Capital of the Philippines

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This is an overview of current and former national capital cities in the Philippines, spanning from the Spanish colonial period to the current Fifth Philippine Republic. [1] The current capital city, Manila, has been the country's capital throughout most of its history and regained the title through a presidential order in 1976, with Metro Manila serving as the National Capital Region (NCR) since 1978.

Contents

Historical background

On April 7, 1521 Ferdinand Magellan landed in Cebu. He was welcomed by Rajah Humabon, who, together with his wife and about 800 natives, were baptized by the Spaniards on April 14, 1521, and are considered to be the first Filipino Catholics. Magellan, however, failed to successfully claim the Philippines for the crown of Spain, having been slain in neighboring Mactan Island by Datu Lapulapu.

A Spanish expedition ordered by the conquistador Miguel Lopez de Legazpi demanded the conquest of Manila. His second on command, Martín de Goiti departed from Cebu and arrived in Manila. The Muslim Tagalogs welcomed the foreigners, but Goiti had other plans. The Spanish force of 300 soldiers marched through Manila and a battle was fought with the heavily armed Spaniards quickly defeating and crushing the native settlements to the ground. Legazpi and his men followed the next year and made a peace pact with the three rajahs and organized a city council consisting of two mayors, 12 councilors, and a secretary.

A walled city known as Intramuros , at the southern banks of Pasig River was built to protect the Spanish colonizers. On June 10, 1574, King Philip II of Spain gave Manila the title of Insigne y Siempre Leal Ciudad ("Distinguished and Ever Loyal City"). In 1595, Manila was proclaimed as the capital of the Philippine Islands and became a center of the trans-Pacific silver trade for more than three centuries.

When the British captured Manila during the Seven Years' War, they temporarily transferred the capital to Bacolor, Pampanga, and moved back to Manila after the signing of the 1763 Treaty of Paris.

When the Philippine Revolution erupted in 1896, the town of Malolos in the province of Bulacan became the headquarters of the revolutionary army yet several other towns became capitals, at a succeeding rate to avoid capture from the Americans during the Philippine–American War. The status of the national capital moved back to Manila after the capture of President Emilio Aguinaldo in 1901.

1905 Burnham Plan of Manila

Burnham Plan of Manila BurnhamPlanOf-Manila.jpg
Burnham Plan of Manila

When the Americans came they decided that Intramuros was not big enough, nor appropriate for their new colony. They called in the famous architect and planner, Daniel Burnham, one of the proponents of City Beautiful movement, to design the new capital. This he did in grand fashion using Washington D.C. as a model. The national civic center was placed outside the old walls in the open field called Bagumbayan. Burnham planned a large capitol building surrounded by supporting government offices in a formal setting that was close to a mirror image of Washington's. The National Mall is now our Luneta, or Rizal Park. Only the Agriculture and Finance Buildings were built of the original civic group. The National Library was also built in the 1920s but turned into the Legislative Building in lieu of the Capitol that could not get built because of budgetary cuts. Governor General Francis Burton Harrison used funds intended for the Burnham Plan to build an Executive Building in Malacañang Palace. Improvement proposed by Burnham includes waterfront parks and parkways; the city's street system; construction of buildings, waterways, and summer resorts.

Burnham proposed a parkway along Manila bay extending from the Luneta southward all the way to Cavite. This was to be a 250’ wide boulevard – with roadways, tramways, bridle paths, rich plantations, and broad sidewalks and should be made available to all classes of people. Burnham further recommended – shaded drives along the Pasig all the way to Ft. McKinley, which we now know as Fort Bonifacio, and beyond as part of the park and parkway system. Burnham ended his report by the following words:

Possessing the bay of Naples, the winding river of Paris, and the canals of Venice, Manila has before it an opportunity unique in the history of modern times, the opportunity to create a unified city equal to the greatest of the Western World with the unparalleled and priceless addition of a tropical setting ...

By 1928 a major revision of the plan was undertaken. A committee led by Manuel Mañosa, Sr. and Juan Arellano produced a Zoning Plan for Manila based on the original Burnham Plan. This was printed and distributed free to the public for feedback. The final drawings and documents were recommended for approval in 1933 and eventually became the basis for Manila's first zoning ordinances.

Burnham's Manila plan was prepared for a city with a maximum population of 800,000 people. The population of the city of Manila was only 285,000 in 1918, but it grew at 5.6 percent per year to more than 600,000 in 1939. At that rate, Manila would have been filled to capacity.

