This is the family tree of the British royal family, from James I (who united the crowns of England and Scotland) to the present monarch, Charles III.
For a simplified view, see: Family tree of British monarchs.
House of Stuart | Scottish monarchs | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Henry Stuart 1545–1567 Duke of Albany, Earl of Ross & Lord Darnley | Queen Mary I of Scotland Mary Queen of Scots 1542–1587 Mary Stuart | Frederick II King of Denmark and Norway 1534–1588 Duke of Schleswig and Holstein | Henry III & IV King of France 1553–1610 Henry the Great, King of Navarre | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
King James VI and I [lower-alpha 1] 1566–1625 r. 1567–1625(Scotland) r. 1603–1625(England) James Stuart | Anne of Denmark Queen of Scotland 1574–1619 Princess Anne of Denmark | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
John IV King of Portugal 1604–1656 8th Duke of Braganza | Henry Frederick Prince of Wales 1594–1612 | Elizabeth Stuart 1596–1662 Queen of Bohemia | Frederick V Elector Palatine of the Rhine King of Bohemia 1596–1632 | Margaret Stuart 1598–1600 | King Charles I 1600–1649 r. 1625–1649 King of England | Henrietta Maria of France 1609–1669 Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland | Robert Stuart Duke of Kintyre and Lorne 1602 | Mary Stuart 1605–1607 | Sophia Stuart 1607 | Louis II & XIII King of Navarre & of France 1601–1643 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
House of Hanover | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Charles Duke of Cornwall 1629 | Charles II 1630–1685 r. 1649–1651 r. 1660–1685(Scotland) r. 1660–1685(England) | Catherine of Braganza 1638–1705 | William II, Prince of Orange 1626–1650 | Mary Princess Royal 1631–1660 | Anne Hyde 1637–1671 | James II [lower-alpha 1] 1633–1701 r. 1685–1688 | Mary of Modena 1658–1718 | Elizabeth Stuart 1635–1650 | Anne Stuart 1637–1640 | Henry Stuart Duke of Gloucester 1640–1660 | Henrietta of England 1644–1670 | Philippe I Duke of Orléans 1640–1701 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
illegitimate children | Frederick III King of Denmark 1609–1670 | House of Orléans | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Charles Stuart Duke of Cambridge 1660–1661 | Mary II 1662–1694 r. 1689–1694 | William III [lower-alpha 1] 1650–1702 r. 1689–1702 | James Stuart Duke of Cambridge 1663–1667 | Anne 1665–1714 r. 1702–1714 | George of Denmark 1653–1708 | Charles Stuart Duke of Kendal 1666–1667 | Edgar Stuart Duke of Cambridge 1667–1671 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
William Duke of Gloucester 1689–1700 | Catherine 1675–1676 | Isabel Stuart 1676–1681 | Charles Stuart Duke of Cambridge 1677 | Elizabeth 1678 | Charlotte 1682 | Maria Clementina Sobieska 1702–1735 | James Francis Edward Stuart Prince of Wales The Old Pretender 1688–1766 | Louisa Maria Stuart 1692–1712 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Louise of Stolberg-Gedern 1752–1824 | Charles Edward Stuart Bonnie Prince Charlie; The Young Pretender 1720–1788 | Henry Benedict Stuart Cardinal Duke of York 1725–1807 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Elizabeth of Bohemia 1596–1662 House of Stuart | Frederick V Elector Palatine King of Bohemia 1596–1632 House of Wittelsbach-Palatinate | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sophia of Hanover 1630–1714 | Ernest Augustus Elector of Brunswick-Lüneburg 1629–1698 House of Hanover | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sophia Dorothea of Celle 1666–1726 | George I 1660–1727 r. 1714–1727 | Frederick Augustus 1661–1690 | Maximilian William of Brunswick-Lüneburg 1666–1726 | Sophia Charlotte Queen in Prussia 1668–1705 | Charles Philip of Brunswick-Lüneburg 1669–1690 | Christian Henry of Brunswick-Lüneburg 1671–1703 | Ernest Augustus Duke of York and Albany 1674–1728 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Caroline of Ansbach 1683–1737 | George II 1683–1760 r. 1727–1760 | Sophia Dorothea of Hanover 1687–1757 | Frederick William I King of Prussia 1688–1740 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha 1719–1772 | Frederick Prince of Wales 1707–1751 | William IV Prince of Orange 1711–1751 | Anne, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange 1709–1759 | Princess Amelia of Great Britain 1711–1786 | Princess Caroline of Great Britain 1713–1757 | Prince George William of Great Britain 1717–1718 | William Augustus Duke of Cumberland 1721–1765 | Princess Mary of Great Britain 1723–1772 | Frederick II Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel 1720–1785 | Louise of Great Britain 1724–1751 | Frederick V King of Denmark 1723–1766 