Banu Khazrun | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1001–1146 | |||||||||
| Capital | Tripoli | ||||||||
| Common languages | Arabic, Berber | ||||||||
| Religion | Islam | ||||||||
| History | |||||||||
• Established | 1001 | ||||||||
• Disestablished | 1146 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Today part of | |||||||||
The Banu Khazrun were a family of the Maghrawa that ruled Tripoli from 1001 to 1146.
Banu Khazrun | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1001–1146 | |||||||||
| Capital | Tripoli | ||||||||
| Common languages | Arabic, Berber | ||||||||
| Religion | Islam | ||||||||
| History | |||||||||
• Established | 1001 | ||||||||
• Disestablished | 1146 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Today part of | |||||||||
The Banu Khazrun were a family of the Maghrawa that ruled Tripoli from 1001 to 1146.
During the 10th century, the region of Ifriqiya and Tripolitania came under the control of the Fatimid Caliphate. After the Fatimids moved their capital to Cairo in the 970s, they left their territories in the Maghreb under the control of their vassals, the Zirid dynasty. After 1001, Tripolitania broke away from Zirid control under the leadership of Fulful ibn Sa'id ibn Khazrun, a leader of the Banū Khazrūn tribe, from the Maghrawa Berber confederation. This established the Banu Khazrun dynasty that lasted up to the mid-12th century. [1] [2] [3] [4]
Fulful fought a protracted war against Badis ibn al-Mansur, the Zirid emir, and sought outside help from the Fatimid caliphs themselves in Cairo and even from the Andalusi Umayyads in Córdoba. After his death in 1009, the Zirids were able to retake Tripoli for a time. The region nonetheless remained effectively under control of the Banu Khazrun, who fluctuated between practical autonomy and full independence, often playing the Fatimids and the Zirids against each other. [5] [6] [2] [7]
After the death of Fulful ibn Sai'd ibn Khazrun in 1009–10, his brother Warru was proclaimed as leader. He warred against the Zirids but was forced to recognize their authority several times. [5] After his death in 1014–5, the Maghrawa tribes were divided in a succession dispute between Warru's brother, Khazrun ibn Sa'id, and Warru's son, Khalifa. Khalifa prevailed and Khazrun left for Egypt along with his two sons, Sa'id and al-Muntasir. Khalifa initially recognized the Zirid ruler, Badis, but refused to recognize the authority of his successor, al-Mu'izz ibn Badis (r. 1016–1062). He launched attacks in the regions around Gabès and Tripoli. [5] The Zirids finally ceded Tripoli to the Banu Khazrun in 1022. [8] In 1026–7, Khalifa obtained from the Fatimid caliph in Cairo, al-Zahir, a formal confirmation of his position as governor of Tripoli, while agreeing to send gifts to al-Mu'izz ibn Badis. [9]
Khalifa died at some point during the reign of the Fatimid caliph al-Zahir (r. 1021–1036). Within his lifetime, the sons of Khazrun ibn Sa'id returned to contest control of Tripolitania. Eventually, al-Muntasir emerged victorious as the ruler of Tripoli and the Maghrawa in the region, a position which he kept for a long period. [5] Between 1038 and 1049, he waged a long war against the Zirids, defeating two of their expeditions against him. He was defeated by a third Zirid expedition and agreed to a peace treaty. [5] During the invasions of the Banu Hilal in 1051–1052, he accepted the authority of al-Mu'izz ibn Badis and came to his aid. The Zirids and their allies were nonetheless defeated and forced to retreat, leaving the Banu Hilal to occupy the inland plains across the region, although Al-Muntasir still retained control of Tripoli. [5]
Sometime around 1075, al-Muntasir led the Banu Adi, an Arab tribe, on an expedition against the Hammadid kingdom to the west (in present-day Algeria). He occupied the towns of Ashir and al-Masila, along with the M'zab and Righ regions, while retaining control of Tripoli. He made a new base for himself in Waghlana (modern-day Ourlal), near Biskra. The Hammadid governor of Biskra later succeeded in having him killed. [5]
