List of Hawaiian monarchs

Monarchy of Hawaiʻi
Monarchy of Hawaiʻi
	Royal Coat of Arms (1845)
	Longest reigning; Kamehameha III ; June 6, 1825 – December 15, 1854
Details
Style	See below
First monarch	Kamehameha I
Last monarch	Liliʻuokalani
Formation	1795
Abolition	1893 (de facto); 1895 (de jure)
Residence	ʻIolani Palace (1845–1893)

Last updated March 12, 2024

Kamehameha I established the Hawaiian Kingdom in 1795 after conquering most of the Hawaiian Islands. In 1810, Kaumualiʻi became a vassal of Kamehameha I, who therefore emerged as the sole sovereign of the island chain of Hawaiʻi. His dynasty lasted until 1872, and his Kingdom lasted until 1893, when Queen Liliʻuokalani, of the Kalākaua dynasty, was deposed by the pro-United States led overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom. The monarchy was officially ended on January 24, 1895, when Liliʻuokalani formally abdicated in response to an attempt to restore the royal government. On November 23, 1993, the Congress passed Public Law 103-150, also known as the Apology Resolution , acknowledging the American role in the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy. President Bill Clinton signed the joint resolution the same day.

Hawaiian Monarchs (1795–1893)

Name	Birth	Marriage(s)	Death
Kamehameha I Spring, 1795 – May 8, 1819	c. 1758 Moʻokini Heiau, Kohala, Hawaiʻi island son of Keōua and Kekuʻiapoiwa	various	May 8, 1819 Kamakahonu, Kailua-Kona, Kona, Hawaiʻi island aged 61?
Kamehameha II May 20, 1819 – July 14, 1824	November 1797 Hilo, Hawaiʻi island son of Kamehameha I and Keōpūolani	(1) Kamāmalu (2) Kīnaʻu (3) Kekāuluohi (4) Kalanipauahi (5) Kekauʻōnohi (6) Kekaihaʻakūlou	July 14, 1824 Caledonian Hotel, London, England aged 27
Kamehameha III June 6, 1825 – December 15, 1854	August 11, 1813 Keauhou Bay, North Kona, Hawaiʻi island son of Kamehameha I and Keōpūolani	Kalama Honolulu, Oʻahu 14 February 1837 two sons	December 15, 1854 Honolulu, Oʻahu aged 41
Kamehameha IV January 11, 1855 – November 30, 1863	February 9, 1834 Honolulu, Oʻahu biological son of Kekūanaōʻa and Kīnaʻu and hānai son of Kamehameha III and Kalama	Emma Rooke Kawaiahaʻo Church, Honolulu, Oʻahu 19 June 1856 one son	November 30, 1863 Honolulu, Oʻahu aged 29
Kamehameha V November 30, 1863 – December 11, 1872	December 11, 1830 Honolulu, Oʻahu biological son of Kekūanaōʻa and Kīnaʻu and hānai son of Nāhiʻenaʻena (later) Hoapili and Kaheiheimālie	Never married	December 11, 1872 ʻIolani Palace, Honolulu, Oʻahu aged 42
Lunalilo January 8, 1873 – February 3, 1874	January 31, 1835 Pohukaina, Honolulu, Oʻahu son of Kanaʻina and Kekāuluohi	Never married	February 3, 1874 Haimoeipo, Honolulu, Oʻahu aged 39
Kalākaua February 12, 1874 – January 20, 1891	November 16, 1836 Honolulu, Oʻahu biological son of Kapaʻakea and Keohokālole and hānai son of Kinimaka and Haʻaheo Kaniu	Kapiʻolani Honolulu, Oʻahu December 19, 1863	January 20, 1891 Palace Hotel, San Francisco, California, United States aged 54
Liliʻuokalani January 29, 1891 – January 17, 1893	September 2, 1838 Honolulu, Oʻahu biological daughter of Kapaʻakea and Keohokālole and hānai daughter of Pākī and Kōnia	John Owen Dominis ʻAikupika, Haleakala Estate, Honolulu, Oʻahu September 16, 1862	November 11, 1917 Washington Place, Honolulu, Oʻahu aged 79