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Princess Augusta of Great Britain 1737–1813 | Charles William Ferdinand Duke of Brunswick 1735–1806 | George III 1738–1820 r. 1760–1820 | Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 1744–1818 | Frederick William II King of Prussia 1744–1797 | Edward Duke of York and Albany 1739–1767 | Princess Elizabeth of Great Britain 1741–1759 | William Henry Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh 1743–1805 | Henry Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn 1745–1790 | Princess Louisa of Great Britain 1749–1768 | Prince Frederick of Great Britain 1750–1765 | Caroline Matilda of Great Britain 1751–1775 | Christian VII King of Denmark 1749–1808 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Caroline of Brunswick 1768–1821 | George IV 1762–1830 (regent 1811–1820) r. 1820–1830 | Frederick Duke of York and Albany 1763–1827 | Frederica Charlotte of Prussia 1767–1820 | Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen of Saxe-Meiningen 1792–1849 | William IV 1765–1837 r. 1830–1837 | Charlotte, Princess Royal 1766–1828 | Frederick I King of Württemberg 1754–1816 | Edward Duke of Kent and Strathearn 1767–1820 | Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld 1786–1861 | Princess Augusta Sophia of the United Kingdom 1768–1840 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Princess Elizabeth of the United Kingdom 1770–1840 | Frederick VI Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg 1769–1829 | Ernest Augustus King of Hanover 1771–1851 | Frederica of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 1778–1841 | Augustus Frederick Duke of Sussex 1773–1843 | Adolphus Duke of Cambridge 1774–1850 | Augusta of Hesse-Kassel 1797–1889 | Princess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh 1776–1857 | William Frederick Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh 1776–1834 | Princess Sophia of the United Kingdom 1777–1848 | Prince Octavius of Great Britain 1779–1783 | Prince Alfred of Great Britain 1780–1782 | Princess Amelia of the United Kingdom 1783–1810 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Leopold I King of the Belgians 1790–1865 | Princess Charlotte of Wales (1796–1817) 1796–1817 | George V King of Hanover 1819–1878 | Marie of Saxe-Altenburg 1818–1907 | Charlotte of Clarence 1819 | Elizabeth of Clarence 1820–1821 | George Duke of Cambridge 1819–1904 | Augusta of Cambridge 1822–1916 | Frederick William Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 1819–1904 | Mary Adelaide of Cambridge 1833–1897 | Francis Duke of Teck 1837–1900 | Queen Victoria 1819–1901 r. 1837–1901 | Albert Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 1819–1861 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ernest Augustus Crown Prince of Hanover, Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale 1845–1923 | Thyra of Denmark 1853–1933 | Frederica of Hanover 1848–1926 | Baron Alphons von Pawel-Rammingen 1843–1932 | Marie of Hanover 1849–1904 | Mary of Teck 1867–1953 | House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha ↓ House of Windsor | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The Act of Settlement is an Act of the Parliament of England that settled the succession to the English and Irish crowns to only Protestants, which passed in 1701. More specifically, anyone who became a Roman Catholic, or who married one, became disqualified to inherit the throne. This had the effect of deposing the remaining descendants of Charles I, other than his Protestant granddaughter Anne, as the next Protestant in line to the throne was Sophia of Hanover. Born into the House of Wittelsbach, she was a granddaughter of James VI and I from his most junior surviving line, with the crowns descending only to her non-Catholic heirs. Sophia died shortly before the death of Queen Anne, and Sophia's son succeeded to the throne as King George I, starting the Hanoverian dynasty in Britain.
The monarchy of the United Kingdom, commonly referred to as the British monarchy, is the constitutional form of government by which a hereditary sovereign reigns as the head of state of the United Kingdom, the Crown Dependencies and the British Overseas Territories. The current monarch is King Charles III, who ascended the throne on 8 September 2022, upon the death of his mother, Queen Elizabeth II.
Queen of England refers to English monarchy of the United Kingdom.
Monarchical systems of government have existed in Ireland from ancient times. In most of Ireland, this continued until 1949, when it transitioned to being the Republic of Ireland. Northern Ireland, as part of the United Kingdom, remains under a monarchical system of government.
