Joof family | |
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![]() The totem and symbol of the Joof family is the antelope, symbolizing grace, royalty, wisdom, hard work and protection in Serer mythology. | |
Country | Kingdom of Baol Kingdom of Sine Kingdom of Saloum Takrur (the Serers lineage Senegal (present-day) Gambia (former colony of Saloum) Mauritania (previously as Lamanes) |
Founder | Lamane Jegan Joof (c. 11th century) Maad Ndaah Njemeh Joof(c. 1290) |
Final ruler | Maad a Sinig Mahecor Joof (King of Sine, 1924-69) Maad Saloum Fode N'Gouye Joof (King of Saloum, 1935-69) Lamane Njaga Dibor Ndoffene Joof (Lamane Diaga Dibor Ndofene Diouf) - Lamane of Tukar (2004) |
Titles | Lamane Maad Maad a Sinig Teigne Maad Saloum Bour |
Dissolution | 1969 (last kings of Sine and Saloum), 2004 last known Lamane of Tukar |
Cadet branches |
Joof (English spelling in the Gambia) or Diouf (French spelling in Senegal and Mauritania) is a surname that is typically Serer. This surname is also spelt Juuf or Juf (in the Serer language).
Though there are multiple spellings for this surname, they all refer to the same people. The differences in spelling came about because Senegal was colonized by France, while the Gambia was colonized by the United Kingdom. Although spelt differently, they are pronounced the same way.
The totem and symbol of the Joof family is the antelope, the symbol of grace, royalty, wisdom, hard work and protection in Serer mythology. The name of their clan is "Njoofene" variations: "Njuufeen" or "Njufeen" (in Serer). [1] [2] Members of this family had ruled over many of the pre-colonial kingdoms of Senegambia, including the Kingdom of Sine, the Kingdom of Saloum and the Kingdom of Baol. The royal princesses (Lingeers) from the Joof family were also given in marriage to the pre-colonial kings and princes of Senegambia. Some of these included the kings of Jolof, kings of Waalo, kings of Cayor and Baol (after 1549 following the Battle of Danki). From these marriages, they provided many heirs to the thrones of these kingdoms. [3] [4] Although usually associated with Serer royalty, the Joof family also figure prominently in Serer religious affairs.
The Joof family is one of the old families of Senegambia. Serer oral tradition speaks of a noble called Lamane Jegan Joof, owner of a large herd of livestock and estate who was also a farmer. He migrated from Lambaye following an argument with his relative, the king of Lambaye. The dispute concerned the governance of Lambaye and over-taxation of his herd which he considered unjust. As such, he decided to head south and founded Tukar with his younger brother Ndik Joof. The tradition then went on to say that, he had a son called Sosseh Joof (Socé Diouf) who was the heir of Tukar. [5] Some scholars have proposed that, Tukar (and many of its surrounding villages such as Njujuf, Sob, etc., which were founded by Lamane Jegan Joof making them part of his estate and colony) now a rather large village in present-day Senegal, is an ancient village and well before the Guelowar period (1335 [6] ) and placed the foundation of these villages in the 11th century, if not earlier. [7] [8] The Joof family had ruled Tukar for many centuries, inherited from their ancestor Lamane Jegan Joof through the Serer Lamanic custom, a rather strict custom of Serer land law and inheritance. In 2004, Lamane Njaga Dibor Ndoffene Joof (Lamane Diaga Dibor Ndofene Diouf) was the last lamane of Tukar. [9]
In the early history of the Ghana Empire to its end, the royal princesses of the Empire married into the Serer aristocratic families, some of these included Joof family. These royal princesses belonged to the maternal clan Wagadou (Bagadou in Serer language). With the Joof paternal clan, they ruled the Kingdom of Baol and provided many kings from the patrilineage Joof (the Joof paternal dynasty of Baol). Some of these kings include Boureh Joof (Bouré Diouf), Guidiane Joof (Guidiane Diouf), Ma Joof, Jinak Dialane [probably Gnilane] Joof, Maguinak Joof, etc. These kings preceded the Guelowar period by at least two or three centuries and long before the Fall paternal dynasty of Baol and Cayor who inherited the throne around 1549 after the Battle of Danki. The general consensus is that, after the demise of the Joof paternal and Wagadou maternal dynasties of Baol with other Serer paternal dynasties who jointly ruled Baol, the Fall paternal dynasty succeeded them, hence the first Damels and Teignes (titles of the kings of Cayor and Baol, respectively) from the Fall patrilineage were of Wagadou maternal descent. They simply married into the old royal family and succeeded to the throne. [10] [11]
The 11th-century legendary figure Amar Godomat or Ama Gôdô Maat, né. Ama Kodu Joof, is a member of this family.