Little is known about the history of the Banu Khazrun after al-Muntasir. [5] In 1143, Roger II of Sicily tried and failed to take Tripoli from Muhammad ibn Khazrun. [10] By 1146, a famine drove the city's inhabitants to expel the Banu Khazrun. [10] This afforded Roger the opportunity to finally capture the city in 1146 or 1147. [10] [11] [12] The dynasty's rule came to an end at this time [2] and the Normans extended their influence to the coastal cities in this region. [11]
The following list includes the Khazrunid rulers of Tripoli:
Other rulers after al-Muntasir are not known by name. The last Khazrunid ruler was expelled by the Normans circa 1146. [5]
Much of the history of Algeria has taken place on the fertile coastal plain of North Africa, which is often called the Maghreb. North Africa served as a transit region for people moving towards Europe or the Middle East, thus, the region's inhabitants have been influenced by populations from other areas, including the Carthaginians, Romans, and Vandals. The region was conquered by the Muslims in the early 8th century AD, but broke off from the Umayyad Caliphate after the Berber Revolt of 740. During the Ottoman period, Algeria became an important state in the Mediterranean sea which led to many naval conflicts. The last significant events in the country's recent history have been the Algerian War and Algerian Civil War.
The Hammadid dynasty, also known as the Hammadid Emirate or the Kingdom of Bejaia, was a medieval Islamic kingdom located in the central Maghreb, encompassing present-day Algeria. It was established at the beginning of the 11th century when Hammad ibn Buluggin declared himself emir, thus splitting the Zirid domains into two separate dynasties. Under the reign of Emir Al Nasir, the emirate briefly became the most important state in the Maghreb, and reached its greatest territorial extent, stretching from Tlemcen in the west to Tunis in the east, and from the Mediterranean Sea in the north to the desert oasis of Ouargla and Oued Righ in the south. While they briefly controlled the principality of Fez in the west and cities like Sfax, Kairouan, Laribus, and Tripoli to the east.
The Zirid dynasty, Banu Ziri, was a Sanhaja Berber dynasty from what is now Algeria which ruled the central Maghreb from 972 to 1014 and Ifriqiya from 972 to 1148.
The Banu Hilal was a confederation of Arab tribes from the Najd region of the central Arabian Peninsula that emigrated to the Maghreb region of North Africa in the 11th century. Masters of the vast plateaux of the Najd, they enjoyed a somewhat infamous reputation, possibly owing to their relatively late conversion to Islam and accounts of their campaigns in the borderlands between Iraq and Syria. When the Fatimid Caliphate became the rulers of Egypt and the founders of Cairo in 969, they hastened to confine the unruly Bedouin in the south before sending them to Central North Africa and then to Morocco.
Buluggin ibn Ziri, often transliterated Bologhine, in full ʾAbū al Futūḥ Sayf ad Dawlah Bulukīn ibn Zīrī ibn Manād aṣ Ṣanhājī was the first leader of the Sanhaja Berber dynasty of Zirids to serve as viceroy of Ifriqiya under the Fatimid Caliphs, founding a dynasty that continued to rule the region after him.
Bādīs ibn al-Manṣūr, known fully as ʾAbū Manād Bādīs Nāṣir al-Dawla, was the third ruler of the Zirids in Ifriqiya from 996 to 1016.
Al-Muʿizz ibn Bādīs was the fourth ruler of the Zirids in Ifriqiya, reigning from 1016 to 1062. His regent was his paternel aunt Saïda bint Mansur until he reached majority.
The Maghrawa or Meghrawa were a large Berber tribal confederation in North Africa. They were the largest branch of the Zenata confederation. Their traditional territories around the time of Muslim expansion into the Maghreb in the 7th century were around present-day northeastern Algeria. They ruled parts of the western Maghreb on behalf of the Umayyad Caliphate of Cordoba at the end of the 10th century and during the first half of the 11th century.
Tamim ibn al-Mu'izz was the fifth ruler of the Zirids in Ifriqiya (1062–1108).
