Family tree of early and legendary Thai monarchs

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Jayavarman VII (Patumsuriyawong) lineage [1] :11
From Chawa (ชวา, Luang Prabang) or Nam Ou basin. [2] Suriya Racha
(สุริยราชา) [1] :11
King of Pichit Prakan
Sirisutha Ratchathewi
(สิริสุธาราชเทวี) [1] :11
Si Nao Nam Thum  [ th ] [a]
Ruler of Saraluang–Song Khwae [2]
King of SukhothaiChaliang
r. 1157/58–1181/82
Suriya Thewi
(สุริยาเทวี) [1] :11
Chantha Racha [a]
(จันทราชา) [1] :11

Former K. of Phichit Prakan
King of SukhothaiChaliang
r. 1208–1238 [4]
Nang Nak
(นางนาค) [1] :12–13
Sukhon Thewi  [ km ]
(สุขรมหาเทวี)
Princess of Yaśodharapura
Pha Mueang
Ruler of Mueang Rat [b]
Late 12th–mid 13th centuries
Sueang  [ th ] [6] :19Phra Ruang I [1] :24–28
(Si Inthrathit) [4]
K. of SukhothaiSawankhalok
1188–1270
r. 1238–1270
Rebuild Sawankhalok [1] :17/ Phra Ruang Dynasty establishment
Khamhaeng Phra Ram  [ th ]
Ruler of Saraluang–Song Khwae [c]
First king of Si Nao Nam Thum dynasty  [ th ]Some scholars speculate he's from upper Nan River Valley [2]
Si Sattha  [ th ]
Ruler of Saraluang–Song Khwae [c]
1315–?
Ban Mueang
King of Sukhothai Sawankhalok
?–1271
r. 1270–1271
Ram Khamhaeng
King of Sukhothai
Sawankhalok [1] :24–28
1237/47–1298
r. 1279–1298
Si Chanthra
(ศรีจันทรา) [1] :17
Unknown
(Commoner from Donwun) [1] :18
Unknown
(Princess)
Unknown
(Princess)
Ngua Nam Thum
King of Sukhothai
?–1347/48
r. 1323/24–1347/48
Loe Thai
King of Sukhothai [1] :29
r. 1298–1323
May Hnin Thwe-Da
(สุวรรณเทวี) [1] :17
~1250s–?
Wareru
K. of Hanthawaddy
1253–1307
r. 1287–1307
After the reign of Ram Khamhaeng, the seat of Sawankhalok was vacant for 50 years [1] :29 Hkun Law
K. of Hanthawaddy
r.1307–1311
Hnin U Yaing
c. 1260s–1319
Sumontha Thewi
(สุมณฑาเทวี) [1] :29
Lithai
Ex-ruler of Sawankhalok [1] :29 (r.1340–1362/63) [6] :31
King of Sukhothai
r. 1347–1368
Continue to the Wareru Dynasty
Khottrabong (โคตรบอง)
Ruler of Sawankhalok [1] :32,35
r. 1368–1429
Appointed ruler (Independent)After the reign of Lithai, Sukhothai became a vassal of Ayutthaya
Saeng Hang (แสงหัง)
Ruler of Sawankhalok [1] :35
r. 1429–?
Usurper (Independent)Continue to the Phra Ruang Dynasty

