Chief Justice of the Philippines

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Chief Justice of Republic of the Philippines
Punong Mahistrado ng Pilipinas
Seal of the Supreme Court (Philippines).png
Seal of the Supreme Court
Flag of the Supreme Court of the Philippines.svg
Flag of the Supreme Court
Chief-Justice-Alexander-G.-Gesmundo.jpg
since April 5, 2021
Style The Honorable (formal)
Your Honor (when addressed directly in court)
Member of
Appointer Presidential appointment upon nomination by the Judicial and Bar Council
Term length Retirement at the age of 70
Inaugural holder
  • 1583 - Dr. Santiago de Vera y Rivas, Captain-General of the Spanish East Indies (Real Audiencia, Spanish East Indies)
  • 1901 - Cayetano Arellano (Supreme Court of the Philippines)
FormationJune 11, 1901
Website Official Website

The chief justice of the Philippines (Filipino : Punong Mahistrado ng Pilipinas) presides over the Supreme Court and is the highest judicial officer of the government of the Philippines. As of April 5, 2021, the position is currently held by Alexander Gesmundo, who was appointed by President Rodrigo Duterte following the early retirement of his predecessor, Diosdado Peralta, in March 2021.

Contents

The chief justice, who was first named on June 11, 1901, in the person of Cayetano Arellano, is the oldest existing major governmental office continually held by a Filipino, preceding the presidency and vice presidency (1935), senators (1916, or as the Taft Commission, on September 1, 1901) and the members of the House of Representatives (1907 as the Philippine Assembly).

Duties and powers

The power to appoint the chief justice lies with the president of the Philippines, who makes the selection from a list of three nominees prepared by the Judicial and Bar Council. There is no material difference in the process of selecting a chief justice from that in the selection of associate justices. As with the other justices of the Supreme Court, the chief justice is obliged to retire upon reaching the age of 70; otherwise there is no term limit for the chief justice. In the 1935 constitution, any person appointed by the president has to be confirmed by the Commission on Appointments; in the 1973 constitution, the person whom the president appointed did not have to undergo confirmation under the Commission on Appointments.

The current 1987 constitution does not ascribe any formal role to the chief justice other than as an ex-officio chairman of the Judicial and Bar Council and as the presiding officer in any impeachment trial of the president. The chief justice is also required to personally certify every decision that is rendered by the court. The chief justice carries only 1 vote out of 15 in the court, and is generally regarded, vis-a-vis the other justices, as the primus inter pares rather than as the administrative superior of the other members of the court.

Still, the influence a chief justice may bear within the court and judiciary, and on the national government cannot be underestimated. In the public eye, any particular Supreme Court is widely identified with the identity of the incumbent chief justice, hence appellations such as "The Fernando Court" or "The Puno Court". Moreover, the chief justice usually retains high public visibility, unlike the associate justices, who tend to labor in relative anonymity, with exceptions such as Associate Justice J. B. L. Reyes in the 1950s to 1970s.

By tradition, it is also the chief justice who swears into office the president of the Philippines. One notable deviation from that tradition came in 1986, and later again in 2010. Due to the exceptional political circumstances culminating in the People Power Revolution, on February 25, 1986, Corazon Aquino took her oath of office as president before Associate Justice Claudio Teehankee in San Juan just minutes before Ferdinand Marcos took his own oath of office also as president before Chief Justice Ramon Aquino. Marcos fled into exile later that night. More than two decades afterwards, Benigno Simeon Aquino III followed in his mother's footsteps (with almost similar reasons) by having Associate Justice Conchita Carpio-Morales administer his oath of office, rather than Chief Justice Renato Corona (who was eventually impeached halfway through Aquino's term). Six years later, in 2016, Rodrigo Duterte took his oath of office before Associate Justice Bienvenido Reyes, his classmate at San Beda College of Law, instead of Chief Justice Maria Lourdes Sereno (who would eventually be removed from her position through quo warranto after it was determined that she had been unlawfully holding office ab initio).

The chief justice also names the three justices each from the Supreme Court in the memberships of the House of Representatives Electoral Tribunal and the Senate Electoral Tribunal.

The chief justice is the chief executive officer of the Philippine judiciary system and together with the whole Supreme Court, exercises administrative supervision over all courts and personnel.

