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Under the Constitution of the Philippines, the president of the Philippines (Filipino : Pangulo ng Pilipinas) is both the head of state and government, and serves as the commander-in-chief of the country's armed forces. [4] [5] The president is directly elected by qualified voters to a six-year term and must be "a natural-born citizen of the Philippines, a registered voter, able to read and write, at least forty years of age on the day of the election, and a resident of the Philippines for at least ten years immediately preceding such election". Any person who has served as president for more than six years is barred from eligibility. Upon resignation, or removal from office, the vice president assumes the post. [6]
Emilio Aguinaldo became the inaugural president of the Philippines under the Malolos Republic, considered the First Philippine Republic. [7] [note 2] He held that office until 1901 when he was captured by United States forces during the Philippine–American War (1899–1902). [4] The American colonization of the Philippines abolished the First Republic, [12] which led to an American governor-general exercising executive power. [19]
In 1935, the United States, pursuant to its promise of full Philippine sovereignty, [20] established the Commonwealth of the Philippines following the ratification of the 1935 Constitution, which also restored the presidency. The first national presidential election was held, [note 3] and Manuel L. Quezon (1935–44) was elected to a six-year term, with no provision for re-election, [5] as the second Philippine president and the first Commonwealth president. [note 2] In 1940, however, the Constitution was amended to allow re-election but shortened the term to four years. [4] A change in government occurred three years later when the Second Philippine Republic was organized with the enactment of the 1943 Constitution, which Japan imposed after it occupied the Philippines in 1942 during World War II. [23] José P. Laurel acted as puppet president of the new Japanese-sponsored government; [24] his de facto presidency, [25] not legally recognized until the 1960s, [11] overlapped with that of the president of the Commonwealth, which went into exile. The Second Republic was dissolved after Japan surrendered to the Allies in 1945; the Commonwealth was restored in the Philippines in the same year with Sergio Osmeña (1944–46) as president. [4]
Manuel Roxas (1946–1948) followed Osmeña when he won the first post-war election in 1946. He became the first president of the independent Philippines when the Commonwealth ended on July 4 of that year. The Third Republic was ushered in and would cover the administrations of the next five presidents, the last of which was Ferdinand Marcos (1965–86), [4] who performed a self-coup by imposing martial law in 1972. [26] The dictatorship of Marcos saw the birth of the New Society (Filipino : Bagong Lipunan) and the Fourth Republic. His tenure lasted until 1986 when he was deposed in the People Power Revolution. The current constitution came into effect in 1987, marking the beginning of the Fifth Republic. [4]
Of the individuals elected as president, three died in office: two of natural causes (Manuel L. Quezon [27] and Manuel Roxas [28] ) and one in a plane crash (Ramon Magsaysay, 1953–57 [29] ). The longest-serving president is Ferdinand Marcos with 20 years and 57 days in office; he is the only president to have served more than two terms. The shortest is Sergio Osmeña, who spent 1 year and 300 days in office.
Two women have held the office: Corazon Aquino (1986–92), who ascended to the presidency upon the successful People Power Revolution of 1986, and Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (2001–10), who, as vice president, ascended to the presidency upon Estrada's resignation and was elected to a full six-year term in 2004.
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Andrés Bonifacio is considered by some historians to be the first president of the Philippines. He was the third Supreme President (Spanish: Presidente Supremo; Tagalog: Kataastaasang Pangulo) of the Katipunan secret society. Its Supreme Council, led by the Supreme President, coordinated provincial and district councils. When the Katipunan went into open revolt in August 1896 (the Cry of Balintawak), Bonifacio transformed it into a revolutionary government with him as president. While the term Katipunan remained, Bonifacio's government was also known as the Tagalog Republic (Tagalog: Republika ng Katagalugan; Spanish: Republica Tagala). (Although the word Tagalog refers to a specific ethnicity, Bonifacio used it to denote all indigenous people in the Philippines in place of Filipino which had colonial origins.) [31] [32] [33] [34] [35]
Some historians contend that including Bonifacio as a past president would imply that Macario Sakay and Miguel Malvar y Carpio should also be included. [36] Miguel Malvar y Carpio continued Emilio Aguinaldo's leadership of the First Philippine Republic after the latter's capture until his own capture in 1902. Macario Sakay revived the Tagalog Republic in 1902 as a continuation of Bonifacio's Katipunan. They are both considered by some scholars as "unofficial presidents". Along with Bonifacio, Malvar and Sakay are not recognized as presidents by the Philippine government. [37] [38]
Emilio Aguinaldo is officially recognized as the first president of the Philippines, but this is based on his term of office during the Malolos Republic, later known as the First Philippine Republic. Prior to this Aguinaldo had held the presidency of several revolutionary governments which are not counted in the succession of Philippine republics.
