Chudasama dynasty

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Chudasama dynasty
c. 10th century–1472
Capital Vamanasthali
Junagadh
Religion
Hinduism
GovernmentMonarchy
• c. 9th century
Chudachandra
• c. 10th century
Graharipu
• late 11th century
Navaghana
• early 12th century
Khengara
• 1294–1306
Mandalika I
• 1451–1472
Mandalika III
History 
• Established
c. 10th century
• Disestablished
1472
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Blank.png Chavda dynasty
Vaghela dynasty Blank.png
Gujarat under Delhi Sultanate Blank.png

The Chudasama dynasty, a Samma branch, ruled parts of the present-day Saurashtra region of Gujarat state in India between the 9th and 15th centuries. [1] Their capital was based in Junagadh and Vamanasthali.

Contents

The early history of the Chudasama dynasty is almost lost. The bardic legends differ very much in names, order and numbers and so are not considered reliable. Traditionally, the dynasty is said to have been founded in the late 9th century by Chudachandra. Subsequent rulers such as Graharipu, Navaghana and Khengara were in conflict with Chaulukya rulers Mularaja and Jayasimha Siddharaja. Thus they are mentioned in contemporary and later Jain chronicles. After the end of Chaulukya rule and that of their successor Vaghela dynasty, the Chudasamas continued to rule independently or as vassals of the successor states, the Delhi Sultanate and Gujarat Sultanate. The first known Chudasama ruler recorded in inscriptions was Mandalika I, during whose reign Gujarat was invaded by the Khalji dynasty of Delhi. The last king of the dynasty, Mandalika III, was defeated and forcibly converted to Islam in 1472 by Sultan Mahmud Begada, who also annexed the state. [2]

Origin

The Chudasamas are variously considered to be an offshoot of the Samma Rajputs of Sindh, [3] [4] or of Abhira [5] [6] origin. [7] [8] [9]

The origin of the Chudasama to Chudachandra Yadava, a Rajput of the Samma tribe is accepted by most of the historians and considered that the ruling dynasty was therefore called as Chudasama after his name. [10]

Several inscriptions link the Chudasamas to the legendary lunar dynasty (or Chandravansh); later inscriptions and the text Mandalika-Nripa-Charita link them to the Yadava family of the Hindu deity Krishna. [11] For example, the inscriptions at Neminath Temple (c. VS 1510/c. 1454 CE) on Girnar describes them as being of Yadava origin. [12]

According to a legend, the father of Ra Chuda (that is, Chudachandra) was a Samma chief of Sindh; his mother was the sister of Wala Ram (c. 875), the last of chiefs of Vamansthali (modern Vanthali), who had earlier served as governors under the king of Vallabhi. [13] Nainsi ri Khyat (17th century) also states that the Chudasamas migrated to Saurashtra from Sindh. [14] The Chudasamas were described as being associated with abhiras and as having close links with the Jadejas chieftains of Kutch, who claimed Rajput descent. [11]

History

South Asia non political, with rivers.jpg
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Location of the Chudsamas, and neighbouring in South Asia, circa 800 CE. [15]

The Chudasama dynasty were in constant conflict with the Chaulukyas. Hemachandra states that Mularaja of the Chaulukya dynasty fought against Graharipu, the ruler of Junagadh, to protect the pilgrims going to Prabhas Patan. [16]

There are no known inscriptions of the period before Mandalika I. Still, it is certain that they had established their rule in the Saurashtra region before Mularaja came to power in Anahilavada because literary sources tell of battles between Chudasama kings and Chaulukya kings; Mularaja and Jayasimha Siddharaja. A Vanthali inscription records Mandalika, a king whose kingdom was captured by Jagatsimha, a feudatory of Chaulukya king Viradhavala. This Mandalika king must be another Mandalika king mentioned in latter half genealogy. As Viradhavala is known to live in VS 1288, he must be assigned the same date. As another Vanthali inscription date VS 1346, it must have been under the Jagatsimha's family till then. It seems that a later Chudasama king Mandalika regained Vanthali when Chaulukya rule weakened. So the later genealogy starts from him in later inscriptions. The Chudasamas continued to rule till VS 1527 (1472 CE) when they were defeated by Sultan Mahmud Begada. As inscriptions says about their resistance to Gujarat Sultans, it can be said that they were the most powerful dynasty in Saurashtra region at that time.[ citation needed ]