Phitsanulok–Chai Nat–Singburi

From Mueang Chiang Saen  [ th ] [7]
Sai Nam Phueng
(สายน้ำผึ้ง) [1] :35–36
Ruler of Sawankhalok
r. 1106–1111
Later King of Lavo's Ayodhya
r. 1111–1165
Dara Ratchathewi
(ดาราราชเทวี) [1] :36
Siri Pracha Ratchathewi
(ศิริประชาราชเทวี) [1] :37
Suthamma Racha
(สุธรรมราชา/ศรีธรรมไตรปิฏก)
Ruler of Phitsanulok [1] :36–37
r. ?–1115
Later king of Lavo's Lavapura
r. 1115–1181
Jayavarman VII (Pathum Suriyawong) lineage
(Re)founded Phitsanulok Unknown
(Pathum Suriyawong lineage) [1] :37
Inthawadi Thewi
(อินทวดีเทวี) [1] :38
Phitsanu Racha
(พิษณุราชา) [1] :37–38
Ruler of Phitsanulok
Sirikanya Ratchathewi
(ศิริกัญญาราชเทวี) [1] :38
Phichai Racha
(พิชัยราชา) [1] :38
Ruler of Phichai Buri [d]
Founder of Phichai Buri [d]
Founder of Phichit Suchawadi Thewi
(สุชาวดีเทวี) [1] :39
Si Sing
(ศรีสิงห์) [1] :38–39
Ruler of Phichai Buri [d]
Suwanna Bappata
(สุวรรณบัพพตา) [1] :39
Chetthakuman
(เชษฐกุมาร)
Chantha Thewi
(จันทาเทวี) [1] :40
Surintharacha
(สุรินทราชา) [1] :40–42
Ruler of Chai Nat
Suriyawongsa
(สุริยวงศา) [1] :42
Ruler of Chai Nat
Pathumwadi
(ปทุมวดี) [1] :42
Anurat (อนุราช)
Ex-ruler of Chai Nat
Ruler of Sing Buri
In Sucha Thewi
(อินสุชาเทวี) [1] :44
Founder of Chai Nat Intharacha
(อินทราชา) [1] :44–45
Ruler of Sing Buri
Rebuild Singburi and enthroned as a new ruler [1] :43
Ramesuan
(ราเมศวร) [1] :45
Ruler of Sing Buri
Borommaracha
(บรมราชา) [1] :45
Ruler of Sing Buri
Maha Chakkrawat
(มหาจักรวรรดิ) [1] :45
Ruler of Sing Buri
Phothisan
(โพธิสาร) [1] :45
Ruler of Sing Buri

Early Lavo (Uthong) dynasty

1st theory: Lavo's Singburi lineage

Unknown origin [1] :45
Ekracha [1] :45
(เอกราชา)
Ruler of Sing Buri
Boromtilok
(บรมติโลก) [1] :45
Ruler of Sing Buri
Siri Phupa Racha
(ศิริภูปราชา) [1] :45
Ruler of Sing Buri
Mani Mala [1] :46
(มณีมาลา)
Intharacha [1] :46
Ex-ruler of Sing Buri
Ruler of Phetchaburi
Uthong
Ruler of Sing Buri
Phummawadi Thewi [1] :47
(ภุมมาวดีเทวี)
Uthong [e] [1] :47
Ex-ruler of Phetchaburi
1st Ayutthaya's king
Rebuild Phetchaburi
and enthroned as
a new ruler. [1] :46
Continue to the
Lavo (Uthong) dynasty
of Ayutthaya

2nd theory: Phetchaburi – Lavo's Ayodhya lineage

  King of Suphannabhum
  King of Ayutthaya
  King of Lavo's Lopburi (as a frontier city of Sukhothai)
Singhanavati dynasty [8] :46–84
Phangkharat  [ th ]
King of Singhanavati
Thukkhita  [ th ]
King of Singhanavati
Phrom
Ruler of Wiang
Chai Prakan
Kaeo-supha
(แก้วสุภา)
Chaiyasiri
Ruler of Wiang Chai
Prakan and Nacontai
Origin remains uncleared, possibly from the Angkor, Mun River Valley, Lavo, South India, or south of the Kra Isthmus.From Wiang Phang Kham
of Singhanavati [9]
Kraison Rat
(ไกรศรราช)
Soi La/U Thong I [10]
(พระยาสร้อยหล้า/อู่ทอง)
Chaisiri or Chaiyasiri?
(ชัยศิริ)
Ruler of Phetchaburi
Pprappanom Tteleiseri [10]
Ruler of Phetchaburi
r.1188–?
1st Tritrueng  [ th ] King
King of Phraek Si Racha
(Name unidentified)
U Thong II
(พระเจ้าอู่ทอง)
Phanom Wang [11]
Ruler of Nakhon Si Thammarat
Sadiang Thong
Princes of Tritrueng  [ th ] [11]
2nd Tritrueng  [ th ] King
King of Phraek Si Racha
Later Lavo King [12]
U Thong III
(พระยาอู่ทอง)
Sontra
Ruler of Na Tranom
Kuman
Ruler of Tathong  [ th ]
Sri Maharacha [13]
Ruler of Sa U Lao [14]
Later K. of Thep Nakhon Chaisiri
Son Sai
(สนไส้/จันทรเทวีศรีรัตนฉายา) [12]
Unknown [15]
Princes of U Thong
Ramracha (Uthong?)
1st king of Ayutthaya
Ramesuan
2nd king of Ayutthaya
Lavo dynasty
of Ayutthaya
Daughter of Loe Thai
(Sukhothai Kingdom)
Pho Ngua [16]
3rd king of Ayutthaya
Ex-ruler of Suphannabhum
Unknown
Princess
Suphannabhum dynasty
of Ayutthaya

