Family tree of Roman emperors

Last updated

This is a family tree of Roman emperors, showing only the relationships between the emperors.

Contents

27 BC –192 AD

The emperors from Augustus to Commodus can be organised into one large family tree.

Julius Caesar
dictator perpetuo
100–44 BC
Julia Minor
died 51 BC
Marcus Atius Balbus
105–51 BC
Atia
85–43 BC
Gaius Octavius
c. 100–59 BC
Augustus
63 BC–14 AD [1]
r.27 BC  14 AD
Livia Drusilla
59 BC–29 AD
Tiberius Claudius Nero
c. 80–33 BC [2]
Octavia Minor
c. 66–11 BC
Mark Antony
triumvir
83–30 BC
Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa
63–12 BC [3]
Julia the Elder
39 BC–14 AD [4]
Tiberius
42 BC–37 AD
r.14–37 [4]
Drusus the Elder
38–9 BC [5]
Antonia Minor
36 BC–37 AD
Lucius Aemilius Paullus
d.14
Julia the Younger
19 BC–28 AD [6]
Agrippina the Elder
14 BC–33 AD
Germanicus
16 BC–19 AD [7]
Claudius
10 BC–54 AD
r.41–54 [7]
Marcus Torquatus Aemilia Lepida
4 BC–53 AD
Vespasian
9–79
r.69–79
Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo
7–67
Milonia Caesonia
6–41
Caligula
12–41
r.37–41
Agrippina the Younger
15–59
Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus
17 BC–40 AD
Drusus Caesar Aemilia Lepida Manius Aemilius Lepidus
Junia Calvina
15–79
Lucius Vitellius the Younger
16–69
Vitellius
15–69
r.69
Domitian
51–96
r.81–96
Domitia Longina
53–130
Galba
3 BC–69 AD
r.68–69
Aemilia Lepida
Ulpia Marcus Ulpius Traianus
30–100
Marcia
33–100
Marcia Furnilla Titus
39–81
r.79–81
Nerva
30–98
r.96–98
Cocceia Titianus Otho
32–69
r.69
Poppaea Sabina
30–65
Nero
37–68
r.54–68
Publius Aelius Hadrianus Afer Trajan
53–117
r.98–117
Ulpia Marciana
48–112
Salonia Matidia
68–119
Hadrian
76–138
r.117–138
Vibia Sabina
80–137
Rupilia Faustina
87–138
Marcus Annius Verus Faustina the Elder
100–141
Antoninus
86–161
r.138–161
Marcus Aurelius
121–180
r.161–180
Faustina the Younger
125–175
Commodus
161–192
r.180–192
Lucilla
148–182
Lucius Verus
130–169
r.161–169

192–235

The emperors from Pertinax to the beginning of the Crisis can be organised into one large dynasty (see Severan dynasty family tree), one smaller family and two unrelated emperors.

Pertinax
126–193
r.192–193
Didius Julianus
133–193
r.193
Septimius Severus
145–211
r.193–211
Julia Domna
160–217
Julia Maesa
165–224
Macrinus
165–218
r.217–218
Caracalla
188–217
r.211–217
Geta
189–211
r.211
Julia Soaemias
180–222
Julia Avita Mamaea
180–235
Diadumenian
208–218
r.218
Elagabalus
203–222
r.218–222
Severus Alexander
208–235
r.222–235

235–284

The emperors during the fifty-year period of the Crisis can be organised into eight families and six unrelated emperors, although no family held power for more than fifteen years.

Maximinus I
173–238
r.235–238
Gordian I
159–238
r.238–238
Pupienus
178–238
r.238–238
Balbinus
165–238
r.238–238
Gordian II
192–238
r.238–238
Antonia Gordiana
b. 201
Philip
204–249
r.244–249
Decius
201–251
r.249–251
Gallus
206–253
r.251–253
Aemilianus
210–253
r.253–253
Gordian III
225–244
r.238–244
Valerian
200–260
r.253–260
Philip II
r.247–249
Etruscus
227–251
r.251–251
Hostilian
230–251
r.251–251
Volusianus
d.253
r.251–253
Claudius II
213–270
r.268–270
Quintillus
220–270
r.270–270
Gallienus
218–268
r.253–268
Aurelian
214–275
r.270–275
Tacitus
200–276
r.275–276
Florianus
d.276
r.276
Probus
232–282
r.276–282
Carus
230–283
r.282–283
Carinus
d.285
r.283–285
Numerian
d.284
r.283–284