Manuel L. Quezon delegated his presidential duties to José Abad Santos, the then Chief Justice, when the former fled the Philippines amidst Japanese occupation of the islands to establish a government-in-exile. He is believed to have in effect become the acting president of the Philippine Commonwealth though no legal document has been retrieved detailing the official transfer of the title of President to Abad Santos. [39]
No. | President | Born | Age at start of presidency | Age at end of presidency | Post-presidency timespan | Lifespan | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Died | Age | ||||||
1 | Emilio Aguinaldo | March 22, 1869 | 29 years, 10 months, 1 day January 23, 1899 | 32 years, 22 days March 23, 1901 | 62 years, 10 months, 14 days | February 6, 1964 | 94 years |
2 | Manuel Quezon | August 19, 1878 | 57 years, 2 months, 27 days February 15, 1935 | 65 years, 11 months, 13 days August 1, 1944 | Died in office | August 1, 1944 | 65 years |
3 | Jose P. Laurel | March 9, 1891 | 52 years, 7 months, 5 days October 14, 1943 | 54 years, 5 months, 8 days August 17, 1945 | 14 years, 2 months, 20 days | November 6, 1959 | 68 years |
4 | Sergio Osmeña | September 9, 1878 | 65 years, 10 months, 23 days August 1, 1944 | 67 years, 8 months, 19 days May 28, 1946 | 15 years, 4 months, 21 days | October 19, 1961 | 83 years |
5 | Manuel Roxas | January 1, 1892 | 54 years, 4 months, 27 days May 28, 1946 | 56 years, 3 months, 14 days April 15, 1948 | Died in office | April 15, 1948 | 56 years |
6 | Elpidio Quirino | November 16, 1890 | 57 years, 5 months, 1 day April 17, 1948 | 63 years, 1 month, 14 days December 30, 1953 | 2 years, 1 month, 30 days | February 29, 1956 | 65 years |
7 | Ramon Magsaysay | August 31, 1907 | 46 years, 3 months, 29 days December 30, 1953 | 49 years old, 6 months, 14 days March 17, 1957 | Died in office | March 17, 1957 | 49 years |
8 | Carlos P. Garcia | November 4, 1896 | 60 years, 5 months, 14 days March 18, 1957 | 65 years, 1 months, 26 days December 30, 1961 | 9 years, 5 months, 15 days | June 14, 1971 | 74 years |
9 | Diosdado Macapagal | September 28, 1910 | 51 years, 3 months, 2 days December 30, 1961 | 55 years, 3 months, 2 days December 30, 1965 | 31 years, 3 months, 22 days | April 21, 1997 | 86 years |
10 | Ferdinand E. Marcos | September 11, 1917 | 48 years, 3 months, 19 days December 30, 1965 | 68 years, 5 months, 14 days February 25 1986 | 3 years, 7 months, 3 days | September 28, 1989 | 72 years |
11 | Corazon Aquino | January 25, 1933 | 53 years, 1 month February 25, 1986 | 59 years, 5 months, 5 days June 30, 1992 | 17 years, 1 months, 2 days | August 1, 2009 | 76 years |
12 | Fidel V. Ramos | March 18, 1928 | 64 years old, 3 months, 12 days June 30, 1992 | 70 years old, 3 months, 12 days June 30, 1998 | 24 years, 1 month, 1 day | July 31, 2022 | 94 years |
13 | Joseph Estrada | April 19, 1937 | 61 years, 2 months, 11 days June 30, 1998 | 63 years, 9 months, 1 day January 20, 2001 | (Living) | (Living) | 86 years |
14 | Gloria Macapagal Arroyo | April 5, 1947 | 53 years, 9 months, 15 days January 20, 2001 | 63 years, 2 months, 25 days June 30, 2010 | (Living) | (Living) | 76 years |
15 | Benigno Aquino III | February 8, 1960 | 50 years, 4 months, 22 days June 30, 2010 | 56 years, 4 months, 22 days June 30, 2016 | 4 years, 21 months, 25 days | June 24, 2021 | 61 years |
16 | Rodrigo Duterte | March 28, 1945 | 71 years, 3 months, 2 days June 30, 2016 | 77 years, 3 months, 2 days June 30, 2022 | (Living) | (Living) | 78 years |
17 | Bongbong Marcos | September 13, 1957 | 64 years, 9 months, 3 days June 30, 2022 | (incumbent) | (incumbent) | (living) | 66 years |
Vice President | President served under | Year(s) served | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Sergio Osmeña | Manuel L. Quezon | 1935–1944 | Osmeña succeeded Quezon, after the latter's death |