Coins

Based on historical records, it is known that the coins known as Kodis, Karshapan or Pan, Vishopak, Dram and Rupak were used in Chudasama domains. Eighty Kodis were equal to one Karshapan and sixteen Karshapan were equal to one Dram. One Dram was equal to twenty Vishopak. [17]

Constructions

Uparkot fort rediscovered by Chudasama ruler Graharipu Uparkot Fort 19 Clicked by Hariom Raval.jpg
Uparkot fort rediscovered by Chudasama ruler Graharipu

The Uparkot Fort of Junagadh was occupied by Chudasamas during the reign of Graharipu. Later it is said to have been rebuilt by Navaghana who had transferred his capital from Vamanasthali to Junagadh. He is also attributed with the constructions of Navghan Kuvo and Adi Kadi Vav, a well and a stepwell respectively, in the fort. His descendant Khengara is attributed with a stepwell, Ra Khengar Vav, on the way to Vanthali from Junagadh though it was built by Tejapala, the minister in the Vaghela court. [18]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Sheikh, Samira (2009). "Pastoralism, Trade, and Settlement in Saurashtra and Kachchh". Forging a region: sultans, traders, and pilgrims in Gujarat, 1200-1500. Oxford University Press. pp. 101–128. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198060192.003.0004. ISBN   9780198060192.
  2. ↑ Gupta, R. K.; Bakshi, S. R., eds. (2008). Studies In Indian History: Rajasthan Through The Ages: Marwar and British Administration. Vol. 5. New Delhi: Sarup & Sons. pp. 22–23. ISBN   978-8-17625-841-8 . Retrieved 21 May 2012.
  3. ↑ Kapadia, Aparna (16 May 2018). Gujarat: The Long Fifteenth Century and the Making of a Region. Cambridge University Press. p. 80. ISBN   978-1-107-15331-8 . Retrieved 24 June 2021. The Chudasamas were a branch of the Samma lineage that acquired the principality of Vanthali from the local ruler.
  4. ↑ Gujarat. Popular Prakashan. 2003. p. 1174. ISBN   978-81-7991-106-8.
  5. ↑ Yadava, S. D. S. (2006). Followers of Krishna: Yadavas of India. Lancer Publishers. ISBN   978-81-7062-216-1.
  6. ↑ Garg, Gaṅgā Rām (1992). Encyclopaedia of the Hindu World. Concept Publishing Company. ISBN   978-81-7022-374-0.
  7. ↑ Congress, Indian History (1953). The Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. p. 95.
  8. ↑ Rajan, K. V. Soundara (1985). Junagadh. Archaeological Survey of India.
  9. ↑ Indian Antiquary. Popular Prakashan. 1873.
  10. ↑ Chaube, J. (1975). History of Gujarat Kingdom, 1458-1537. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. p. 16. ISBN   978-0-88386-573-6.
  11. 1 2 Aparna Kapadia (2018). Gujarat: The Long Fifteenth Century and the Making of a Region. Cambridge University Press. pp. 80–81. ISBN   978-1-107-15331-8.
  12. ↑ Parikh, Rasiklal Chhotalal; Shastri, Hariprasad Gangashankar, eds. (1977). ગુજરાતનો રાજકીય અને સાંસ્કૃતિક ઇતિહાસ: સલ્તનત કાલ [Political and Cultural History of Gujarat: Sultanate Era]. Research Series - Book No. 71 (in Gujarati). Vol. V. Ahmedabad: Bholabhai Jeshingbhai Institute of Learning and Research. p. 157.
  13. ↑ Harald Tambs-Lyche (1997). Power, Profit, and Poetry: Traditional Society in Kathiawar, Western India. Manohar. p. 31. ISBN   978-81-7304-176-1.
  14. ↑ Tanuja Kothiyal (2016). Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian Desert. Cambridge University Press. p. 56. ISBN   978-1-107-08031-7.
  15. ↑ Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). A Historical atlas of South Asia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 145, map XIV.1 (e). ISBN   0226742210.
  16. ↑ Thapar, Romila (2004). Somanatha. Penguin Books. p. 108. ISBN   9780143064688.
  17. ↑ Gazetteers: Junagadh. Directorate of Government Print., Stationery and Publications. 1975. p. 467.
  18. ↑ Jutta Jain-Neubauer (1981). The Stepwells of Gujarat: In Art-historical Perspective. Abhinav Publications. p. 22. ISBN   978-0-391-02284-3.
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