The Guelowar period starts from 1350 during the reign of the first Guelowar king of Sine - Maad a Sinig Maysa Wali [12] [13] and ends in 1969 after the death of the last king of Sine and Saloum (Maad a Sinig Mahecor Joof and Maad Saloum Fode N'Gouye Joof respectively). [14] [15]
Maysa Wali and his family (the maternal clan Guelowar) fled Kaabu in 1335 following a dynastic struggle. They were defeated by the Ñaanco maternal dynasty of Kaabu (their extended relatives) and were granted asylum in the Kingdom of Sine by a Serer noble Council called The Great Council of Lamanes. Having served as legal advisor to this noble Council for 15 years, Maysa Wali managed to win the confidence and trust of the council and the common people. He was nominated and elected by the council and the people as king of Sine. He was the first Guelowar king of Sine. He gave his sisters in marriage to the Serer nobility which sealed the union between Serer and Guelowar. [16] It was the offspring of these marriages between the old Serer paternal noble clans and the Guelowar maternal clan of Kaabu that ruled the kingdom of Sine and later Saloum. In this Guelowar period, the Joof family (one of the oldest Serer paternal noble clans) provided many kings in the Kingdoms of Sine and Saloum (the Joof paternal dynasty of Sine and Saloum). The Joof family also founded three royal houses as follows (in the order of foundation): [17] [18]
They all trace their descent to Maad Ndaah Njemeh Joof (also known as Bour Ndaah Ndiémé Diouf or Ndaah Njeeme Juuf) - the king of Laah (or Laa) in Baol, around the 13th century. Maad Ndaah Njemeh Joof was the father of Maad Niokhobai Joof (also king of Laa) who was the father of the Great Maad Patar Kolleh Joof (also: Bour or Buur Patar Kholé Diouf or Bour Patar Kholleh Diouf) - the conqueror of Baol. [17] Maad Patar Kolleh Joof was the first of the Joof family to marry a Guelowar (Maad a Sinig Maysa Wali's niece). From that marriage he had Maad a Sinig Niokhobai Mane Nyan Joof (Niokhobaye Mane Niane Diouf) and Maad a Sinig Gejopal Mane Nyan Joof (Guédiopal Niane Mane Diouf), who were the first kings of Sine during the Guelowar period from the patrilineage Joof. Their brother Jaraff Boureh Gnilane Joof (Diaraf Bouré Gnilane Diouf) was not a king of Sine, but a Jaraff (equivalent of Prime Minister), who gave his name to the first Royal House of the Joof Dynasty (in the Guelowar period) and it is from that "The Royal House of Boureh Gnilane Joof" derived from, which provided several kings in Sine and Saloum. The Joof Dynasty that succeeded to the throne of Saloum came from Sine. [17] [20]
This table lists some of the historic battles of Senegambia involving the kings or princes belonging to this family:
Name of the battle | Member of the clan | Opponent | Reason for the battle | Victor |
---|---|---|---|---|
The Battle of Nganiane | Maad Patar Kholleh Joof (The Conqueror) | Teigne of Baol (King of Baol) | Empire building | Maad Patar Kholleh Joof [22] |
The Battle of Diakhao | Maad a Sinig Jogo Gnilane Joof | Mamadou Koungo (of Koungheul) | Religion | Maad a Sinig Jogo Gnilane Joof [23] |
The Battle of Mbellondiaré | Maad a Sinig Amakodou Samba Joof (assisting the Damel of Cayor) | Teigne of Baol | Dynastic war between the Damel of Cayor (king of Cayor) and Teigne of Baol | Maad a Sinig Amakodou Samba Joof and the Damel of Cayor [24] |
The Battle of Sanghaie | Maad a Sinig Amakodou Samba Joof | Teigne of Baol | Empire building | Maad a Sinig Amakodou Samba Joof [24] |
The Battle of Gagnane | Maad a Sinig Jogoy Gnilane Joof | Damel-Teigne Lat Soukabe Ngoneh Jaay Fall | Empire building | Damel-Teigne Lat Soukabe Ngoneh Jaay Fall [25] |