284–518

The emperors from the founding of the Dominate in 284, in the West until 476 and in the East until 518, can be organised into one large dynasty plus various unrelated emperors. During most of this periods, though not always, there where two senior emperors ruling in separate courts. This division became permanent after the death of Theodosius I in 395.

  Western Roman Empire
  Eastern Roman Empire

Diocletian
244–311
r.284–305
Prisca
d.315
Afranius
Hannibalian
Eutropia
d.325
Maximian
250–310
r.286–305
Valeria Galerius
260–311
r.305–311
unknown sister
Severus II
r.306–307
Maximiana
Theodora
Constantius I
250–306
r.305–306
Julia Helena
250–330
Maxentius
278–312
r.306–312
Valeria
Maximilla
Maximinus II
270–313
r.311–313
Eutropia
d.350
Julius
Constantius

d.337
Licinius
c.265–325
r.311–324
Constantia
293–330
Constantine I
272–337
r.306–337
Fausta
289–326
Valerius Valens
r.316–317
Martinian
r.324
Nepotianus
r.350
Julianus II
331–363
r.361–363
Helena
d.360
Constantine II
316–340
r.337–340
Constantius II
317–361
r.337–361
Constans I
323–350
r.337–350
Magnentius
r.350–353
Jovian
331–364
r.363–364
Procopius
(cousin)
r.365–366
Marina Severa
d.375
Valentinian I
321–375
r.364–375
Justina
d.388
Valens
328–378
r.364–378
Magnus Maximus
r.383–388
Constantia
362–383
Gratian
359–383
r.375–383
Aelia Flaccilla
d.385
Theodosius I
347–395
r.379–395
Galla
d.394
Valentinian II
371–392
r.388–392
Victor
c.r.385–388
Eugenius
r.392–394
Constantine III
r.407–411
Priscus Attalus
r.409
Honorius
384–423
r.395–423
Arcadius
377–408
r.395–408
Galla Placidia
392–450
Constantius III
r.421
Constans II
r.409–411
Marcian
396–457
r.450–457
Pulcheria
399–453
Theodosius II
401–450
r.408–450
Joannes
r.423–424
unknown
brother
Leo I
401–474
r.457–474
Verina
d.484
Basiliscus
r.475–476
Euphemia Anthemius
420–472
r.467–472
Petronius Maximus
397–455
r.455
Licinia Eudoxia
422–462
Valentinian III
419–455
r.425–455
Marcus
r.475–476
Avitus
385–456
r.455–456
Majorian
420–461
r.457–461
Severus III
r.461–465
Olybrius
r.472
Placidia Glycerius
r.473–474
niece of
Leo I
Julius Nepos
r.474–475
Zeno
r.474–475
r.476–491
Ariadne
450–515
Anastasius I
430–518
r.491–518
Leontia Marcianus Orestes
c. 420–476
Leo II
467–474
r.474
Romulus
c. 465–520?
r.475–476

Later eastern emperors

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Augustus</span> First Roman emperor from 27 BC to AD 14

Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus, also known as Octavian, was the founder of the Roman Empire. He reigned as the first Roman emperor from 27 BC until his death in AD 14. The reign of Augustus initiated an imperial cult, as well as an era of imperial peace in which the Roman world was largely free of armed conflict. The Principate system of government was established during his reign and lasted until the Crisis of the Third Century.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Severus Alexander</span> Roman emperor from 222 to 235

Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander, also known as Alexander Severus, was Roman emperor from 222 until 235. The last emperor from the Severan dynasty, he succeeded his slain cousin Elagabalus in 222, at the age of 13. Alexander himself was eventually assassinated, and his death marked the beginning of the events of the Crisis of the Third Century, which included nearly fifty years of civil war, foreign invasion, and the collapse of the monetary economy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Caligula</span> Roman emperor from AD 37 to 41