Elpidio Quirino | Manuel Roxas | 1946–1948 | Quirino succeeded Roxas, after the latter's death; Ran and won a full term in 1949. |
Carlos P. Garcia | Ramon Magsaysay | 1953–1957 | Garcia succeeded Magsaysay, after the latter's death; Ran and won a full term in 1957. |
Diosdado Macapagal | Carlos P. Garcia | 1957–1961 | Macapagal defeated Garcia in 1961. |
Joseph Estrada | Fidel V. Ramos | 1992–1998 | Estrada ran for a full term in 1998. |
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo | Joseph Estrada | 1998–2001 | Arroyo succeeded Estrada, after the latter's resignation; Ran and won a full term in 2004 |
3 other former vice presidents (S. Laurel, Binay, and Robredo) all made failed runs for the presidency.
The following cabinet secretaries are only served for fulltime. Vice Presidents served as cabinet secretary concurrently are not included.
Secretary | Office | President served under | Year(s) served |
---|---|---|---|
Elpidio Quirino | Secretary of Finance | Manuel Quezon | 1934– 1936 |
Secretary of Interior | 1935–1938 | ||
Manuel Roxas | Secretary of Interior | 1941 | |
Ramon Magsaysay | Secretary of National Defense | Elpidio Quirino | 1935–1944 |
Fidel V. Ramos | Corazon Aquino | 1988–1991 |
Name | Office | President served under | Year(s) served |
---|---|---|---|
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo | Undersecretary of the Department of Trade and Industry | Corazon Aquino | 1987–1992 |
Senator | District | Year(s) served | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Manuel L. Quezon | 5th | 1916–1935 | First president to serve as Senate President (1916–1935) |
Jose P. Laurel | 1925–1931 | Only former president to serve as senator (1951–1957); Only senator served as Majority Floor Leader (1925–1931) | |
Sergio Osmeña | 10th | 1922–1935 | First president to serve as President pro tempore (1922–1934) |
Manuel Roxas | At-large | 1945–1946 | Second president to serve as Senate President (1916–1935) |
Elpidio Quirino | 1st | 1925–1935 | Second and last president to serve as President pro tempore (1945–1946) |
At-large | 1945–1946 | ||
Carlos P. Garcia | 1945–1953 | First President to serve as Minority Floor Leader (1946–1953) | |
Ferdinand E. Marcos | 1959–1965 | Second President to serve as Minority Floor Leader (1960–1962) Third and last president to serve as Senate President (1963–1965) | |
Joseph Estrada | 1987–1992 | ||
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo | 1992–1998 | ||
Benigno Aquino III | 2007–2010 | Did not finished term, won presidency | |
Bongbong Marcos | 2010–2016 |
Legislator | District | Lower House Name | Year(s) served | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Manuel L. Quezon | Tayabas 1st | Philippine Assembly | 1907–1909 | First president to serve as Majority Floor Leader (1907–1909) |
Sergio Osmeña | Cebu 2nd | Philippine Assembly | 1907–1916 | First President to serve as speaker (1907–1916) |
House of Representatives | 1916–1922 | |||
Manuel Roxas | Capiz 1st | House of Representatives | 1922–1935 | Second president to serve as Majority Floor Leader; Second president to serve as speaker (1922–1934) |
National Assembly | 1935–1938 | |||
Elpidio Quirino | Ilocos Sur 1st | House of Representatives | 1919–1925 | |
Ramon Magsaysay | Zambales at-large | 1946–1950 | ||
Carlos P. Garcia | Bohol 3rd | 1925–1931 | ||
Diosdado Macapagal | Pampanga 1st | 1949–1957 | ||
Ferdinand E. Marcos | Ilocos Norte 2nd | 1949–1959 | ||
Benigno Aquino III | Tarlac 2nd | 1998–2007 | The only former Deputy Speaker (2004–2006) | |
Rodrigo Duterte | Davao City 1st | 1998–2001 | ||
Bongbong Marcos | Ilocos Norte 2nd | 1992–1995; 2007– 2010 |
Governor | Province | Year(s) served | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Manuel Quezon | Tayabas | 1906–1907 | |
Sergio Osmeña | Cebu | 1904–1907 | |
Manuel Roxas | Capiz | 1919–1922 | |
Carlos P. Garcia | Bohol | 1933–1941 | |