But then in the 1930s just as the Commonwealth government had finally built the Burnham Plan's seaside drive – named Dewey Boulevard and finally finished the Post Office Building, the Finance and Agriculture Buildings, it decided to scrap the Burnham Plan and replace it with a new metropolis elsewhere. One of the main reasons given was that the proposed National Capitol to be built in the vicinity of the present-day Rizal Park was too susceptible to naval bombardment.

After Burham left, William Parsons became Consulting Architect of the Philippine Commission. Among Parsons' accomplishments in Manila were the Philippine General Hospital, the Manila Hotel, the Manila Army and Navy Club, and the Philippine Normal University

1941 Frost-Arellano Plan of Quezon City

During the time of the Commonwealth, Manila still served as the nation's capital. During these times too that Commonwealth President Manuel L. Quezon dreamed of a city that could become the future capital of the country, replacing Manila. In the summer of 1939 President Quezon contacted William Parsons and asked him to choose a new site for and then to design a new Philippine capital. Parsons arrived in June 1939 and eventually chose Diliman as the new capital site. He also managed to produce a master plan for the new University of the Philippines. He died in December of that year. Harry Frost, Parsons' former partner took over and joined Juan Arellano and A. D. Williams in the Planning Commission. A fourth member of the team, landscape architect Louis P. Croft joined them as advisor on planning and park design. They were commissioned to produce a master plan for Quezon City; this was approved in 1941. [2]

The elliptical circle was the focal point of a grand quadrangle defined by the geographically named avenues and reached by a grand boulevard connecting it to the very center of old Manila via Quezon Bridge. The circle was to house the new legislative complex, a magnificent group of buildings with the halls of Senate and the House. Executive Mansion or Presidential palace to its left (currently occupied by the Veterans Memorial Medical Center) and the Supreme Court complex to its right (the current site of East Avenue Medical Center). All of these complexes were set in landscaped sites and surrounded by public parks and open spaces. The new National Capital City complex was thus defined with the three branches of government connected and framed by the Diliman Quadrangle. The portion of Batasan Hills was reserved for the campus of Philippine Military Academy. [3]

The elliptical circle was turned to a memorial to Quezon. The 400 hectares (990 acres) of the Diliman quadrangle was allocated by the commission as the city's central park. This central park was to contain the national botanic garden, the national zoo, athletic grounds, a grand stadium and even a golf course. The park was to be the main component of a comprehensive citywide park and parkway system. This system would have included another 400-hectare (990-acre) in the north, various parks and greenbelts along creeks and rivers, numerous playgrounds and athletic fields. A 46-hectare (110-acre) area presently occupied by SM North EDSA was proposed to be the location of the National Exposition Grounds which was originally intended to host the 1946 World's fair, adjacent to it is the proposed Scientific Government Center. The transfer of the main campus of the University of the Philippines was also part of the master plan, as well as the planning of housing projects and business and industrial hubs. Finally, there was to be a major greenbelt all along the Marikina and San Mateo valley – to contain urban sprawl, preserve the agricultural land and protect the city's watershed areas. None of the intended parks and parkway system was ever built. [2] [3]

During the Japanese-sponsored Second Philippine Republic and throughout World War II, the City of Greater Manila, established in 1941 combining Manila and adjacent municipalities, still served as the nation's capital. However Baguio serve as the temporary capital of government in exile and the site where General Tomoyuki Yamashita and Vice Admiral Okochi surrendered.

Quezon died in exile during the war years. After the war, Quezon City was put back on track as capital of an independent republic. In 1945, President Sergio Osmeña, who had taken over when Quezon died, organized the Quezon Memorial Committee (QMC) to raise funds for a memorial.

In 1946 newly elected President Manuel Roxas created a Capital Site Committee to look at other possible sites. The old capitol site was not deemed defensible enough from military attack nor the area large enough to accommodate a projected population of several million people. Sixteen other sites were evaluated. The committee was formed to look at 16 other options to Novaliches. These included, among others: Tagaytay, Cebu, Davao, San Pablo, Baguio, Los Baños, Montalban, Antipolo, and Fort McKinley. The committee even considered moving the capital to Boracay Island but the raised elevation of Novaliches was finally chosen. The original Diliman area was thus enlarged to include the Novaliches watershed to the North all the way to Wack Wack in the south. In essence, the Frost Plan was revived under the National Planning Commission first headed by Croft then later by Harvard-trained Anselmo Alquinto. The plan was revised in 1947, 1949 and finally in 1956.