Gaius Caesar Augustus Germanicus, better known by his nickname Caligula, was Roman emperor from AD 37 until his assassination in AD 41. He was the son of the Roman general Germanicus and Augustus' granddaughter Agrippina the Elder, members of the first ruling family of the Roman Empire. He was born two years before Tiberius was made emperor. Gaius accompanied his father, mother and siblings on campaign in Germania, at little more than four or five years old. He had been named after Gaius Julius Caesar, but his father's soldiers affectionately nicknamed him "Caligula".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Julio-Claudian family tree</span> Family tree

Around the start of the Common Era, the family trees of the gens Julia and the gens Claudia became intertwined into the Julio-Claudian family tree as a result of marriages and adoptions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Severan dynasty</span> Roman imperial dynasty (ruled 193 to 235)

The Severan dynasty, sometimes called the Septimian dynasty, was an Ancient Roman imperial dynasty that ruled the Roman Empire between 193 and 235, during the Roman imperial period. The dynasty was founded by the emperor Septimius Severus, who rose to power after the Year of the Five Emperors as the victor of the civil war of 193–197, and his wife, Julia Domna. After the short reigns and assassinations of their two sons, Caracalla and Geta, who succeeded their father in the government of the empire, Julia Domna's relatives themselves assumed power by raising Elagabalus and then Severus Alexander to the imperial office.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Crisis of the Third Century</span> Roman Imperial government crisis (235–285 AD)

The Crisis of the Third Century, also known as the Military Anarchy or the Imperial Crisis (235–285), was a period in Roman history during which the Roman Empire had nearly collapsed under the combined pressure of repeated foreign invasions, civil wars and economic disintegration. At the height of the crisis, the Roman state had split into three distinct and competing polities.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Holy Roman Emperor</span> Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire

The Holy Roman Emperor, originally and officially the Emperor of the Romans during the Middle Ages, and also known as the Roman-German Emperor since the early modern period, was the ruler and head of state of the Holy Roman Empire. The title was held in conjunction with the title of king of Italy from the 8th to the 16th century, and, almost without interruption, with the title of king of Germany throughout the 12th to 18th centuries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Outline of ancient Rome</span> Overview of and topical guide to ancient Rome

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to ancient Rome:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Geta (emperor)</span> Roman emperor from 209 to 211

Publius Septimius Geta was Roman emperor with his father Septimius Severus and older brother Caracalla from 209 to 211. Severus died in February 211 and intended for his sons to rule together, but they proved incapable of sharing power, culminating with the murder of Geta in December of that year.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Roman emperor</span> Ruler of the Roman Empire during the imperial period

The Roman emperor was the ruler and monarchical head of state of the Roman Empire, starting with the granting of the title augustus to Octavian in 27 BC. The term "emperor" is a modern convention, and did not exist as such during the Empire. Often when a given Roman is described as becoming emperor in English, it reflects his taking of the title augustus and later basileus. Another title used was imperator, originally a military honorific, and caesar, originally a surname. Early emperors also used the title princeps alongside other Republican titles, notably consul and pontifex maximus.

A regnal name, regnant name, or reign name is the name used by monarchs and popes during their reigns and subsequently, historically. Since ancient times, some monarchs have chosen to use a different name from their original name when they accede to the monarchy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ancient Rome</span> Roman civilisation from the 8th century BC to the 5th century AD

In modern historiography, ancient Rome encompasses the founding of the Italian city of Rome in the 8th century BC, the Roman Kingdom, Roman Republic, Roman Empire, and the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Flavian dynasty</span> Roman imperial dynasty (r. AD 69–96)

