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State of Yue 越 | |||||||||
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?–333 BC | |||||||||
Status | Kingdom | ||||||||
Capital | Kuaiji, later Wu | ||||||||
Government | Monarchy | ||||||||
King | |||||||||
• 496–465 BC | Goujian | ||||||||
Historical era | Spring and Autumn period Warring States period | ||||||||
• Established | ? | ||||||||
• Conquered by Chu | 333 BC | ||||||||
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Yue | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Chinese | 越 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Yue (Chinese : 越 ),also known as Yuyue (于越),was a state in ancient China which existed during the first millennium BC – the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods of China's Zhou dynasty – in the modern provinces of Zhejiang,Shanghai and Jiangsu. Its original capital was Kuaiji (modern Shaoxing);after its conquest of Wu,Yue relocated its court north to the city of Wu (modern-day Suzhou). Yue was conquered by Chu in 333 BC.
A specific kingdom,which had been known as the "Yue Guo" (越國) in modern Zhejiang,was not mentioned until it began a series of wars against its northern neighbor Wu during the late 6th century BC. According to the Records of the Grand Historian and Discourses of the States ,the Yue are descended from Wuyu,the son of Shao Kang,the sixth king of the Xia dynasty.
With help from Wu's enemy Chu,Yue won after several decades of conflict. The famous Yue King Goujian destroyed and annexed Wu in 473 BC. During the reign of Wuqiang (無彊),six generations after Goujian,Yue was partitioned by Chu and Qi in 333 BC.
During its existence,Yue was famous for the quality of its metalworking,particularly its swords. Examples include the extremely well-preserved Swords of Goujian and Zhougou.
The Yue state appears to have been a largely indigenous political development in the lower Yangtze. This region corresponds with that of the old corded-ware Neolithic,and it continued to be one that shared a number of practices,such as tooth extraction,pile building,and cliff burial. Austronesian speakers also still lived in the region down to its conquest and sinification beginning about 240 BC. [1]
What set the Yue apart from other Sinitic states of the time was their possession of a navy. [2] Yue culture was distinct in its practice of naming boats and swords. [3] A Chinese text described the Yue as a people who used boats as their carriages and oars as their horses. [4]
Their ancestral name is rendered variously as either Si (姒) or Luo (雒 or 駱). [5] [6]
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After the fall of Yue,the ruling family moved south to what is now northern Fujian and set up the Minyue kingdom. This successor state lasted until around 150 BC,when it miscalculated an alliance with the Han dynasty.
Mingdi,Wujiang's second son,was appointed minister of Wucheng (present-day Huzhou's Wuxing District) by the king of Chu. He was titled Marquis of Ouyang Ting,from a pavilion on the south side of Ouyu Mountain. The first Qin dynasty emperor Qin Shi Huang abolished the title after his conquest of Chu in 223 BC,but descendants and subjects of its former rulers took up the surnames Ou,Ouyang,and Ouhou (歐侯) in remembrance.
When the religious leader Xu Chang launched a rebellion against the Han dynasty in 172 CE,he declared the state of Yue restored and appointed his father Xu Sheng as "King of Yue". The rebels were crushed in 174. [7]
In Chinese astronomy,there are two stars named for Yue:
The virus genus Yuyuevirus and the virus family Yueviridae are both named after the state. [12]
Possible languages spoken in the state of Yue may have been of Tai-Kadai and Austronesian origins. 126 Tai-Kadai cognates have been identified in Maqiao Wu dialect spoken in the suburbs of Shanghai out of more than a thousand lexical items surveyed. [14] According to the author,these cognates are likely traces of 'old Yue language' (古越語;Gǔyuèyǔ). [14]
The Kra–Dai languages,are a language family in mainland Southeast Asia,southern China,and northeastern India. All languages in the family are tonal,including Thai and Lao,the national languages of Thailand and Laos,respectively. Around 93 million people speak Kra–Dai languages;60% of those speak Thai. Ethnologue lists 95 languages in the family,with 62 of these being in the Tai branch.
The term Kra–Dai peoples or Kra–Dai-speaking peoples refers collectively to the ethnic groups of southern China and Southeast Asia,stretching from Hainan to Northeast India and from southern Sichuan to Laos,Thailand and parts of Vietnam,who not only speak languages belonging to the Kra–Dai language family,but also share similar traditions,culture and ancestry.
The Baiyue,Hundred Yue,or simply Yue,were various ethnic groups who inhabited the regions of Southern China and Northern Vietnam during the 1st millennium BC and 1st millennium AD. They were known for their short hair,body tattoos,fine swords,and naval prowess.
Wu is a major group of Sinitic languages spoken primarily in Shanghai,Zhejiang province,and parts of Jiangsu province,especially south of the Yangtze River,which makes up the cultural region of Wu. The Wu languages are at times simply called Shanghainese,especially when introduced to foreigners. The Suzhounese variety was the prestige dialect of Wu as of the 19th century,but had been replaced in status by Shanghainese by the turn of the 20th century,coinciding with a period of rapid language change in the city. The languages of Northern Wu constitute a language family and are mutually intelligible with each other,while those of Southern Wu neither form a phylogenetic language family,nor are mutually intelligible with each other.
The Tai,Zhuang–Tai,or Daic languages are a branch of the Kra–Dai language family. The Tai languages include the most widely spoken of the Tai–Kadai languages,including Standard Thai or Siamese,the national language of Thailand;Lao or Laotian,the national language of Laos;Myanmar's Shan language;and Zhuang,a major language in the Southwestern China's Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region,spoken by the Zhuang people (壯),the largest minority ethnic group in China,with a population of 15.55 million,living mainly in Guangxi,the rest scattered across Yunnan,Guangdong,Guizhou and Hunan provinces.