In 1949, the civic center under these revisions was to be moved northeast from the elliptical circle to a 158-hectare (390-acre) area called Constitution Hill. The three branches of government and support offices were laid in a formal layout. In the middle was to be a 20-hectare (49-acre) Plaza of the Republic. In the middle right of the plaza was the proposed capitol housing the Congress of the Philippines; the proposed Palace of the Chief Executive that would replace Malacañang Palace as the official residence of the president at its left; and an area allotted for the Supreme Court of the Philippines and other constitutional bodies. The whole complex was to be connected to Manila by an east–west parkway called Republic Avenue where a War Heroes Memorial was planned to be located.. That plan was submitted and approved by President Quirino but it would take close to thirty years before the Batasan Pambansa was completed in 1978.

Transfer of Nation's Capital to Manila and Designation of Metro Manila as Seat of Government

During President Ferdinand Marcos' period of Bagong Lipunan (New Society), Quezon City's stature of being the nation's capital was transferred to Manila and Greater Manila Area (later, Metro Manila) designated as the seat of government on June 24, 1976, by Presidential Decree No. 940. [4] President Marcos also considered an alternative site for the national capital. A joint study was conducted by the architecture and planning offices of Cesar Concio and Felipe Mendoza, comparing the original Novaliches site and a newly reclaimed stretch of land south of the new Cultural Center of the Philippines. but the Novaliches was still chosen for the proposed capital.

During the administration of Fidel V. Ramos there were suggestions during his term to move the nation's capital to Fort Bonifacio as part of the conversion plans then. While Gloria Macapagal Arroyo proposed that the nation's capital to move to Cebu City.

Manila remains the capital city of the Philippines, but the administrative and political centers of the national government are spread throughout Metro Manila with the Executive (Malacañan Palace) and the Judiciary (Supreme Court) both in Manila while the legislative branch is located in two separate locations: The House of Representatives in Quezon City and the Senate in Pasay. The Senate would eventually move to Bonifacio Global City in Taguig by 2020, while the New Supreme Court Building is expected to be completed before the 2022 presidential elections.

Other capitals

Baguio was formerly designated as the "summer capital" of the country from 1903 to 1976. A presidential mansion is within the city limits, and the Supreme Court still holds their April–May summer sessions at Baguio. Presidential Decree No. 940 of 1976 made no mention of Baguio continuing to serve as the "summer capital", but the city still holds the distinction in an unofficial capacity.

Chronology

Capital and Seats of Government of the Philippines [1]
LocationIsland GroupSinceUntilDurationDescription
Cebu Visayas 156515694 years Miguel Lopez de Legaspi established the first Spanish settlement in the archipelago.
Iloilo (Panay island) Visayas 156915712 yearsSecond Spanish settlement. Established as a capital before the conquest of Manila.
Manila Luzon 15711762191 yearsServed as the seat of the Spanish colonial government in the Philippines
Bacolor, Pampanga Luzon 176217642 yearsTemporary capital of the Spanish colonial government during the British occupation of Manila.
Manila Luzon 17641896132 yearsServed as the seat of the Spanish colonial government in the Philippines
Iloilo, Panay Island Visayas 189818991 yearAfter the Fall of Manila, the Governor-General Diego de los Ríos tried to revive the colonial government in Iloilo until the Spanish forces surrendered to the Americans.
San Francisco de Malabon, Cavite Luzon March 1897November 18978 monthsSeat of the Tejeros Revolutionary Republic
San Miguel, Bulacan Luzon November 1897April 18985 monthsServed as the capital of the short lived Republic of Biak-na-Bato
Cavite El Viejo Luzon June 1898July 189830 daysHometown of General Emilio Aguinaldo, where independence was proclaimed during the Philippine Revolution.
Bacoor, Cavite Luzon July 1898September 18983 monthsServed as the seat of the Revolutionary Government
Malolos, Bulacan Luzon 189818996 monthsServed as the Official Capital of the Republican government during the Philippine–American War.
San Isidro, Nueva Ecija Luzon 189918999 monthsAfter the Americans besieged Malolos on March 31, 1899, Aguinaldo transferred his headquarters in several towns in attempt to escape from American forces and continue his revolution.
Angeles, Pampanga
Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija
Bamban, Tarlac
Tarlac City, Tarlac
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
Bayambang, Pangasinan
Lubuagan, Kalinga Luzon March 6, 1900May 18, 190073 daysAguinaldo established headquarters in Lubuagan for 73 days before fleeing to Palanan [5] [6]
Palanan, Isabela Luzon 190019019 monthsAguinaldo's last hideout until he was captured by the forces of Frederick Funston and surrendered to the Americans.
Manila Luzon 1898194143 yearsServed as the seat of government during the American military occupation, civilian insular government, and the Commonwealth until World War II. in 1901, the capital engulfed the nearby municipalities of Ermita, Tondo, Santa Cruz, Santa Ana de Sapa, San Nicolas, San Miguel, San Fernando de Dilao, the Port Area, Pandacan, Sampaloc, Quiapo, Binondo, Malate, San Andres, and Santa Mesa to form Metro Manila.
Corregidor Island Luzon 194119421 yearTemporary headquarters of the Commonwealth government-in-exile led by President Manuel L. Quezon when the Japanese forces invaded Manila.
Washington D.C. United States 194219442 years
Tacloban Eastern Visayas 194419451 yearLanding site of General Douglas MacArthur and Allied forces during the final stages of World War II. Served as the temporary headquarters of the Commonwealth led by President Sergio Osmeña until liberation.
Manila Luzon 194119443 yearsServed as the seat of government of during the Japanese occupation and the Japanese-sponsored Second Republic of José P. Laurel.
Baguio Luzon 194419451 yearAfter the Battle of Manila, the headquarters of the Second Republic was moved to Baguio until Laurel announced its dissolution in Tokyo.
Nara/Tokyo Japan 194419451 year
Republic of the Philippines
Manila Luzon 194519483 yearsBecame the capital of the newly independent Third Republic.
Quezon City Luzon 1948197527 yearsBy virtue of Republic Act No. 333 by Elpidio Quirino.
National Capital Region (seat of government)
Manila (country's capital city)
Luzon 1976presentIssued by Ferdinand Marcos on June 24, 1976, via Presidential Decree No. 940. Reorganized the capital and seat of government by incorporating the city of Manila, Quezon City, Pasay, Caloocan, several municipalities from Rizal, and one from Bulacan to form a metropolitan area.