The Flavian dynasty, lasting from AD 69 to 96, was the second dynastic line of emperors to rule the Roman Empire following the Julio-Claudians, encompassing the reigns of Vespasian and his two sons, Titus and Domitian. The Flavians rose to power during the civil war of AD 69, known as the Year of the Four Emperors; after Galba and Otho died in quick succession, Vitellius became emperor in mid 69. His claim to the throne was quickly challenged by legions stationed in the eastern provinces, who declared their commander Vespasian emperor in his place. The Second Battle of Bedriacum tilted the balance decisively in favor of the Flavian forces, who entered Rome on 20 December, and the following day, the Roman Senate officially declared Vespasian emperor, thus commencing the Flavian dynasty. Although the dynasty proved to be short-lived, several significant historic, economic and military events took place during their reign.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Principate</span> First period of the Roman Empire (27 BC – AD 284)

The Principate was the form of imperial government of the Roman Empire from the beginning of the reign of Augustus in 27 BC to the end of the Crisis of the Third Century in AD 284, after which it evolved into the Dominate. The principate was characterised by the reign of a single emperor (princeps) and an effort on the part of the early emperors, at least, to preserve the illusion of the formal continuance, in some aspects, of the Roman Republic.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Leonid dynasty</span>

The Leonid dynasty or Thracian dynasty produced six Roman emperors during Late Antiquity, reigning over the Roman Empire from 457 to 518. The dynasty's patriarch was Leo I, who was made Roman emperor in 457. Leo's daughter Ariadne became empress and mother to an emperor, and her two husbands were themselves each made emperor in turn. Another relative whose name does not survive of Leo I or his wife Verina married the future augustus Julius Nepos, the last emperor in the western Roman Empire. The dynasty of Leo succeeded the preceding Valentinianic dynasty and Theodosian dynasty whose family trees were conjoined and ruled concurrently. Besides Julius Nepos, who administered no more than a rump state the Roman province of Dalmatia in the western empire during the fall of the west, the dynasty's emperors governed the eastern empire.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Archelaus of Cappadocia</span> Roman client prince and the last king of Cappadocia

Archelaus was a Roman client prince and the last king of Cappadocia. He was also husband of Pythodorida, Queen regnant of Pontus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of the Roman Empire</span> Occurrences and people in the Roman Empire

The history of the Roman Empire covers the history of ancient Rome from the fall of the Roman Republic in 27 BC until the abdication of Romulus Augustulus in AD 476 in the West, and the Fall of Constantinople in the East in AD 1453. Ancient Rome became a territorial empire while still a republic, but was then ruled by Roman emperors beginning with Augustus, becoming the Roman Empire following the death of the last republican dictator, the first emperor's adoptive father Julius Caesar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nerva</span> Roman emperor from AD 96 to 98

Nerva was a Roman emperor from 96 to 98. Nerva became emperor when aged almost 66, after a lifetime of imperial service under Nero and the succeeding rulers of the Flavian dynasty. Under Nero, he was a member of the imperial entourage and played a vital part in exposing the Pisonian conspiracy of 65. Later, as a loyalist to the Flavians, he attained consulships in 71 and 90 during the reigns of Vespasian and Domitian, respectively. On 19 September 96, Domitian was assassinated in a palace conspiracy involving members of the Praetorian Guard and several of his freedmen. On the same day, Nerva was declared emperor by the Roman Senate. As the new ruler of the Roman Empire, he vowed to restore liberties which had been curtailed during the autocratic government of Domitian.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Byzantine Empire under the Theodosian dynasty</span>

The Eastern Roman Empire was ruled by the Theodosian dynasty from 379, the accession of Theodosius I, to 457, the death of Marcian. The rule of the Theodosian dynasty saw the final East-West division of the Roman Empire, between Arcadius and Honorius in 395. Whilst divisions of the Roman Empire had occurred before, the Empire would never again be fully reunited. The reign of the sons of Theodosius I contributed heavily to the crisis that under the fifth century eventually resulted in the complete collapse of western Roman court.

References

Citations

  1. Everitt 2007, pp. 9, 208, 313.
  2. Everitt 2007, p. 125.
  3. Everitt 2007, pp. xvi, xxi.
  4. 1 2 Everitt 2007, pp. xviii, xxiii.
  5. Everitt 2007, pp. xviii, xxi.
  6. Everitt 2007, pp. xxx, xxiii.
  7. 1 2 Everitt 2007, pp. xxi, xxiii.

Sources