Thatta is a city in the Pakistani province of Sindh. Thatta was the medieval capital of Sindh, and served as the seat of power for three successive dynasties. Its construction was ordered by Jam Nizamuddin II in 1495. Thatta's historic significance has yielded several monuments in and around the city. Thatta's Makli Necropolis, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is site of one of the world's largest cemeteries and has numerous monumental tombs built between the 14th and 18th centuries designed in a syncretic funerary style characteristic of lower Sindh. The city's 17th century Shah Jahan Mosque is richly embellished with decorative tiles, and is considered to have the most elaborate display of tile work in the South Asia.
The Samma dynasty was a medieval Sindhi dynasty which ruled the Sindh Sultanate from 1351 before being replaced by the Arghun dynasty in 1524.
The Arghun dynasty ruled over the area adjoining Southern Afghanistan and then the Sindh Sultanate from the late 15th century to the early 16th century. Arghun rule can be divided into two branches: the Arghun branch of Dhu'l-Nun Beg Arghun that ruled until 1554, and the Tarkhan branch of Muhammad Isa Tarkhan that ruled until 1593.
Thatta District is located in the southern area, locally called Laar, of the province of Sindh, Pakistan. Its capital is Thatta. It is home to a large necropolis of Makli. In 2013, several talukas were separated to form the new Sujawal District.
Makli Necropolis is one of the largest funerary sites in the world, spread over an area of 10 kilometres near the city of Thatta, in the Pakistani province of Sindh. The site houses approximately 500,000 to 1 million tombs built over the course of a 400-year period. Makli Necropolis features several large funerary monuments belonging to royalty, various Sufi saints, and esteemed scholars. The site was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1981 as an "outstanding testament" to Sindhi civilization between the 14th and 18th centuries.
The Chaukhandi tombs form an early Islamic cemetery situated 29 km (18 mi) east of Karachi, Sindh province of Pakistan. The tombs are notable for their elaborate sandstone carvings. The tombs are similar in style to the elaborate tombs at the Makli Necropolis near Thatta, and are built in the funerary architectural style typical of lower Sindh.
Sindhi literature is the collection of oral and written literature in the Sindhi language in prose and poetry. The Sindhi language of the province of Sindh in Pakistan is considered one of the oldest languages of ancient India, and influenced the language of Indus Valley inhabitants. Sindhi literature has developed over a thousand years.
Bukkur, Bakhar or Bhakkar is a historical city and an Island fort situated between Rohri and Sukkur in the Sindh province of Pakistan. Bhakkar is also known as "Old Sukkur".
Jám Nizámuddín II, also known as Jam Nizam al-Din or Jám Nindó, was the 15th Sultan of Sindh from Samma dynasty between 1461 and 1508 CE. His capital was Thatta in modern-day southern Pakistan. After his death, his son Jám Ferózudin lost the Sultanate in 1525 CE to an invading army of Shah Beg Arghun, who had been thrown out of Kandahar by Babur.
Jam Khairuddin Tamachi bin Jam Unar was the third Sultan of Sindh from the Samma dynasty reigning first from 1367 to 1371 and then from 1389 to 1392.
Nasir al-Din Abu al-Fatah Firuz Shah II, commonly known as Jam Feroz (1508–1524/5), was the last ruler of the Samma dynasty of Sindh. Jam Feroz proved himself a weak ruler and lost his kingdom to Arguns, thus Sindh came under foreign rulers.
The Second Battle of Thatta was a key episode in the dissolution of the Samma dynasty of Sindh and its replacement by the Arghun dynasty in 1520.
Jam Feruzuddin better known as Jam Unar bin Babinah was the first Sultan of Sindh. He belonged to the Samma dynasty, which ruled Sindh and parts of Punjab from 1351 to 1520.
Juneja/Junejo is a Sindhi Sammat clan found in Sindh, Pakistan and in some parts of India. The most notable Juneja include: Jam Juna II, a ruler of Sindh and Muhammad Khan Junejo, former prime minister of Pakistan.