3rd theory: Si Satchanalai – Lavo's Ayodhya lineage

  King of Suphannabhum
  King of Phetchaburi
  King of Lavo's Ayodhya–Phetchaburi
  King of Ayutthaya–Suphannabhum
  King of Lavo's Lopburi
  King of Lavo's Ayodhya (formerly "Mueang Nong Son" or "Mueang Wat Derm")
  King of Ayutthaya
  King of Nakhon Si Thammarat
  King of Lavo's Ayodhya–Lopburi
  King of Lavo's Ayodhya–Suphannabhum
  King of AyutthayaPhetchaburi
Timeline and family tree of Thai monarchs in the lower Chao Phraya Valley from the 10th century to the formation of the Ayutthaya Kingdom
Invented Chula Sakarat Kakaphat/Sak Kon Dam
(กากะพัตร/สักกรดำ) [17] :25
King of Takkasila
(Ayodhyapura?)
r. 566–638
Ram Rat
(รามราช)
King of Ramburi [18]
(Ayodhyapura?)
r. 648?–?
Camadevi
(จามเทวี) [18]
Queen of Haripuñjaya
r. 622–629
Kanwannaditsarat
(กาฬวรรณดิศราช) [17] :25
King of Takkasila (Ayodhyapura?)
r. 638–648
King of Lavo
r. 648–700
Founder of Lavo
Continue to the Camadevi dynasty of Haripuñjaya Several generationsContinue to the Lavo dynasty of Lavo Kingdom Fall of Ayodhyapura
From Mueang Bang Than (บางทาน), Kamphaeng Phet [17] :30Utchitthaka Chakkrawat
(อุฉิฎฐกะจักรวรรดิ)
r. ?–927/928
Later King of Haripuñjaya
Continue to the Lavo dynasty of Haripuñjaya Kong
กง [17] :55–59
r. 807 [19] –867 [20]
Maha Phutthasakhon
(พระมหาพุทธสาคร)
Founder of Mueang Wat Derm
r. 934–964 [17] :30 [f]
Tambralinga conquered of Lavo in 927/928, Lavo' king Uchitajakraphad fled to Haripuñjaya Phan
พาน/พาลราช
r. 867 [20] –916 [21] :530
Also King of Haripuñjaya
(r. 913–916) [21] :530
Kottabong
โคตรตะบอง
Ruler of Mueang Wat Derm
r. 964–983 [17] :30–31
Sujita
(สุชิตราช/ชีวกะ/วรราช)
King of Tambralinga
(r. ?–1003?)
King of Lavo
(r. 927/928)
Lavo led by Sujita seized Suphannabhum, Chadachota and Thamikaraj fled to Tak and Haripuñjaya. [21] :191Unknown [21] :191
Potentially, Phansa
(พระพรรษา) [17] :59
r. 913–1003?
or 916–1006?
Several generations
Usurper
Sinthop Amarin Kraek
(สินทพอมรินทร แกรก) [21] :65
Ruler of Mueang Wat Derm
r. 983–1042 (59 yrs) [17] :33
Devastation of Lavo due to the 1002–1010 Angkorian Civil WarsKamphot
(กัมโพช)
r. 927/928–?
Lavo attacked Haripuñjaya in 930/931 but failed. [22] 920s–1050s Lower Chao Phraya Valley's political turmoil
Narai of Lavo claimed the throne and moved the Lavo seat to "Mueang Wat Derm" then renamed the city "Ayodhya" Angkorin king, Suryavarman I, destroyed Lavo's Lavapura in 1002.Sri Lakshmi Pativarman
(ศรีลักษมีปติวรมัน)
r. 1006–1052?
(Appointed by Suryavarman I)
Suphannabhum [23] and Haripuñjaya [21] :532 seized Lavo in 1052Ram Bandit
(รามบัณฑิตย์) [17] :59–60
r. 40 yrs
Internal political turmoil
Pagan dynasty Unknown originThamikaraj [21] :191
(อาทิตตะราช/อาทิตยธรรมิกราช)
King of Haripuñjaya
Ong In
(องค์อินทร์) [17] :60
r. 1128?–1163?
Anawrahta
King of Pagan
r.1044-1077
Agga Mahethi
(แก้วประพาฬ) [24]
1015-1080
Singhanavati dynasty [8] :46–84Patima Suda Duang Chan
(ปฏิมาสุดาดวงจันทร์) [25]
Chanthra Chot
(จันทรโชติ) [24]
r.1052-1069
1058 Pagan invasion of Lavo and lower Chao Phraya basin [25]
Saw Lu
King of Pagan
r. 1077-1084
Phangkharat  [ th ]
King of Singhanavati
r. 915–?
1087 Pagan invasion of Lavo and lower Chao Phraya basin [25] Lavo's capital was shifted to Ayodhaya Narai [25]
(นารายณ์)
r.1082–1087
(No heir)
Suphacharat
(สุพจราช) [17] :17–19
King of Si Satchanalai
Several generations Thukkhita  [ th ]
King of Singhanavati
Phrom
Ruler of Wiang
Chai Prakan
Kaeo-supha
(แก้วสุภา)
Princess of Wiang Chai Narai
Si Thammatraipidok
ศรีธรรมไตรปิฏก [17] :17–19
King of Chiang Saen
Pathumathewi
(ปทุมเทวี) [17] :17–19
Katae
(กาแต)
r. 1163–1203
Fall of Singhanavati Chaiyasiri
Ruler of Wiang Chai
Prakan and Nacontai