The House of Windsor is a British royal house, and currently the reigning house of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms. The royal house's name was inspired by the historic Windsor Castle estate. Since it was founded in 1917, there have been five British monarchs of the House of Windsor: George V, Edward VIII, George VI, Elizabeth II, and Charles III. The children and male-line descendants of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip also genealogically belong to the House of Oldenburg since Philip was by birth a member of the Glücksburg branch of that house.
A dynasty is a sequence of rulers from the same family, usually in the context of a monarchical system, but sometimes also appearing in republics. A dynasty may also be referred to as a "house", "family" or "clan", among others.
The coat of arms of the United Kingdom are the arms of dominion of the British monarch. They are both the personal arms of the monarch, currently King Charles III, and the arms of the state. In addition to the monarch, the arms are used by state institutions including the Government of the United Kingdom, the Parliament of the United Kingdom, and the British judiciary. Differenced versions of the arms are used by members of the British royal family. The monarch's official flag, the Royal Standard, is the coat of arms in flag form.
The House of Stuart, originally spelled Stewart, was a royal house of Scotland, England, Ireland and later Great Britain. The family name comes from the office of High Steward of Scotland, which had been held by the family progenitor Walter fitz Alan. The name Stewart and variations had become established as a family name by the time of his grandson Walter Stewart. The first monarch of the Stewart line was Robert II, whose male-line descendants were kings and queens in Scotland from 1371, and of England, Ireland and Great Britain from 1603, until 1714. Mary, Queen of Scots, was brought up in France where she adopted the French spelling of the name Stuart.
The Kingdom of England was a sovereign state on the island of Great Britain from the early 10th century, when it emerged from various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, until 1 May 1707, when it united with Scotland to form the Kingdom of Great Britain, which would later become the United Kingdom. The Kingdom of England was among the most powerful states in Europe during the medieval and early modern colonial periods.
A personal union is a combination of two or more monarchical states that have the same monarch while their boundaries, laws, and interests remain distinct. A real union, by contrast, involves the constituent states being to some extent interlinked, such as by sharing some limited governmental institutions. Unlike a personal union, in a federation or a unitary state, a central (federal) government spanning all member states exists, with the degree of self-governance distinguishing the two. The ruler in a personal union does not need to be a hereditary monarch.
This is a family tree for the kings and queens of Scotland, since the unification under the House of Alpin in 834, to the personal union with England in 1603 under James VI of Scotland. It includes also the Houses of Dunkeld, Balliol, Bruce, and Stewart.
Succession to the British throne is determined by descent, sex, legitimacy, and religion. Under common law, the Crown is inherited by a sovereign's children or by a childless sovereign's nearest collateral line. The Bill of Rights 1689 and the Act of Settlement 1701 restrict succession to the throne to the legitimate Protestant descendants of Sophia of Hanover who are in "communion with the Church of England". Spouses of Catholics were disqualified from 1689 until the law was amended in 2015. Protestant descendants of those excluded for being Roman Catholics are eligible.
Early modern Britain is the history of the island of Great Britain roughly corresponding to the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries. Major historical events in early modern British history include numerous wars, especially with France, along with the English Renaissance, the English Reformation and Scottish Reformation, the English Civil War, the Restoration of Charles II, the Glorious Revolution, the Treaty of Union, the Scottish Enlightenment and the formation and the collapse of the First British Empire.
This is the family tree for monarchs of England from Alfred the Great to Elizabeth I of England. The House of Wessex family tree precedes this family tree and the family tree of the British royal family follows it.
The coat of arms of Scotland, colloquially called the Lion Rampant, is the coat of arms historically used as arms of dominion by the monarchs of the Kingdom of Scotland, and later by monarchs of Great Britain and the United Kingdom. The coat of arms, or elements from it, are also used in heraldry to symbolise Scotland in general. The arms consist of a red lion surrounded by a red double border decorated with fleurs-de-lis, all on a gold background. The blazon, or heraldic description, is: Or a lion rampant Gules armed and langued Azure within a double tressure flory-counter-flory of the second.
The following is a simplified family tree of the English, Scottish, and British monarchs.
The Neo-Jacobite Revival was a political movement active during the 25 years before the First World War in the United Kingdom. The movement was monarchist, and had the specific aim of replacing British parliamentary democracy with a restored monarch from the deposed House of Stuart.