List

No.ImageChief justiceTenureAppointed byLaw schoolPrior office
1 Cayetano Arellano.jpg Cayetano Arellano
(1847–1920)
June 15, 1901

April 12, 1920
(18 years, 302 days)
(Resigned)
William McKinley UST President of the
Supreme Court
(1899–1901)
2 Victorino Mapa.jpg Victorino Mapa
(1855–1927)
July 1, 1920

October 31, 1921
(1 year, 122 days)
(Resigned)
Woodrow Wilson Secretary of Justice
(1913–1920)
Associate Justice
of the Supreme Court

(1901–1913)
3 Manuel Araullo.jpg Manuel Araullo
(1853–1924)
November 1, 1921

July 26, 1924
(2 years, 268 days)
(Died)
Warren G. Harding Associate Justice
of the Supreme Court

(1913–1921)
4 Ramon Avancena.jpg Ramon Avanceña
(1872–1957)
April 1, 1925

December 5, 1941
(16 years, 267 days)
(Resigned)
Calvin Coolidge Associate Justice
of the Supreme Court

(1917–1925)
5 Abad Santos.jpg Jose Abad Santos
(1886–1942)
December 24, 1941

May 1, 1942 1
(128 days)
(Died)
Manuel L. Quezon Northwestern Associate Justice
of the Supreme Court

(1932–1941)
6 Yulo Jose.jpg Jose Yulo
(1894–1976)
January 26, 1942

July 9, 1945
(3 years, 63 days)
(Resigned)
Masaharu Homma UP Speaker of the
National Assembly
(1939–1941)
7 Manuel Moran.jpg Manuel Moran
(1893–1961)
July 9, 1945

March 20, 1951
(5 years, 254 days)
(Resigned)
Sergio Osmeña Escuela de Derecho Associate Justice
of the Supreme Court

(1938–1945)
8 Ricardo Paras.jpg Ricardo Paras
(1891–1984)
April 2, 1951

February 17, 1961
(9 years, 321 days)
(Retired)
Elpidio Quirino UP Associate Justice
of the Supreme Court

(1941–1951)
9 Cesar Bengzon.jpg Cesar Bengzon
(1896–1992)
April 28, 1961

May 29, 1966
(5 years, 31 days)
(Retired)
Carlos P. Garcia Associate Justice
of the Supreme Court

(1945–1961)
10 Roberto Concepcion.jpg Roberto Concepcion
(1903–1987)
June 17, 1966

April 18, 1973
(6 years, 305 days)
(Retired)
Ferdinand Marcos UST Associate Justice
of the Supreme Court

(1954–1966)
11 Querube Makalintal.jpg Querube Makalintal
(1910–2002)
October 21, 1973

December 22, 1975
(2 years, 62 days)
(Retired)
UP Associate Justice
of the Supreme Court

(1962–1973)
12 Fred Ruiz Castro.jpg Fred Ruiz Castro
(1914–1979)
January 5, 1976

April 19, 1979
(3 years, 104 days)
(Died)
Associate Justice
of the Supreme Court

(1966–1976)
13 Enrique Fernando.jpg Enrique Fernando
(1915–2004)
July 2, 1979

July 24, 1985
(6 years, 22 days)
(Retired)
Associate Justice
of the Supreme Court

(1967–1979)
14 Felix Makasiar.jpg Felix Makasiar
(1915–1992)
July 25, 1985

November 19, 1985
(117 days)
(Retired)
Associate Justice
of the Supreme Court

(1970–1985)
15 Ramon Aquino.jpg Ramon Aquino
(1917–1993)
November 20, 1985

March 6, 1987
(1 year, 106 days)
(Resigned)
Associate Justice
of the Supreme Court

(1973–1985)
16 Claudio Teehankee.jpg Claudio Teehankee
(1918–1989)
April 2, 1987

April 18, 1988
(1 year, 16 days)
(Retired)
Corazon Aquino Ateneo Associate Justice
of the Supreme Court

(1969–1987)
17 Pedro Yap.jpg Pedro Yap
(1918–2003)
April 19, 1988

June 30, 1988
(72 days)
(Retired)
UP Associate Justice
of the Supreme Court

(1986–1988)
18 Marcelo Fernan.jpg Marcelo Fernan
(1927–1999)
July 1, 1988

December 6, 1991
(3 years, 158 days)
(Resigned)
Associate Justice
of the Supreme Court

(1986–1988)
19 Andres Narvasa.jpg Andres Narvasa
(1928–2013)
December 8, 1991

November 30, 1998
(6 years, 357 days)
(Retired)
UST Associate Justice
of the Supreme Court

(1986–1991)
20 Scphil999jf (cropped).JPG Hilario Davide Jr.
(born 1935)
November 30, 1998

December 20, 2005
(7 years, 20 days)
(Retired)
Joseph Estrada UP Associate Justice
of the Supreme Court

(1991–1998)
21 Artemio Panganiban.jpg Artemio Panganiban
(born 1937)
December 20, 2005