r. 1089–1107
Chat Sakhon
(ชาติสาคร) [17] :21
Ruler of Chiang Rai [17] :24
1087–1089 Ayodhya's civil wars [26]
Chaisiri
(ชัยศิริ) [10]
Ruler of Phetchaburi
r. 1188–1214
Soi La/U Thong I [10]
(พระยาสร้อยหล้า/อู่ทอง)
r. 1203–1205
Sulathewi
(สุลเทวี) [17] :23
Princess of Si Satchanalai
Kraisornrat
(ไกรศรราช) [17] :21
r. 1106–1115?
Also King of Si Satchanalai
Luang [27]
(พระเจ้าหลวง)
r. 1089–1111
Si Thammasokkarat
(ศรีธรรมโศกราช)
r. 1115?–1181
Unknown
(Mon)
Sai Nam Phueng
(สายน้ำผึ้ง) [28]
r. 1111–1165
Phra Ratchathewi
(พระราชเทวี) [28]
Probably fled to Nakhon Si Thammarat due to the political pressure from the Angkor No male heir [17] :64Thammikaracha
(ธรรมิกราชา) [29]
r. 1165–1205
Narupatinavarman
(Later Indravarman II)
r. 1181?–1218
(Appointed by Jayavarman VII)
Pprappanom
Tteleiseri [30] :166–7
(พนมทะเลศรี)
Ruler of Phetchaburi
r. 1214–?
Unknown [17] :63–4 [15]
Princess of U Thong
Uthong II [25]
Ex-ruler of Thep Nakhon Chaisiri
Ex-king of Uthong
r. 1205–1253
Thong Lan Rat
(ท้องลันราช) [17] :60–61
Ruler of Sukhantha Khiri
(Phetchaburi) [30] :167
(สุคันธคีรี)
r. ?–1289
From Wiang Phang Kham [9] Ai (อ้าย) [25]
Ruler of Mueang Nakhon
(Ligor?)
Yi (ยี่) [25]
Ruler of Tanintharyi
Sam (สาม) [25]
Ruler of Phetchaburi
r. early 1300s
1st Tritrueng  [ th ] King
King of Phraek Si Racha
(Name unidentified)
Revival of Ligor by Phetchaburi Pattasutcharat
(พัตตาสุจราช) [17] :65–66
King of Si Satchanalai
Chaiyathat
(ชัยทัต) [25]
Unknown
Princess [25]
Chaisena (ชัยเสน) [25]
Ayodhya:
r. 1253–1289
Sukandhakiree:
r. 1289–?
Sadieng Thong
Princes of Tritrueng  [ th ] [11]
Phanomwang [11]
Ruler of Nakhon Si Thammarat
r. 1342–?
Boromma Tri Lok
(บรมไตรโลก) [17] :65–66
Thammatrilokathi
(ธรรมไตรโลกฒิ) [25]
King of Si Satchanalai
Suwannaracha
(สุวรรณราชา) [25]
r. 1289–1301
Potentially "Gan-mu-ding" in the Chinese record in 1295
2nd Tritrueng  [ th ] King
Ex-king of Phraek Si Racha
r. 1283–1319 [12]
Sontra
Ruler of Na Tranom
U Thong III
(พระเจ้าอู่ทอง)
r. ?–1335?
Thammaracha
(ธรรมราชา) [25]
r. 1301–1310
Kanlaya Thewi
(กัลยาเทวี) [25]
Kuman
Ruler of Tathong  [ th ]
U Thong IV
(พระยาอู่ทอง)
r. 1335?–1351
Boromracha
(บรมราชา) [25]
r. 1310–1344
Sunantha Thewi
(สุนันทาเทวี) [25]
Son Sai
(สนไส้/จันทรเทวีศรีรัตนฉายา) [12]
Sri Maharacha [13]
Ex-ruler of Sa U Lao [14]
King of Nakhon Si Thammarat
Unknown [15]
Princess of U Thong
Ramathibodi I (Uthong V)
King of Ayodhya
(r. 1344–1351)
1st king of Ayutthaya
r. 1351–1369
Sukhothai dynasty Sri Thammasokaraj
dynasty of Nakhon
Si Thammarat
Ramesuan
2nd king of Ayutthaya
1st: r. 1369–1370
2nd: 1388–1395
Lavo dynasty
of Ayutthaya
Maha Thammaracha II
King of Sukhothai
r. 1368–1399
Daughter of Loe Thai
(Sukhothai Kingdom)
Pho Ngua [16]
3rd king of Ayutthaya
Ex-ruler of Suphannabhum
r. 1370–1388
Unknown
Princess
Phra Ruang dynasty of Sukhothai Suphannabhum
dynasty
of Ayutthaya

