little is known about the history of the Banu Khazrun after al-Muntasir. [5] In 1143, Roger II of Sicily tried and failed to take Tripoli from Muhammad ibn Khazrun. [10] By 1146, a famine drove the city's inhabitants to expel the Banu Khazrun. [10] This afforded Roger the opportunity to finally capture the city in 1146 or 1147. [10] [11] [12] The dynasty's rule came to an end at this time [2] and the Normans extended their influence to the coastal cities in this region. [11]
Much of the history of Algeria has taken place on the fertile coastal plain of North Africa, which is often called the Maghreb. North Africa served as a transit region for people moving towards Europe or the Middle East, thus, the region's inhabitants have been influenced by populations from other areas, including the Carthaginians, Romans, and Vandals. The region was conquered by the Muslims in the early 8th century AD, but broke off from the Umayyad Caliphate after the Berber Revolt of 740. During the Ottoman period, Algeria became an important state in the Mediterranean sea which led to many naval conflicts. The last significant events in the country's recent history have been the Algerian War and Algerian Civil War.
The Fatimid Caliphate was a caliphate extant from the tenth to the twelfth centuries AD under the rule of the Fatimids, an Isma'ili Shi'a dynasty. Spanning a large area of North Africa and West Asia, it ranged from the western Mediterranean in the west to the Red Sea in the east. The Fatimids trace their ancestry to the Islamic prophet Muhammad's daughter Fatima and her husband, ‘Ali ibn Abi Talib, the first Shi‘a imam. The Fatimids were acknowledged as the rightful imams by different Isma‘ili communities as well as by denominations in many other Muslim lands and adjacent regions. Originating during the Abbasid Caliphate, the Fatimids conquered Ifriqiya and established the city of al-Mahdiyya. The Fatimid dynasty ruled territories across the Mediterranean coast and ultimately made Egypt the center of the caliphate. At its height, the caliphate included—in addition to Egypt—varying areas of the Maghreb, Sicily, the Levant, and the Hejaz.
The Hammadid dynasty was a branch of the Sanhaja Berber dynasty that ruled an area roughly corresponding to north-eastern modern Algeria between 1008 and 1152. The state reached its peak under Nasir ibn Alnas during which it was briefly the most important state in Northwest Africa. Its realm was conquered by the Almohad Caliphate.
The Zirid dynasty, Banu Ziri, was a Sanhaja Berber dynasty from what is now Algeria which ruled the central Maghreb from 972 to 1014 and Ifriqiya from 972 to 1148.
The Banu Hilal was a confederation of Arab tribes from the Najd region of the central Arabian Peninsula that emigrated to the Maghreb region of North Africa in the 11th century. Masters of the vast plateaux of the Najd, they enjoyed a somewhat infamous reputation, possibly owing to their relatively late conversion to Islam and accounts of their campaigns in the borderlands between Iraq and Syria. When the Fatimid Caliphate became the rulers of Egypt and the founders of Cairo in 969, they hastened to confine the unruly Bedouin in the south before sending them to Central North Africa and then to Morocco.
Bādīs ibn al-Manṣūr, known fully as ʾAbū Manād Bādīs Nāṣir al-Dawla, was the third ruler of the Zirids in Ifriqiya from 996–1016.
Al-Muʿizz ibn Bādīs was the fourth ruler of the Zirids in Ifriqiya, reigning from 1016 to 1062.
The Maghrawa or Meghrawa were a large Zenata Berber tribal confederation whose cradle and seat of power was the territory located on the Chlef in the north-western part of today's Algeria, bounded by the Ouarsenis to the south, the Mediterranean Sea to the north and Tlemcen to the west. They ruled these areas on behalf of the Umayyad Caliphate of Cordoba at the end of the 10th century and during the first half of the 11th century.
Tamim ibn al-Mu'izz was the fifth ruler of the Zirids in Ifriqiya (1062–1108).
The Banu Ifran or Ifranids, were a Zenata Berber tribe prominent in the history of pre-Islamic and early Islamic North Africa. In the 8th century, they established a kingdom in the central Maghreb, with Tlemcen as its capital.
Tobna, also known by the ancient names of Tubunae or Thubunae, is a ruined former city in Batna Province of Algeria, located just south of the modern city of Barika. From this position, it once controlled the eastern part of the Hodna region, while M'Sila did the west. It flourished from the time of the Roman Empire through the Islamic Middle Ages, until it was sacked and destroyed by the Banu Hilal in the 11th century, after which it was finally abandoned.
The Banu Khurasan or Khurasanid dynasty was a Sunni Muslim dynasty that ruled an independent principality centered on Tunis, in present-day Tunisia, between approximately 1058 and 1159. They rose to power following the political vacuum left behind by the Zirids when they abandoned Kairouan for Mahdia in 1157, in the face of pressure from the Banu Hilal. While de facto independent, they continued to recognize the suzerainty of either Zirids or the Hammadids for much of this period. Their rule was interrupted by Hammadid annexation from 1128 and 1148, and their authority came to a final end with the Almohad conquest in 1159.
Abu Muhammad al-Hasan al-Yazuriibn Ali ibn Abd al-Rahman was a vizier of the Fatimid Caliphate, holding office from 1050 to 1058.
The Zirids conquered the western Maghreb in 979 when Buluggin Ibn Ziri led a campaign to expand his territory. He captured most of present-day Morocco by 980, which remained briefly under Zirid control until his death in 984.
The Hammadids captured Fez in 1062, during Buluggin ibn Muhammad's campaign against the Maghrawa tribe that controlled parts of present-day Morocco and western Algeria.
The Hilalian invasion of Ifriqiya refers to the migration of Arab tribes of Banu Hilal to Ifriqiya. It was organised by the Fatimids with the goal of punishing the Zirids for breaking ties with them and pledging allegiance to the Abbasid Caliphs.
The Battle of Haydaran or the Battle of Jabal Haydaran was an armed conflict which took place on 14 April 1052 between the Arab tribes of Banu Hilal and the Zirid dynasty in modern-day South-East Tunisia, it was part of the Hilalian invasion of Ifriqiya.
The Banu Thabit or Banu 'Ammar were a dynasty that ruled Tripoli in present-day Libya during the 14th century. The dynasty's founder, Thabit ibn 'Ammar, was a member of the Berber Zakūğa tribe from the Huwwara tribal confederation.
The Malikization of the Maghreb was the process of encouraging the adoption of the Maliki school of Sunni Islam in the Maghreb, especially in the 11th and 12th centuries, to the detriment of Shia and Kharijite inhabitants of the Maghreb. The process occurred as Maliki scholars increasingly gained influence, resulting in the widespread acceptance of the Maliki legal school and the subsequent marginalization of other forms of Islam. Malikism was considered a more conservative and mainstream variant of Sunni Islam.
The Norman Expedition to Tripoli was one of the many conflicts between the Kingdom of Sicily and the Zirids allied with the Banu Khazrun, where the Normans attempted to expand their influence in North Africa.