December 7, 2007
(1 year, 352 days)
(Retired)
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo FEU Associate Justice
of the Supreme Court

(1995–2005)
22 Reynato Puno.jpg Reynato Puno
(born 1940)
December 7, 2007

May 17, 2010
(2 years, 161 days)
(Retired)
UP Associate Justice
of the Supreme Court

(1993–2007)
23 Renato Corona official portrait.jpg Renato Corona
(1948–2016)
May 17, 2010

May 29, 2012 2 3
(2 years, 12 days)
(Impeached)
Ateneo Associate Justice
of the Supreme Court

(2002–2010)
Chief Justice Maria Lourdes Sereno.jpg Maria Lourdes Sereno
(born 1960)
August 25, 2012

May 11, 2018 3 4
(5 years, 259 days)
(De facto Chief Justice,
appointment null and void ab initio)
Benigno Aquino III UP Associate Justice
of the Supreme Court

(2010–2012)
24 CJ-Decastro-2018.jpg Teresita de Castro
(born 1948)
August 28, 2018

October 10, 2018 3 5
(43 days)
(Retired)
Rodrigo Duterte Associate Justice
of the Supreme Court

(2007–2018)
25 Bersamin in robes.jpg Lucas Bersamin
(born 1949)
November 26, 2018

October 18, 2019
(326 days)
(Retired)
UE Associate Justice
of the Supreme Court

(2009–2018)
26 Peralta in robes.jpg Diosdado Peralta
(born 1952)
October 23, 2019

March 27, 2021
(1 year, 155 days)
(Resigned)
UST Associate Justice
of the Supreme Court

(2009–2019)
27 CJ Alexander Gesmundo (2021).jpg Alexander Gesmundo
(born 1956)
April 5, 2021

present
(3 years, 255 days)
Ateneo Associate Justice
of the Supreme Court

(2017–2021)
^1 José Abad Santos was unable to preside over the Supreme Court due to the outbreak of World War II.
^2 Renato Corona was impeached on December 12, 2011, and convicted on May 29, 2012, removing him from office.
^3 Senior Associate Justice Antonio Carpio served as acting chief justice after the Impeachment of Renato Corona from May 30, 2012 to August 25, 2012 [1] and after the removal of Maria Lourdes Sereno via quo warranto proceedings from May 14, 2018 to August 25, 2018.
^4 Maria Lourdes Sereno was removed on May 11, 2018 via quo warranto by a special en banc session; the petition alleged Sereno's appointment was void ab initio due to her failure in complying with the requirements of the Judicial and Bar Council. Hence her entire term as chief justice is considered a de facto tenure; [2] legally void since the ouster of her predecessor. Sereno filed an ad cautelam motion for reconsideration pleading for the reversal of the decision on May 31, 2018, but on June 19, 2018 was denied with finality (meaning no further pleading shall be entertained, as well as for the immediate entry for judgment) for lack of merit. [3]
^5 As a result of Republic v. Sereno , Maria Lourdes Sereno is no longer considered the 24th chief justice of the Philippines, as the court ruled that her appointment was never legal but null and void ab initio. Thus, on August 25, 2018, Teresita de Castro was appointed by President Rodrigo Duterte as the new de jure and 24th chief justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines.

[4]

Acting Chief Justices

The following became Senior Associate Justices in their tenure in the Supreme Court:

Senior Associate JusticeYear AppointedTerm as AJTenure as Acting Chief Justice
Florentino Torres 19011901-1920April 1, 1920April 20, 1920
Elias Finley Johnson 19031903-1933April 20, 1920July 1, 1920
October 31, 1921November 1, 1921
July 26, 1924April 1, 1925
José Abad Santos 19321932-1941December 24, 1941
Manuel V. Moran 19381938-1945May 1, 1942May 7, 1942
Ricardo M. Paras Jr. 19411941-1951March 20, 1951April 2, 1951
César F. Bengzon 19451945-1961February 17, 1961April 28, 1961
Roberto R. Concepcion 19541954-1966May 29, 1966June 17, 1966
Querube C. Makalintal 19621962-1973April 18, 1973October 21, 1973
Fred Ruiz Castro 19661966-1975December 22, 1975January 5, 1976
Enrique M. Fernando Sr. 19671967-1979April 19, 1979July 2, 1979
Claudio Teehankee Sr. 19681979-1986July 24, 1985July 25, 1985
November 19, 1985November 20, 1985
March 6, 1987April 1, 1987
Ameurfina Melencio-Herrera 1979

1986 (reappointed)