Chu was an ancient Chinese state during the Zhou dynasty. Their first ruler was King Wu of Chu in the early 8th century BC. Chu was located in the south of the Zhou heartland and lasted during the Spring and Autumn period. At the end of the Warring States period it was destroyed by the Qin in 223 BC during the Qin's wars of unification.
Wu was a state during the Western Zhou dynasty and the Spring and Autumn period,outside the Zhou cultural sphere. It was also known as Gouwu (句吳) or Gongwu (工/攻吳) from the pronunciation of the local language. Wu was located at the mouth of the Yangtze River east of the State of Chu and south of the State of Qi. Its first capital was at Meili,then Helü's City,and later moved to Gusu.
Goujian was a king of the Yue state. He succeeded his father,Yunchang (允常),to the Yue throne.
Nanyue,was an ancient kingdom founded in 204 BC by the Chinese general Zhao Tuo,whose family continued to rule until 111 BC. Nanyue's geographical expanse covered the modern Chinese subdivisions of Guangdong,Guangxi,Hainan,Hong Kong,Macau,southern Fujian and central to northern Vietnam. Zhao Tuo,then Commander of Nanhai Commandery of the Qin dynasty,established Nanyue in 204 BC after the collapse of the Qin dynasty. At first,it consisted of the commanderies of Nanhai,Guilin,and Xiang.
Minyue was an ancient kingdom in what is now the Fujian province in southern China. It was a contemporary of the Han dynasty,and was later annexed by the Han empire as the dynasty expanded southward. The kingdom existed approximately from 306 BC to 110 BC.
The peopling of Thailand refers to the process by which the ethnic groups that comprise the population of present-day Thailand came to inhabit the region.
The Âu Việt or Ouyue were an ancient conglomeration of Baiyue tribes living in what is today the mountainous regions of northernmost Vietnam,western Guangdong,and northern Guangxi,China,since at least the third century BCE. They were believed to have belonged to the Tai-Kadai language group. In eastern China,the Ouyue established the Dong'ou or Eastern Ou kingdom. The Western Ou were other Baiyue tribes,with short hair and tattoos,who blackened their teeth and are the ancestors of the modern upland Tai-speaking minority groups in Vietnam such as the Nùng and Tay,as well as the closely related Zhuang people of Guangxi.
As trade was an important source of wealth for the Baiyue peoples of coastal southern China,the region south of the Yangtze River attracted the attention of Emperor Qin Shi Huang,and he undertook a series of military campaigns to conquer it. Lured by its temperate climate,fertile fields,maritime trade routes,relative security from warring factions to the west and northwest,and access to luxury tropical products from Southeast Asia,the emperor sent armies to conquer the Yue kingdoms in 221 BC. Military expeditions against the region were dispatched between 221 and 214 BC. It would take five successive military excursions before the Qin finally defeated the Yue in 214 BC.
Tai peoples are the populations who speak the Tai languages. There are a total of about 93 million people of Tai ancestry worldwide,with the largest ethnic groups being Dai,Thai,Isan,Tai Yai (Shan),Lao,Tai Ahom,and some Northern Thai peoples.
Mi is the atonal Wade–Giles and pinyin romanization of various Chinese surnames. Transcribing the character 羋,it was the name of the royal house of the ancient state of Chu. It is also the transcription of the surnames 麋,米,and 禰,along with a few other less common names.
The Han campaigns against Minyue were a series of three Han military campaigns dispatched against the Minyue state. The first campaign was in response to Minyue's invasion of Eastern Ou in 138 BC. In 135 BC,a second campaign was sent to intervene in a war between Minyue and Nanyue. After the campaign,Minyue was partitioned into Minyue,ruled by a Han proxy king named Zou Yushan,and Dongyue. During the concluding months of 111 BC,after the unsuccessful uprising led by Zou Yushan in thwarting General Yang Pu's conspiratorial intentions to undermine him,the aspiration for autonomous rule in Dongyue gradually waned. The rebellion instigated by Zou was suppressed,prompting the Han dynasty's complete annexation of Dongyue into its dominion and the conquest of the residual territories that constituted the former Minyue,effectively consolidating the permanent integration of both domains into the Han empire indefinitely.
The Song of the Yue Boatman is a short song in an ancient language of southern China in the Yangtze River valley said to have been recorded around 528 BC. A transcription using Chinese characters,together with a Chinese version,is preserved in the Garden of Stories compiled by Liu Xiang five centuries later.
The Spring and Autumn Annals of Wu and Yue is an unofficial history from the time of the Eastern Han dynasty that consists of a collection sidenotes on historical events. The ten-volume book was written by Zhao Ye (赵晔),and narrates the history of battles between the states of Wu and Yue during the Spring and Autumn period. The text is richly styled and detailed in a way that resembles texts from the School of "Minor-talks" within the Hundred Schools of Thought.
Jizhao is an unclassified Kra-Dai language spoken in Jizhao Village 吉兆村,Tanba Town 覃巴镇,Wuchuan,Guangdong. It may be most closely related to Be. In Wuchuan,Jizhao is locally referred to as Haihua 海话,which is the term used elsewhere in Leizhou 雷州,Xuwen 徐闻,and Maoming 茂名to refer to the local Minnan Chinese dialect of Leizhou.
The Old Yue language is an unattested,unclassified language,or group(s) of various languages,spoken in ancient southern China,and northern Vietnam circa 700 BCE or later. It can refer to Yue,which was spoken in the realm of Yue during the Spring and Autumn period. It can also refer to the different languages spoken by the Baiyue. Possible languages spoken by them may have been of Kra–Dai,Hmong–Mien,Austronesian,Austroasiatic and other origins.
Zhou dynasty |
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Warring States |