Note

  1. 1 2 Founder of Sukhothai. However, another source, Legend of Kalawandith, says Sukhothai was founded in 500 by Phraya Pali Rat (พระยาพาลีราช). [3] :29
  2. Probably Nacontai (นครไทย) in the Simon de la Loubère's record, Du royaume de Siam. [2] [5]
  3. 1 2 Present-day Phitsanulok
  4. 1 2 3 Possibly Phetchaburi [1] :38
  5. During the reign of Uthong, Phetchaburi faced the spread of plague, [1] :48–49 Uthong and the people evacuated to establish a new settlement in the present-Ayutthaya island, which continues to the formation of the Ayutthaya Kingdom. [1] :52–58
  6. Calculated from the text given in the chronicle: "สิ้น 97 ปีสวรรคต ศักราชได้ 336 ปี พระยาโคดมได้ครองราชสมบัติอยู่ ณ วัดเดิม 30 ปี" [17] :30 which is transcribed as "...at the age of 97, he passed away in the year 336 of the Chula Sakarat. Phraya Kodom reigned in the Mueang Wat Derm for 30 years...".

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Dvaravati was a medieval Mon political principality from the 6th century to the 11th century, located in the region now known as central Thailand, and was speculated to be a succeeding state of Lang-chia or Lang-ya-hsiu (หลังยะสิ่ว). It was described by Chinese pilgrims in the middle of the 7th century as a Buddhist kingdom named To-lo-po-ti situated to the west of Isanapura (Cambodia), to the east of Sri Ksetra (Burma), and adjoined Pan Pan in the South. Its northern border met Chia-lo-she-fo, which was speculated to be either Kalasapura, situated along the coast of the Bay of Bengal somewhere between Tavoy and Rangoon, or Canasapura in modern northeast Thailand. Dvaravati sent the first embassy to the Chinese court around 605–616.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tambralinga</span> 2nd–13th centuries Indianised kingdom on the Malay Peninsula

Tambralinga was an Indianised Malay kingdom located on the Malay Peninsula, existing at least from the 2nd to 13th centuries CE. It possibly was under the influence of Srivijaya for some time, but later became independent from it or were generally allies rather than conqueror and vassal. The name had been forgotten until scholars recognized Tambralinga as Nakhon Si Thammarat. In Sanskrit and Prakrit, tām(b)ra means "copper", "copper-coloured" or "red" and linga means "symbol" or "creation", typically representing the divine energy of Shiva.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chetthathirat</span> King of Ayutthaya