1979-1992April 18, 1988April 19, 1988
June 30, 1988July 1, 1988
December 6, 1991December 8, 1991
Flerida Ruth P. Romero 19911991-1999November 30, 1998
Reynato S. Puno 19931993December 20, 2005
Leonardo A. Quisumbing 19981998-2009December 7, 2005
Antonio T. Carpio 20012001-2019May 17, 2010
May 28, 2012August 25, 2012
May 11, 2018August 28, 2018
October 10, 2018November 28, 2018
October 17, 2019October 23, 2019
Estela M. Perlas-Bernabe 20112011-2022March 27, 2022April 5, 2022

Demographics

Longevity

OrderChief justice
BirthDeathAge
1
May 29, 1896
September 3, 1992
96 years, 97 days
2
February 17, 1891
October 10, 1984
93 years, 236 days
3 Querube Makalintal
December 11, 1910
November 8, 2002
91 years, 333 days
4 Enrique Fernando
July 25, 1915
October 3, 2004
89 years, 70 days
5 Hilario Davide December 20, 1935Living88 years, 362 days
6 Artemio Panganiban December 7, 1937Living87 years, 9 days
7
July 1, 1918
November 20, 2003
86 years, 142 days
8
April 13, 1872
June 12, 1957
85 years, 60 days
9 Andres Narvasa November 30, 1928October 31, 201384 years, 335 days
10 Reynato Puno May 17, 1940Living84 years, 213 days
11 Roberto Concepcion June 7, 1903May 3, 198783 years, 330 days
12 José Yulo September 24, 1894October 27, 197682 years, 33 days
13 Felix Makasiar August 31, 1917February 19, 199274 years, 172 days
14 Ramon Aquino November 20, 1915March 31, 199377 years, 131 days
15 Teresita Leonardo-de Castro October 8, 1948Living76 years, 69 days
16 Lucas Bersamin October 18, 1949Living75 years, 59 days
17 Cayetano Arellano March 2, 1847December 20, 192073 years, 293 days
18 Marcelo Fernán October 24, 1926July 11, 199972 years, 260 days
19 Diosdado Peralta March 27, 1952Living72 years, 264 days
20 Victorino Mapa February 25, 1855April 12, 192772 years, 46 days
21 Manuel Araullo January 1, 1853July 26, 192471 years, 207 days
22 Claudio Teehankee, Sr. April 18, 1918July 11, 198971 years, 84 days
23 Manuel Moran October 27, 1893August 23, 196167 years, 300 days
24 Alexander Gesmundo November 6, 1956Living68 years, 40 days
25 Renato Corona October 15, 1948April 29, 201667 years, 197 days
26 Fred Ruiz Castro September 2, 1914April 19, 197964 years, 229 days
27 José Abad Santos February 19, 1886May 2, 194256 years, 72 days

By age group

Age groupTotal %
Centenarians0
Nonagenarians3
Octogenarians8
Septugenarians9
Sexagenarian7
Quincagenarian1
Chief justices:28

By gender

GenderTotal %
Male26
Female2
Chief justices:28

By appointing president

PresidentTotal %
Ferdinand Marcos (KBL/Nacionalista)6
Corazon Aquino (UNIDO/Independent)4
Rodrigo Duterte (PDP–Laban)4
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (Lakas)3
William McKinley (Republican)1
Woodrow Wilson (Democratic)1
Warren G. Harding (Republican)1
Calvin Coolidge (Republican)1
Manuel L. Quezon (Nacionalista)1
Sergio Osmeña (Nacionalista)1
Japanese Military Administration1
Elpidio Quirino (Liberal)1
Carlos P. Garcia (Nacionalista)1
Joseph Estrada (LAMMP)1
Benigno Aquino III (Liberal)1
Chief justices:28100%

By law school

Law schoolTotal%
University of the Philippines College of Law 14
University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Civil Law 7
Ateneo School of Law 3
Escuela de Derecho 1
Far Eastern University Institute of Law 1
Northwestern University School of Law 1
University of the East College of Law 1
Chief justices:28

Notable chief justices

Timeline

Chief Justice of the Philippines

See also

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References

    1. "Carpio is acting chief justice under SC order". Philippine Daily Inquirer. May 30, 2012. Retrieved May 30, 2012.
    2. 1 2 "G.R. No. 237428. May 11, 2018" (PDF). Supreme Court of the Philippines. May 11, 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 20, 2018. Retrieved May 11, 2018.
    3. 1 2 "G.R. No. 237428. June 19, 2018" (PDF). Supreme Court of the Philippines. June 19, 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 20, 2018. Retrieved June 20, 2018.
    4. Updated daily according to UTC.
    5. "Senate votes 20-3 to convict Corona". Inquirer.net. May 29, 2012. Retrieved May 30, 2012.

    Further reading