Bongbong Marcos | Ilocos Norte | 1983–1986; 1998–2007 | Only president formerly served as Vice Governor (1980–1983) |
Mayor | City/Municipality | Year(s) served | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Joseph Estrada | San Juan | 1969–1986 | Only former president served as mayor (2013–2019) |
Rodrigo Duterte | Davao City | 1988–1998; 2001–2010; 2013–2016 | Only president served as Vice Mayor (1986–1987; 2010–2013) |
Name | Municipality/City | Province | Year(s) served |
---|---|---|---|
Manuel Quezon | Lucena | Tayabas | 1906 |
Manuel Roxas | Capiz | Capiz | 1917–1919 |
Name | Position | Year(s) served | President | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Jose P. Laurel | Associate Justice of the Supreme Court | 1936–1942 | Manuel Quezon | Only president served in the Supreme Court |
Name | Office | President served under | Year(s) served |
---|---|---|---|
Manuel Quezon | Resident Commissioner of the Philippines | None(Under American rule) | 1909–1916 |
Name | Year(s) served |
---|---|
Emilio Aguinaldo | 1899–1901 |
Name | Year(s) served |
---|---|
Corazon Aquino | 1986–1992 |
Name | Rank | Branch | Year(s) served | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Emilio Aguinaldo | Generalissimo | Philippine Revolutionary Army | 1896–1901 | |
Manuel Quezon | Major | Philippine Revolutionary Army | 1899–1900 | |
Manuel Roxas | Brigadier General | Philippine Commonwealth Army | 1941–1945 | |
Ramon Magsaysay | Captain | Philippine Commonwealth Army | 1942–1945 | |
Ferdinand E. Marcos | 1st Lieutenant | USAFFE | 1942–1945 | |
Major | USAFIP-NL | |||
Fidel V. Ramos | General | Philippine Constabulary | 1950–1988 | Only former President served as Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces (1984–1985; 1986–1988), and commander of a service branch (1972–1986). |
Subnotes
Other notes
Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy was a Filipino revolutionary, statesman, and military leader who is the youngest president of the Philippines (1899–1901) and became the first president of the Philippines and of an Asian constitutional republic. He led the Philippine forces first against Spain in the Philippine Revolution (1896–1898), then in the Spanish–American War (1898), and finally against the United States during the Philippine–American War (1899–1901).
The Commonwealth of the Philippines was an unincorporated territory and commonwealth of the United States that existed from 1935 to 1946. It was established following the Tydings–McDuffie Act to replace the Insular Government of the Philippine Islands and was designed as a transitional administration in preparation for full Philippine independence. Its foreign affairs remained managed by the United States.
Manuel Luis Quezon y Molina, also known by his initials MLQ, was a Filipino lawyer, statesman, soldier, and politician who was president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines from 1935 until his death in 1944. He was the first Filipino to head a government of the entire Philippines and is considered the second president of the Philippines after Emilio Aguinaldo (1899–1901), whom Quezon defeated in the 1935 presidential election.
The president of the Philippines is the head of state, head of government and chief executive of the Philippines. The president leads the executive branch of the Philippine government and is the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of the Philippines.
Sergio Osmeña Sr. was a Filipino lawyer and politician who served as the fourth President of the Philippines from 1944 to 1946. He was Vice President under Manuel L. Quezon. Upon Quezon's sudden death in 1944, Osmeña succeeded him at age 65, becoming the oldest person to assume the Philippine presidency until Rodrigo Duterte took office in 2016 at age 71. A founder of the Nacionalista Party, Osmeña was also the first Visayan to become president.
