Tarkhan dynasty (Sindh Sultanate) خانوادهٔ ترخان | |||||||||
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1554–1593 | |||||||||
Coinage of the Tarkhans, from the time of Mirza Muhammad Baqi (1567-1585). Thatta mint. Dated AH 985 (1577-8). | |||||||||
Official languages | Persian [1] [2] | ||||||||
Common languages | Persian Arabic Sindhi | ||||||||
Government | Monarchy | ||||||||
Mirza | |||||||||
• 1554–1567 | Mirza Muhammad Isa Tarkhan (first) | ||||||||
• 1585–1593 | Mirza Jani Beg Tarkhan (last) | ||||||||
History | |||||||||
• Tarkhan dynasty begins | 1554 | ||||||||
• Tarkhan dynasty ends | 1593 | ||||||||
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The Tarkhan dynasty (Persian : خانوادهٔ ترخان), [3] was established by a Tarkhan and ruled the Sindh Sultanate from 1554 to 1593. [4] General Mirza Isa Beg founded the Tarkhan dynasty in Sindh after the death of Shah Husayn Arghun of the Arghun dynasty. [5]
The Mughal emperor Akbar annexed Sindh in 1593 after defeating the last Tarkhan ruler, who continued to rule as Governors for the Mughals. [6] [5]
The Arghun rulers have their tombs at the Makli Necropolis.
Title | Personal Name | Reign |
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After civil war in Sindh between the King Shah Husayn Arghun and his nobles under Mirza Muhammad 'Isa Tarkhan the Tarkhan dynasty was victorious and began to rule over Sindh. | ||
Mirza میرزا | Muhammad 'Isa Tarkhan محمد عیسیٰ ترخان | 1554–1567 AD |
Mirza میرزا | Muhammad Baqi Tarkhan محمد بقی ترخان | 1567–1585 AD |
Mirza میرزا | Jani Beg Tarkhan جانی بیگ ترخان | 1585–1599 AD |
Mirza میرزا | Ghazi Beg Tarkhan غازی بیگ ترخان | 1599–1612 AD |
Mirza میرزا | Abul-Qasim Sultan Tarkhan ابوالقاسم سلطان ترخان | 1612–? AD |
Sindh was conquered by the Mughal Empire in 1591 AD. by the general Abdul-Rahim Khan better known as Khan-e-Khanan (Khan of Khans). The green rows signify Mughal Rule. |
Thatta is a city in the Pakistani province of Sindh. Thatta was the medieval capital of Sindh, and served as the seat of power for three successive dynasties. Its construction was ordered by Jam Nizamuddin II in 1495. Thatta's historic significance has yielded several monuments in and around the city. Thatta's Makli Necropolis, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is site of one of the world's largest cemeteries and has numerous monumental tombs built between the 14th and 18th centuries designed in a syncretic funerary style characteristic of lower Sindh. The city's 17th century Shah Jahan Mosque is richly embellished with decorative tiles, and is considered to have the most elaborate display of tile work in the South Asia.
The Samma dynasty was a medieval Sindhi dynasty which ruled the Sindh Sultanate from 1351 before being replaced by the Arghun dynasty in 1524.
The Arghun dynasty ruled over the area adjoining Southern Afghanistan and then the Sindh Sultanate from the late 15th century to the early 16th century. Arghun rule can be divided into two branches: the Arghun branch of Dhu'l-Nun Beg Arghun that ruled until 1554, and the Tarkhan branch of Muhammad Isa Tarkhan that ruled until 1593.
Badin is the main city and capital of Badin District in Sindh, Pakistan. It lies east of the Indus River. It is the 105th largest city in Pakistan. Badin is often called 'Sugar State' due to its production of sugar.
Thatta District is located in the southern area, locally called Laar, of the province of Sindh, Pakistan. Its capital is Thatta. It is home to a large necropolis of Makli. In 2013, several talukas were separated to form the new Sujawal District.
The history of Sindh refers to the history of the modern-day Pakistani province of Sindh, as well as neighboring regions that periodically came under its sway.
Makli Necropolis is one of the largest funerary sites in the world, spread over an area of 10 kilometres near the city of Thatta, in the Pakistani province of Sindh. The site houses approximately 500,000 to 1 million tombs built over the course of a 400-year period. Makli Necropolis features several large funerary monuments belonging to royalty, various Sufi saints, and esteemed scholars. The site was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1981 as an "outstanding testament" to Sindhi civilization between the 14th and 18th centuries.
Sindhi literature is the collection of oral and written literature in the Sindhi language in prose and poetry. The Sindhi language of the province of Sindh in Pakistan is considered one of the oldest languages of ancient India, and influenced the language of Indus Valley inhabitants. Sindhi literature has developed over a thousand years.