Styles

Period	Style	Used by
1795–1852	Hawaiian : Aliʻi Nui English: High Chief^[1]^[2] Meaning: Originally meaning "Great Chief" of a single island^[3]^[4] (not the same as a European king)^[3]	Kamehameha I Kamehameha II Kamehameha III
1852–1887	Hawaiian : Aliʻi o ko Hawaiʻi Pae ʻAina English: Monarch of the Hawaiian Islands	Kamehameha III Kamehameha IV Kamehameha V Lunalilo Kalākaua
1863–1887	Hawaiian : Ma ka Lokomaikaʻi o ke Akua, Ke Aliʻi o ko Hawaiʻi Pae ʻAina English: By the grace of God, the Monarch of the Hawaiian Islands	Kamehameha IV Kamehameha V Lunalilo Kalākaua Liliuokalani I
1887–1891	Hawaiian : Ma ka Lokomaikaʻi o ke Akua, Moʻi o ko Hawaiʻi Pae ʻAina English: By the grace of God, King of the Hawaiian Islands	Kalākaua
1891–1893	Hawaiian : Ma ka Lokomaikaʻi o ke Akua, Moʻi Wahine o ko Hawaiʻi Pae ʻAina English: By the grace of God, Queen of the Hawaiian Islands	Liliuokalani

Timeline

Related Research Articles

Liliʻuokalani was the only queen regnant and the last sovereign monarch of the Hawaiian Kingdom, ruling from January 29, 1891, until the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom on January 17, 1893. The composer of "Aloha ʻOe" and numerous other works, she wrote her autobiography Hawaiʻi's Story by Hawaiʻi's Queen during her imprisonment following the overthrow.

Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole was a prince of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi until it was overthrown by a coalition of American and European businessmen in 1893. He later went on to become a representative in the Territory of Hawaii as delegate to the United States Congress, and as such is the only royal-born member of Congress.

Likelike was a princess of the Hawaiian Kingdom and member of the reigning House of Kalākaua. She was born in Honolulu, on the island of Oʻahu. Likelike's parents were Analea Keohokālole and Caesar Kapaʻakea, and the family were members of the aliʻi class of the Hawaiian nobility. Before the age of six, she was raised on the island of Hawaii for her health. Likelike later returned to Honolulu, where she was educated by Roman Catholic and Congregationalist teachers in the city's girls' schools.

William Pitt Leleiohoku II, born Kalahoʻolewa, was a prince of the Hawaiian Kingdom and member of the reigning House of Kalākaua.

The House of Kalākaua, or Kalākaua Dynasty, also known as the Keawe-a-Heulu line, was the reigning family of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi under King Kalākaua and Queen Liliʻuokalani. They assumed power after the last king of the House of Kamehameha, Lunalilo, died without designating an heir, leading to the election of Kalākaua and provoking the Honolulu Courthouse riot. The dynasty lost power with the overthrow of Liliʻuokalani and the end of the Kingdom in 1893. Liliʻuokalani died in 1917, leaving only cousins as heirs.

Victoria Kamāmalu Kaʻahumanu IV was Kuhina Nui of Hawaii and its crown princess. Named Wikolia Kamehamalu Keawenui Kaʻahumanu-a-Kekūanaōʻa and also named Kalehelani Kiheahealani, she was mainly referred to as Victoria Kamāmalu or Kaʻahumanu IV, when addressing her as the Kuhina Nui. In her role of Kuhina Nui, she acted as Regent between the death of the King in 1863 until the election of a new King the same year.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ralph Simpson Kuykendall</span> American historian

Ralph Simpson Kuykendall was an American historian who served as the trustee and secretary of the Hawaiian Historical Society from 1922 to 1932. Kuykendall also served as professor of history at the University of Hawaii at Manoa. He is most noted as a historian of the Hawaiian Islands, South Pacific, and Pacific Northwest.