Islamic rule in Tripolitania and Cyrenaica began as early as the 7th century. With tenuous Byzantine control over Libya restricted to a few poorly defended coastal strongholds, the Arab invaders who first crossed into Pentapolis, Cyrenaica in September 642 encountered little resistance. Under the command of Amr ibn al-A'as, the armies of Islam conquered Cyrenaica, renaming the Pentapolis, Barqa.
The Banu Ifran or Ifranids, were a Zenata Berber tribe prominent in the history of pre-Islamic and early Islamic North Africa. In the 8th century, they established a kingdom in the central Maghreb, with Tlemcen as its capital.
The Taifa of Granada or Zirid Kingdom of Granada was a Muslim kingdom that was formed in al-Andalus in 1013 following the deposition of Caliph Hisham II in 1009. The kingdom was centered on Granada, its capital, and it also extended its control to Málaga for a period. Four kings succeeded each other during its nearly 80 years of existence, all of them belonging to an offshoot of the Zirid dynasty of North Africa, a Sanhaja Berber clan. The Taifa of Granada was considered to be the wealthiest out of all of the taifa kingdoms. It was eventually conquered by the Almoravids in 1090, putting an end to Zirid rule in Granada.
The Banu Khurasan or Khurasanid dynasty was a Sunni Muslim dynasty that ruled an independent principality centered on Tunis, in present-day Tunisia, between approximately 1058 and 1159. They rose to power following the political vacuum left behind by the Zirids when they abandoned Kairouan for Mahdia in 1157, in the face of pressure from the Banu Hilal. While de facto independent, they continued to recognize the suzerainty of either Zirids or the Hammadids for much of this period. Their rule was interrupted by Hammadid annexation from 1128 and 1148, and their authority came to a final end with the Almohad conquest in 1159.
Zawi ibn Ziri as-Sanhaji or Al-Mansur Zawi ibn Ziri ibn Manad as-Sanhaji, was a chief in the Berber Sanhaja tribe. He arrived in Spain in 1000 (391) during the reign of Almanzor. He took part in the rebellion against the Caliphate of Córdoba and settled in the Cora of Elvira with followers from his Sanhaja tribe. He founded the Taifa of Granada, and founded the Zirid dynasty of Granada as its first Emir, reigning from 1013 to 1019.
Abu Muhammad al-Hasan al-Yazuriibn Ali ibn Abd al-Rahman was a vizier of the Fatimid Caliphate, holding office from 1050 to 1058.
Abu'l-Hasan Ali ibn Muhammad al-Iyadi al-Tunisi was a 10th-century Maghrebi Arabic poet in the service of the Fatimid caliphs al-Qa'im, al-Mansur, and al-Mu'izz.
Makīn al-Dawla al-Ḥasan ibn ʿAlī ibn Mulhim ibn Dīnār al-ʿUqaylī, also known as Ibn Mulhim, was a Fatimid general who led the Fatimid reconquest of Ifriqiya and expeditions in Syria. He served as the governor of Aleppo in 1058–1060 and military governor of Jund al-Urdunn in 1062.
The Zirids conquered the western Maghreb in 979 when Buluggin Ibn Ziri led a campaign to expand his territory. He captured most of present-day Morocco by 980, which remained briefly under Zirid control until his death in 984.
The Hammadid capture of Béja in 1015 was an important military encounter between the Hammadid dynasty led by Hammad ibn Buluggin and the Zirid dynasty, led by Hashim,the best generale of Badis ibn Al-Mansur. This occurred during the Hammadid–Zirid War, which ultimately resulted in the independence of the Hammadid emirate, thus splitting the previous Zirid domains into two independent emirates.
The Hammadid–Zirid War was the first in a series of conflicts between Hammadid and Zirid forces. It lasted from Hammad's removal of allegiance to the Fatimid Caliph and his submission to the Abbasids in 1014 until the recognition of Hammadid independence with the treaty between the two dynasties in early 1018. The war was primarily driven by Zirid Emir Badis's attempts to assert his authority over Hammad's domains, while Hammad sought to keep Zirid rule and authority out of Central Maghreb.