Jám Nizámuddín II, also known as Jam Nizam al-Din or Jám Nindó, was the 15th Sultan of Sindh from Samma dynasty between 1461 and 1508 CE. His capital was Thatta in modern-day southern Pakistan. After his death, his son Jám Ferózudin lost the Sultanate in 1525 CE to an invading army of Shah Beg Arghun, who had been thrown out of Kandahar by Babur.
Mirza Ghazi Beg of the Tarkhan dynasty in Sindh ruled from the capital city of Thatta. In Sindh a network of small and large forts manned by cavalry and musketeers further extended Mughal power during the reign of Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan.
The Kalhora dynasty was a Sindhi Muslim Kalhora tribe dynasty based in the region of Sindh, present day Pakistan. The dynasty governed much of Sindh and parts of Kutch between 1701 and 1783 from their capital of Khudabad, before shifting to Hyderabad from 1768 onwards. They were assigned to hold authority by the Mughal Grand Vizier Mirza Ghazi Beg.
Mir Tahir Muhammad Ibn Hassan Sabzavari Tattavi was a Sindhi Muslim poet and historian during the rule of the Mughal Empire, who composed poetry under the pen-name Nisyani. His family emigrated to Thatta, Sindh from Iran. His original ancestral surname was Sabzavari. His father was a Sawar and the Mughal governor of Eastern Sindh and later Gujarat during the reign of Mughal Emperor Akbar.
Umar Shaikh Mirza II was the ruler of the Fergana Valley. He was the fourth son of Abu Sa'id Mirza, the emperor of the Timurid Empire in what is now Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan and eastern Iran.
Manohar Das, also Manohar or Manuhar, was an Indian Hindu painter in the Mughal style.
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Jam Mubarak Khan title Khan-i-Azam was son of Jam Nizamuddin II alias Jam Nando, famous ruler of Samma Dynasty of Sindh. Khan-i-Azam was general of the army of Jam Nando as well. When Shah Beg Arghun son of Zunoon Beg attacked Sivi fortresses in 890 Hijrah and snatched it from Bahadur Khan, a person of Jam Nizamudin II and gave it under the control of his brother Muhammad Beg. Muhammad Beg tried to capture the territories or regions of Ikeri and Chandka which were also in the reign of Jam Nizamudin II. Thus, Jam Nando sent his son Khan-i-Azam Jam Mubarak Khan to face the enteruption. A bloody battle was fought between Muhammad Beg and Khan e Azam Jam Mubarak Khan. Muhammad had been killed and defeated and Sivi was included back to realm of Jam Nizamudin II. Khan-i-Azam was killed by Mughals in 895 Hijrah (1490AD). Tomb of Jam Mubarak Khan is situated in necropolis of Makli He himself had kept the base of his burial place in the month of Jamadil Awal 895 Hijrah (1490). Further, construction had been completed during the rule of his father Jam Nizamudin II alias Jam Nando.
Tomb of Jam Mubarak Khan is situated in Makli Necropolis, Thatta District, Sindh, Pakistan. It was constructed in 895 Hijrah, 1490 AD during the reign of Jam Nizamuddin II alias Jam Nando ruler of Samma dynasty. Jam Mubarak Khan was son of Jam Nizamudin Nando. Jam Mubarak was given the title of Khan-e-Azam and was martyred by Mughals (Mangols) in 895 Hijrah, 1490 AD. When Shah Beg Arghun invaded Sivi in 890 Hijrah, 1485 AD and gave it under the possession of his brother Muhammad Beg, Jam Nizamudin sent army under the command ofJam Mubarak Khan Who killed Muhammad Arghun and snatched Sivi back. The tomb of Jam Mubarak Khan is built with carved stones and jeweled with inscribed Arabic inscriptions by the Mason.
Kakrala was a historical region in southern Sindh, in the coastal parts of the Indus Delta. Descriptions of its precise extent vary, but it lay in the middle part of the delta, comprising the present-day taluqas of Shahbandar and Jati in Sujawal and Thatta districts. It has been described as the region from Jati to Kharo Chan, or the region between the mouths of the Wanyani and Pitti rivers. This area later formed part of the pargana of Ghorabari.
Mirza Jani Beg Tarkhan was the last Sultan of Sindh. He succeeded his grandfather Mirza Muhammad Baqi after his death. He ruled from 1585 to 1591 as an independent monarch of Sindh but was forced to submit to Mughal authority. He later involuntarily abdicated in 1593 and a Mughal Subahdar was appointed in his place. But due to social and public unrest, the Mughal authority appointed Jani in his place in 1594. Jani continued to serve as the Mughal Subahdar till his death in 1601.