The Hawaiian Kingdom, or Kingdom of Hawaiʻi, was a sovereign state located in the Hawaiian Islands in the 19th century. The country was formed in 1795, when warrior chief Kamehameha the Great, of the independent island of Hawaiʻi, conquered the independent islands of Oʻahu, Maui, Molokaʻi, and Lānaʻi, and unified them under one government. In 1810, the Hawaiian archipelago became unified when Kauaʻi and Niʻihau voluntarily joined the Hawaiian Kingdom. Two major dynastic families ruled the kingdom: the House of Kamehameha and the House of Kalākaua.

Luther Aholo was a politician who served many political posts in the Kingdom of Hawaii. He served multiple terms as a legislator from Maui and Minister of the Interior from 1886 to 1887. Considered one of the leading Hawaiian politicians of his generation, his skills as an orator were compared to those of the Ancient Greek statesman Solon.

Albert Kūkaʻilimoku Kūnuiākea was the illegitimate son of King Kamehameha III and his mistress Jane Lahilahi. He served as a politician in the Kingdom of Hawaii and the Republic of Hawaii. He later was baptized into the Anglican Church of Hawaii with the name Albert Fredrick Kunuiakea Oiwiaulani Koenaokalani.

Paul Nahaolelua was a Hawaiian high chief who served many political posts in the Kingdom of Hawaii, including Governor of Maui from 1852 to 1874. In his long political career, Nahaolelua served under the reigns of five monarchs: Kamehameha III, Kamehameha IV and Kamehameha V, Lunalilo and Kalākaua.

Liliʻuokalani was the first queen regnant and the last sovereign monarch of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi. The queen ascended to the throne on January 29, 1891, nine days after the death of her brother Kalākaua, and inherited his cabinet ministers. The four cabinet positions were Attorney General, Minister of Finance, Minister of Foreign Affairs and Minister of the Interior. The ministers were ex-officio members of the House of Nobles in the legislature and the Privy Council of State, a larger body of advisors.

Charles Nichols Spencer was the Minister of Finance for the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi. He was one of Kalākaua's Cabinet Ministers at the time of the king's January 20, 1891 death, and the longest hold-over into Liliʻuokalani's Cabinet Ministers, serving June 17, 1890 – Sept 12, 1892.

The Privy Council of the Hawaiian Kingdom, also known as the King's Privy Council of State or Queen's Privy Council of State, was a constitutionally-created body of advisers to the sovereign of the Hawaiian Kingdom from 1845 to 1893. Its members were known as privy councillors and often involved in the other branches of the government.

The Cabinet of the Hawaiian Kingdom was a body of the top executive officials appointed to advise the sovereign of the Hawaiian Kingdom from 1845 to 1893. The subsequent regimes of the Provisional Government and the Republic of Hawaii retained the structure of the cabinet and minister positions under the presidency of Sanford B. Dole from 1893 until 1898.

The Hui Kālaiʻāina was a political group founded in 1888 to oppose the 1887 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom, often known as the Bayonet Constitution, and to promote Native Hawaiian leadership in the government. It and the two organizations of Hui Aloha ʻĀina were active in the opposition to the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom and the annexation of Hawaii to the United States from 1893 to 1898.

Charles F. Creighton (1862–1907) was a member of Queen Liliʻuokalani's Cabinet Ministers as Attorney General of the Kingdom of Hawaii for the period November 1–8, 1892. Following the Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom, he was arrested for his involvement in the 1895 Wilcox rebellion attempt to restore the monarchy. He accepted temporary exile to the United States to avoid a lengthy incarceration. His father Robert James Creighton had served as Kalākaua's Minister of Foreign Affairs.

Godfrey Rhodes was a royal advisor on the Privy Councils of State to Hawaiian monarchs Kamehameha V, Lunalilo, Kalākaua and Liliʻuokalani. He was both vice president and president of the legislative assemblies of the Kingdom of Hawaii.

Edward Kamakau Lilikalani was a political protégé of King Kalākaua of Hawaiʻi. He served more than a decade in the lower house of the Legislature of the Hawaiian Kingdom, and after nearly two decades out of office, was elected to the same legislative body under the Territory of Hawaii. Lilikalani was a member of both Kalākaua's Privy Council of State and Liliʻuokalani's Privy Council of State. Kalākaua decorated him with the Royal Order of Oceania, Order of Oceania, Order of Kalakaua, and Order of Kapiolani.