Jam Mubarak Khan title Khan-i-Azam was son of Jam Nizamuddin II alias Jam Nando, famous ruler of Samma Dynasty of Sindh. Khan-i-Azam was general of the army of Jam Nando as well. When Shah Beg Arghun son of Zunoon Beg attacked Sivi fortresses in 890 Hijrah and snatched it from Bahadur Khan, a person of Jam Nizamudin II and gave it under the control of his brother Muhammad Beg. Muhammad Beg tried to capture the territories or regions of Ikeri and Chandka which were also in the reign of Jam Nizamudin II. Thus, Jam Nando sent his son Khan-i-Azam Jam Mubarak Khan to face the enteruption. A bloody battle was fought between Muhammad Beg and Khan e Azam Jam Mubarak Khan. Muhammad had been killed and defeated and Sivi was included back to realm of Jam Nizamudin II. Khan-i-Azam was killed by Mughals in 895 Hijrah (1490AD). Tomb of Jam Mubarak Khan is situated in necropolis of Makli He himself had kept the base of his burial place in the month of Jamadil Awal 895 Hijrah (1490). Further, construction had been completed during the rule of his father Jam Nizamudin II alias Jam Nando.
Tomb of Jam Mubarak Khan is situated in Makli Necropolis, Thatta District, Sindh, Pakistan. It was constructed in 895 Hijrah, 1490 AD during the reign of Jam Nizamuddin II alias Jam Nando ruler of Samma dynasty. Jam Mubarak Khan was son of Jam Nizamudin Nando. Jam Mubarak was given the title of Khan-e-Azam and was martyred by Mughals (Mangols) in 895 Hijrah, 1490 AD. When Shah Beg Arghun invaded Sivi in 890 Hijrah, 1485 AD and gave it under the possession of his brother Muhammad Beg, Jam Nizamudin sent army under the command ofJam Mubarak Khan Who killed Muhammad Arghun and snatched Sivi back. The tomb of Jam Mubarak Khan is built with carved stones and jeweled with inscribed Arabic inscriptions by the Mason.
Qazi Qadan (1493–1551), born in Bakkar/Bukkur, was the first Sindhi Sufi poet from Sindh in modern-day Pakistan, during the Samma Dynasty. He is also called "The Father of Classical Sindhi Poetry". Qadan died in Madina, Hejaz, Ottoman Empire.
Mirza Jani Beg Tarkhan was the last Sultan of Sindh. He succeeded his grandfather Mirza Muhammad Baqi after his death. He ruled from 1585 to 1591 as an independent monarch of Sindh but was forced to submit to Mughal authority. He later involuntarily abdicated in 1593 and a Mughal Subahdar was appointed in his place. But due to social and public unrest, the Mughal authority appointed Jani in his place in 1594. Jani continued to serve as the Mughal Subahdar till his death in 1601.
The Battle of Jalwakhir also known as Joolow Geer, was a battle held at the south of present-day-Quetta, fought in 1486 CE/892 AH between Samma Khan-i-Azam Jam Mubarak Khan alias Darya Khan and the invading Mongol forces under Shah Beg Arghun son of Zu'n-Nun Beg Arghun, governor of Kandahar, Farah, Zamindawar, and Ghor, on behalf of Sultan Hussain Bayqara. Shah Beg had earlier captured Siwi, Ganjabah, and Fatehpur by defeating Samma forces under Jam Nizamudin II's Gumashta (Governor/Officer), Bahadur Khan, in 1486 CE/892 AH. This victory was even celebrated by the Herat Court, and Abu Muhammad Mirza, the brother of Shah Beg Arghun, was appointed in charge of the fort of Siwi. Henceforth Jam Nizamuddin II sent a Retaliatory Force which contested Victory.
Jam Haibat Khan bin Salahuddin Shah was a prince of the Samma dynasty, and the son of Sultan Jam Salahuddin Shah II, also known as Malik Raj Bal. He was captured during the Battle of Chelhar and was executed in 1522 on the orders of Mir Khushi Muhammad Beglar, an Arghun commander.