Tagalog Republic is a term used to refer to two revolutionary governments involved in the Philippine Revolution against the Spanish Empire and the Philippine–American War. Both were connected to the Katipunan revolutionary movement.
Miguel Malvar y Carpio was a Filipino general who served during the Philippine Revolution and, subsequently, during the Philippine–American War. He assumed command of the Philippine revolutionary forces during the latter, following the capture of resistance leader Emilio Aguinaldo by the Americans in 1901. According to some, he could have been listed as one of the presidents of the Philippines. However, is not recognized as such by the Philippine government.
The vice president of the Philippines is the second-highest official in the executive branch of the Philippine government and is the first in the presidential line of succession. The vice president is directly elected by the citizens of the Philippines and is one of only two nationally elected executive officials, the other being the president.
General elections were held in the Philippines on November 11, 1941. Incumbent President Manuel Luis Quezon won an unprecedented second partial term as President of the Philippines via a landslide. His running mate, Vice President Sergio Osmeña also won via landslide. The elected officials however, did not serve their terms from 1942 to 1945 due to World War II. In 1943, a Japanese-sponsored Republic was established and appointed José P. Laurel as president. From 1943 to 1945, the Philippines had two presidents. Quezon died in 1944 due to tuberculosis and was replaced by Sergio Osmeña.
The 1935 Philippine presidential and vice presidential elections were held on September 16, 1935. This was the first election since the enactment of the Tydings–McDuffie Act, a law that paved the way for a transitory government, as well as the first nationwide at-large election ever held in the Philippines.
The Tejeros Convention, also known as the Tejeros Assembly and the Tejeros Congress, was a meeting held on March 22, 1897, between Katipunan factions of Magdiwang and Magdalo in San Francisco de Malabon, Cavite that resulted in the creation of a new revolutionary government that took charge of the Philippine Revolution, replacing the Katipunan. It followed on a previous meeting now known as the Imus Assembly. Filipino historians consider the first presidential and vice presidential elections in Philippine history to have been held at this convention, although only Katipuneros were able to take part, and not the general populace.
This list of presidential elections in the Philippines includes election results of both presidential and vice presidential elections since 1899 with the candidates' political party and their corresponding percentage.
Listed here are the heads of state and government of the Philippines, from the Spanish occupation up to the current Republic.
The inauguration of the president of the Republic of the Philippines is a ceremony marking the commencement of the six-year term of a president of the Philippines, who is both head of state and head of government. The inauguration is performed on June 30, as mandated by the 1987 Constitution. Under the older 1935 Constitution, the date was December 30, which is also Rizal Day; the last inauguration held on the older date was Ferdinand Marcos' second one on December 30, 1969. The most recent public presidential inauguration ceremony was that of President Bongbong Marcos, who began his six-year term in office on Thursday, June 30, 2022.
The 1941 Philippine presidential and vice presidential elections were held on November 11, 1941, a month before the Attack on Pearl Harbor; and subsequently, the Japanese invasion of the Philippines, which brought the Philippines and the United States to the Second World War. Incumbent President Manuel L. Quezon won an unprecedented second partial term as President of the Philippines in a landslide. His running mate, Vice President Sergio Osmeña, also won via landslide. The elected officials however, did not serve their terms from 1942 to 1945 due to World War II. In 1943, a Japanese-sponsored Republic was established and appointed Jose P. Laurel as president. From 1943 to 1945, the Philippines had two presidents. Quezon died in 1944 of tuberculosis and was replaced by Sergio Osmeña.
The 1935 Philippine general election was the first general election of the Commonwealth of the Philippines. This was also the first direct election of the President of the Philippines and Vice President of the Philippines, positions created by the 1935 constitution. Furthermore, members of the National Assembly of the Philippines, that replaced the Philippine Legislature were elected.
The Marangál na Dalit ng̃ Katagalugan is a song of the Philippine Revolution composed in November 1896 by Julio Nakpil at the request of Andres Bonifacio as the anthem of the revolutionary Tagalog Republic. However, this nascent revolutionary government was displaced and superseded by a succession of revolutionary governments headed by Emilio Aguinaldo and the composition known today as Lupang Hinirang became the national anthem of the Republic of the Philippines.
Of the seventeen presidents of the Philippines, a number have shown proficiency in languages other than English and Tagalog.
A revolutionary government or provisional government has been declared a number of times in the Philippines, by various insurgent groups.