The Battle of Ndoffène | The Sandigue Ndiob Niokhobai Joof (The warlord) | Maad a Sinig Njaak Faye | The Sandigue Ndiob Niokhobai Joof was fighting for the succession of his young son Maad a Sinig Ama Joof Gnilane Faye Joof | The Sandigue Ndiob Niokhobai Joof [26] |
The Battle of Tioupane | The Sandigue Ndiob Niokhobai Joof | Maad a Sinig Ama Kumba Mbodj and his younger brother Barka Mbodj | The Sandigue Ndiob Niokhobai Joof was fighting for the succession of his young son Maad a Sinig Ama Joof Gnilane Faye Joof | The Sandigue Ndiob Niokhobai Joof [26] [27] |
The Battle of Logandème | Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof | Louis Faidherbe (French governor of Senegal) Émile Pinet-Laprade | Resistance against French colonialism | France [28] [29] [30] |
The Surprise of Mbin o Ngor (This was not an open battle but a surprise attack, also known as Mbeetan Keur Ngor). | Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof | Maba Diakhou Bâ, Damel-Teigne Lat Jor Ngoneh Latir Jobe and their Marabout armies | Religion, vendetta and empire building | Indecisive. The marabout army withdrew when reinforcement finally arrived, but caused severe damage before retreating. [31] [32] |
The Battle of Fandane-Thiouthioune (also known as The Battle of Somb) | Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof | Maba Diakhou Bâ, Damel-Teigne Lat Jor Ngoneh Latir Jobe and their Marabout armies | Religion, vendetta and empire building | Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof [33] [34] |
A short genealogy showing the descendants of Maad Ndaah Njemeh Joof. [17] [20]
Maad Ndaah Njemeh Joof (king of Laa, Baol, c. 1290) │ Maad Niokhobai Joof (king of Laa, Baol) │ ____________________________________│ │ Maad Patar Kholleh Joof (The Conqueror) = ? = Lingeer Mane Nyan (king of Laa, Baol and Teigne of Baol) │ (1) │ (daughter of Sine o Mev Manneh (Guelowar) │ │ (2) │ │_____________________________________________ │ │ Jaraff Boureh Gnilane Joof │ (Jaraff and prince of Sine) │ │ _________________________________________________________________________│ │ ┌───────────┴────────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ Maad a Sinig Niokhobai Mane Nyan Joof │ Lingeer Siga Pal Mane Nyan Joof (king of Sine) │ │ Maad a Sinig Gejopal Mane Nyan Joof (king of Sine)
The Joof family figure prominently in Serer religion. [35] [36] Many of the Serer Pangool (saints and ancestral spirits) came from this family. [35] Though associated with Serer royalty, this family's involvement in Serer religious affairs are found within the hermeneutics of Serer religion and traditions. Some of the sacred Serer sites regularly venerated were founded or headed by this family which underpins their involvement in the Pangool cult. [35] [36] Some of these venerated sites includes Tagdiam, residence of Maad Semou Njekeh Joof who is associated with the cult of Tagdiam; [37] [38] and Tukar, founded by Lamane Jegan Joof. In the Serer religious calendar, the Raan festival which takes place once a year after the new moon is held in Tukar. [39]
The surname Joof, Diouf, Juuf or Juf is carried by several personalities, some of which include:
Some of these legal professionals have ventured into politics but they are more known for their legal than for their political occupation :
● El Hadji Malick Diouf (born 2004) professional footballer who plays for SK Slavia Prague
The definition of art is very broad. This section list the names of visual artists (in its narrowest definition) who share this surname:
The following list gives the names of personalities with this surname who are experts in a variety of professions, and are equally known for each of these professions. Their professional life is so wide and varied that they can not be easily described by a single category: