1992 Philippine presidential election

Last updated
1992 Philippine presidential election
Flag of the Philippines (navy blue).svg
  1986 May 11, 1992 1998  
Turnout75.5% (Decrease2.svg3.3pp)
 
Fidel Valdez Ramos Official Photo as President of the Philippines (1995).jpg
Senator Miriam Defensor Santiago.jpg
FvfTarlacCapitol9091 11.JPG
Candidate Fidel V. Ramos Miriam Defensor Santiago Danding Cojuangco
Party Lakas PRP NPC
Running mate Lito Osmeña Ramon Magsaysay Jr. Joseph Estrada
Popular vote5,342,5214,468,1734,116,376
Percentage23.58%19.72%18.17%

 
Speaker Ramon Mitra.jpg
Imelda Marcos (1984).jpg
Salonga.jpg
Candidate Ramon Mitra Jr. Imelda Marcos Jovito Salonga
Party LDP KBL Liberal
Running mate Marcelo Fernan Vicente Magsaysay Aquilino Pimentel Jr.
Popular vote3,316,6612,338,2942,302,123
Percentage14.64%10.32%10.16%

1992 Philippine presidential election result per province.png
Election results per province/city.

President before election

Corazon Aquino
Independent

Elected President

Fidel V. Ramos
Lakas

1992 Philippine vice presidential election
Flag of the Philippines (navy blue).svg
  1986 May 11, 1992 1998  
  President Joseph Erap Ejercito Estrada poses with Senate President Andres Zaldiver of Chile.jpg Marcelo Fernan.jpg No avatar.png
Candidate Joseph Estrada Marcelo Fernan Lito Osmeña
Party NPC LDP Lakas
Popular vote6,739,7384,438,4943,362,467
Percentage33.01%21.74%16.47%

  Ramon Magsaysay.jpg Nene Pimentel cropped (2).jpg Vicente Magsaysay Photo.jpg
Candidate Ramon Magsaysay Jr. Aquilino Pimentel Jr. Vicente Magsaysay
Party PRP PDP–Laban KBL
Popular vote2,900,5562,023,289699,895
Percentage14.20%9.91%3.43%

1992 Philippine vice presidential election per province.png
Election results per province/city

Vice President before election

Salvador Laurel
Nacionalista

Elected Vice President

Joseph Estrada
NPC

The 1992 Philippine presidential and vice presidential elections were held on May 11, 1992. [1] This was the first general election held under the 1987 Constitution. An estimated 80,000 candidates ran for 17,000 posts from the presidency down to municipal councilors.

Contents

The new constitution limited the president to a single six-year term with no possibility of reelection, even if nonsuccessive. [2] Although some of President Corazon Aquino's advisers suggested that she could run for a second term, [3] as she was sworn in before the 1987 Constitution took effect, Aquino did not run again. [4]

In the presidential election, retired general Fidel Ramos of Lakas–NUCD narrowly defeated populist candidate Miriam Defensor Santiago of the People's Reform Party. [5] Ramos also got the lowest plurality in the Philippine electoral history, and beat the previous election for the closest margin of victory, percentage-wise (this record would later be beaten by the 2004 election). [6]

Santiago led the canvassing of votes for the first five days but then was overtaken by Ramos in a few days. Santiago cried fraud and filed an electoral protest citing power outages as evidence. [7] Various media personnel became witnesses to the fraud made in the election, where the phrase, 'Miriam won in the election, but lost in the counting' became popular. [8] However, her protest was eventually dismissed by the Supreme Court of the Philippines. [7]

The 1992 election was the second time both president and vice president came from different parties. [9] Movie actor and Senator Joseph Estrada, running with presidential candidate Eduardo Cojuanco, won a six-year term as vice-president. [10]

Under the transitory provisions of the Constitution, 24 senators were elected in this election. The first 12 senators who garnered the highest votes would have six-year terms while the next 12 senators would have three-year terms. [11] Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino (LDP) received a large share in the Senate race. [12] Television personality and Quezon City vice mayor Vicente Sotto III (also known as Tito Sotto) received the highest number of votes. [13]

Candidates

Presidential candidatePartyVice presidential candidateParty
Former Governor of Tarlac Danding Cojuangco Nationalist People's Coalition Senator Joseph Estrada Nationalist People's Coalition
Former Secretary of Agrarian Reform Miriam Defensor Santiago People's Reform Party Former Representative from Zambales Ramon Magsaysay Jr. People's Reform Party
Vice President Salvador Laurel Nacionalista Party Former Mambabatas Pambansa from Manila Eva Estrada Kalaw Nacionalista Party
Former First Lady Imelda Marcos Kilusang Bagong Lipunan Former Governor of Zambales Vicente Magsaysay Kilusang Bagong Lipunan
Speaker of the House of Representatives Ramon Mitra Jr. Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino Former Chief Justice Marcelo Fernan Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino
Former Secretary of National Defense Fidel V. Ramos Lakas-NUCD-UMDP Governor of Cebu Lito Osmeña Lakas-NUCD-UMDP
Former Senate President Jovito Salonga Liberal Party Senator Aquilino Pimentel Jr. Partido Demokratiko Pilipino-Lakas ng Bayan

Debates

A debate was held between presidential candidates Salvador Laurel and Ramon Mitra Jr. on the ABS-CBN television program Magandang Gabi... Bayan on March 7, 1992. [14] It was considered an especially heated debate between the two candidates, with the Manila Standard noting the "barbs, insults, and witticisms" exchanged during the program. [14] [15]

On March 15, the Commission on Elections (COMELEC) began its series of six presidential and vice-presidential debates held over the next six Sundays, [16] with the first debate held among presidential candidates Fidel V. Ramos, Miriam Defensor-Santiago, and Jovito Salonga, moderated by Dong Puno and broadcast live on GMA Network. [17] Estrada, then a presidential candidate, was scheduled to participate in the debate but had to withdraw due to a prior commitment. [18]

The second COMELEC-sponsored presidential debate was held on March 22 among Laurel, Mitra, and Eduardo Cojuangco Jr., moderated by Puno and broadcast live on RPN. [19] The debate was also broadcast live on radio through the government-owned Radyo ng Bayan, but was interrupted 45 minutes into the debate when the station switched instead to a broadcast of a Lakas-NUCD rally in Dumaguete led by President Aquino. [20]

The first vice-presidential debate as set by COMELEC was held on March 29 among Marcelo Fernan, Ramon Magsaysay Jr., and Vicente Magsaysay, [21] moderated by Mario C. Garcia and broadcast live on the government-owned PTV. [22]

Results

For President

CandidatePartyVotes%
Fidel V. Ramos Lakas–NUCD 5,342,52123.58
Miriam Defensor Santiago People's Reform Party 4,468,17319.72
Eduardo Cojuangco Jr. Nationalist People's Coalition 4,116,37618.17
Ramon Mitra Jr. Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino 3,316,66114.64
Imelda Marcos Kilusang Bagong Lipunan 2,338,29410.32
Jovito Salonga Liberal Party 2,302,12410.16
Salvador Laurel Nacionalista Party 770,0463.40
Total22,654,195100.00
Valid votes22,654,19593.40
Invalid/blank votes1,600,7596.60
Total votes24,254,954100.00
Registered voters/turnout32,141,07975.46
Source: Nohlen, Grotz, Hartmann, Hasall and Santos [23]
Popular vote
Ramos
23.58%
Defensor Santiago
19.72%
Cojuangco
18.17%
Mitra
14.64%
Marcos
10.32%
Salonga
10.16%
Laurel
3.40%

Breakdown

For Vice President

CandidatePartyVotes%
Joseph Estrada Nationalist People's Coalition 6,739,73833.01
Marcelo Fernan Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino 4,438,49421.74
Lito Osmeña Lakas–NUCD 3,362,46716.47
Ramon Magsaysay Jr. People's Reform Party 2,900,55614.20
Aquilino Pimentel Jr. [a] PDP–Laban 2,023,2899.91
Vicente Magsaysay Kilusang Bagong Lipunan 699,8953.43
Eva Estrada Kalaw Nacionalista Party 255,7301.25
Total20,420,169100.00
Valid votes20,420,16984.19
Invalid/blank votes3,834,78515.81
Total votes24,254,954100.00
Registered voters/turnout32,141,07975.46
Source: Nohlen, Grotz, Hartmann, Hasall and Santos [24]
Popular vote
Estrada
33.00%
Fernan
21.74%
Osmeña
16.47%
Magsaysay
14.20%
Pimentel
9.91%
Others
4.68%

See also

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Further reading