Chetthathirat or Borommaracha II was the eldest son of King Song Tham and older brother of Athittayawong and Phra Sisin or Phra Phanpi Sisin, all three of the House of Sukhothai. In childhood he was known as Chetthakuman (พระเชษฐากุมาร), meaning 'Chettha the Infant', or simply Chettha.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of Lopburi</span>

Known as "Lavo" during most of its history, Lopburi Province is one of the most important cities in the history of Thailand. The city has a long history, dating back into the prehistory period since the Bronze Age of more than 3,500 years ago.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Maha Thammaracha (king of Ayutthaya)</span> King of Ayutthaya

Maha Thammaracha, Maha Thammarachathirat, or Sanphet I, formerly known as Khun Phirenthorathep, was a king of Ayutthaya Kingdom from the Sukhothai dynasty, ruling from 1569 to 1590. As a powerful Sukhothai noble, Phirenthorathep gradually rose to power. After playing many political turns, he was eventually crowned as the King of Siam.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lavo Kingdom</span> Historical country

The Lavo Kingdom was a political entity (mandala) on the left bank of the Chao Phraya River in the Upper Chao Phraya valley from the end of Dvaravati civilization, in the 7th century, until 1388. The original center of Lavo civilization was Lavo.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Phitsanulok</span> City Municipality in Thailand

Phitsanulok is a city in Northern Thailand, the capital of Phitsanulok province and the tenth-largest city in Thailand. It is 360 km north of Bangkok and has a population of 281,929 people as of 2021. The city was founded in the 13th century under the name Song Khwae and represents one of the oldest cities in Thailand.

Chaophraya Phitsanulok, personal name Rueang or Boonrueang, was governor of Phitsanulok city with the noble title Chaophraya Surasi Bisanuvadhiraj, from 1732 to 1767. He was governor during the reign of King Borommakot, until the fall of the Ayutthaya Kingdom during the reign of King Ekkathat. In 1768, he proclaimed himself King Rueang of Phitsanulok, and declared Phitsanulok and part of Nakhon Sawan a new independent stat. or Prince Rueang, the King of Siam. His descendants were bestowed the Thai noble surname Rochanakul, a patronymic from Rueang’s family, by King Rama VI.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mueang Uthong</span> King of Ayutthaya (present-day Thailand) from 1350 to 1369

Mueang Uthong is an archaeological site located in the U Thong district, Suphan Buri province. It was inhabited from around the 10th century BC and became the state society in the third to sixth-century CE. Uthong was one of the largest known city-states that emerged around the plains of central Thailand in the first millennium but became abandoned around 1000 AD due to the endemic and lost in major trading cities status. It was resettled in the Ayutthaya period but was abandoned again after the fall of Ayutthaya in the 1760s.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Suphannabhum</span> 9th–15th century political entity

Suphannabhum or Suvarnabhumi; later known as Suphan Buri was a Siamese city-state, that emerged in the early "Siam proper" which stretched from present-day west central Thailand to the north of the Kra Isthmus, with key historical sites at Uthong, Nakhon Pathom, Suphan Buri, and Ban Don Ta Phet. The kingdom is referred to as Xiān in the Chinese records since 1349, but according to the archaeological evidence, it was speculated to have emerged around the mid-12th century.

Xiān or Siam was a confederation of maritime-oriented port polities along the present Bay of Bangkok, including Ayodhya, Suphannabhum, and Phip Phli, as well as Nakhon Si Thammarat (Ligor), which became Siam in the late 13th century. Previous studies suggested that Xiān in Chinese dynasty records only referred to Sukhothai, but this presupposition has recently been rebutted.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Principality of Chaliang</span> 9th–15th century political entity

Chaliang or Sawankhalok, later known as Si Satchanalai, was a political entity in the upper Chao Phraya Valley in central Thailand. It was founded in the late 10th century by uniting four regional chiefdoms and became part of the Dvaravati's Lavo. In 1001, Chaliang was referred to as an independent kingdom Chéng Liáng in the Chinese text Song Shi. The term San-lo (三濼) mentioned in Lingwai Daida in 1178 was plausibly referred to the new Chaliang's center, Sawankhalok.

References

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