The Hale Nauā was a secret society that had existed among Hawaii's ruling class before the 1778 arrival of Captain James Cook. Believed to have originally been an organization to unite the Hawaiian aristocracy, it gradually disappeared as the influx of outside cultures changed the dynamics of the island kingdom. Kalākaua revived the Hale Nauā, purposed with educating and developing knowledge of modern sciences, art, and literature among native Hawaiians. His incarnation of the society ended with his 1891 death. In the 1970s, Rocky Jensen and other artists formed Hale Nauā III to promote Hawaii's culture through the creative arts.

References

↑ Roger S. Gottlieb (November 7, 2003). This Sacred Earth: Religion, Nature, Environment. Routledge. pp. 126–. ISBN 978-1-136-91539-0.
↑ Mary Māmaka Kaiao Kuleana kope. "Hawaiian Dictionaries". University of Hawaii Press. Retrieved October 5, 2014.
1 2 e. Craighill Handy (December 15, 1989). Ancient Hawaiian Civilization: A Series of Lectures Delivered at THE KAMEHAMEHA SCHOOLS. Tuttle Publishing. pp. 33–34. ISBN 978-1-4629-0438-9.
↑ Margaret Jolly (1989). Family and Gender in the Pacific: Domestic Contradictions and the Colonial Impact . Cambridge University Press. pp. 50–. ISBN 978-0-521-34667-2.

Bibliography

Alexander, William DeWitt (1891). "Appendix H: Sovereigns of the Hawaiian Islands". A Brief History of the Hawaiian People. New York: American Book Company. p. 331. OCLC 187412143.
Cartwright, Bruce (1930). "Note on Hawaiian Genealogies". Thirty-eighth annual report of the Hawaiian Historical Society for the year 1929. Hawaiian Historical Society. pp. 45–47. hdl:10524/33.
Kamakau, Samuel (1992) [1961]. Ruling Chiefs of Hawaii (Revised ed.). Honolulu: Kamehameha Schools Press. ISBN 0-87336-014-1. OCLC 25008795.
Kuykendall, Ralph Simpson (1965) [1938]. The Hawaiian Kingdom 1778–1854, Foundation and Transformation. Vol. 1. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-87022-431-X. OCLC 47008868.
Kuykendall, Ralph Simpson (1953). The Hawaiian Kingdom 1854–1874, Twenty Critical Years. Vol. 2. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-87022-432-4. OCLC 47010821.
Kuykendall, Ralph Simpson (1967). The Hawaiian Kingdom 1874–1893, The Kalakaua Dynasty. Vol. 3. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-87022-433-1. OCLC 500374815.
Osorio, Jon Kamakawiwoʻole (2002). Dismembering Lāhui: A History of the Hawaiian Nation to 1887. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-2549-7. OCLC 48579247.
Taylor, Albert Pierce (1922). Under Hawaiian Skies: A Narrative of the Romance, Adventure and History of the Hawaiian Islands. Honolulu: Advertiser Publishing Company, Ltd. p. 399. OCLC 479709.

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[Gottlieb2003-1] Roger S. Gottlieb (November 7, 2003). This Sacred Earth: Religion, Nature, Environment. Routledge. pp. 126–. ISBN 978-1-136-91539-0.

[Haw_Dict-2] Mary Māmaka Kaiao Kuleana kope. "Hawaiian Dictionaries". University of Hawaii Press. Retrieved October 5, 2014.

[Handy1989-3] 1 2 e. Craighill Handy (December 15, 1989). Ancient Hawaiian Civilization: A Series of Lectures Delivered at THE KAMEHAMEHA SCHOOLS. Tuttle Publishing. pp. 33–34. ISBN 978-1-4629-0438-9.

[Jolly1989-4] Margaret Jolly (1989). Family and Gender in the Pacific: Domestic Contradictions and the Colonial Impact . Cambridge University Press. pp. 50–. ISBN 978-0-521-34667-2.

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