Other former declared capitals

CapitalStatePresent-day areaFromToDescription
Bacolod Republic of Negros Negros 18981901The city was declared the capital after the Negros Revolution.
Zamboanga City Republic of Zamboanga Zamboanga Peninsula 18981901The area encompasses the whole Zamboanga Peninsula and claimed the whole Mindanao as its territory.
Iloilo City Federal State of the Visayas Western Visayas

Central Visayas

Romblon

18981899The Cantonal governments of Bohol and Negros, and Cebu, as well as the Provisional Government in the Visayas which exercised powers over Panay and Romblon, formed the Federal State of the Visayas on December 2, 1898, to promote federalism in the Philippines. Roque Lopez who was the president of the provisional government in Panay became the federal state's president and Iloilo City was designated as the Visayas capital.
Butuan Rajahnate of Butuan Northeast Mindanao 10011756Butuan first enters written records when the Rajah named Kiling sent tribute to the Song dynasty Emperor of China at 1001 AD.
Singhapala (currently Cebu City) Rajahnate of Cebu Cebu 800 A.D.1565Cebu was established by Tamil descended Rajah named Sri Lumay. Rajah Tupas was the last leader of an independent Cebu until its conquest by Spain.
Sinugbohan (currently San Joaquin, Iloilo)
Malandog (currently Hamtic, Antique)
Batan (currently Kalibo, Aklan)
Irong-Irong (currently Iloilo City)
Kedatuan of Madja-as Panay 12001570The establishment of the Spanish settlement in Oton and conquest of Panay effectively extinguished the confederation.
Tagbilaran Kedatuan of Dapitan Bohol 1100s1563The Kedatuan of Dapitan existed in Bohol from the 1100s until its destruction by the Papuan Sultanate of Ternate, then Dapitan refugees re-established Dapitan in northern Mindanao.
Marawi Confederation of sultanates in Lanao Lanao del Sur 16401889At 1640, Balindong Bsar established the Confederation of the Sultanates of Lanao until its annexation by America in 1899.
Kuta Wato (currently Cotabato City) Sultanate of Maguindanao Maguindanao 15001888The sultanate encompasses the current Soccsksargen region and Maguindanao province.
Astana Putih (currently Jolo, Sulu) Sultanate of Sulu Sulu 14051915The Sultanate of Sulu was independent until 1915.
Tondo Tondo Dynasty Metropolitan Manila c.900 CE1500The kingdom of Tundun or Tondo established as a fortified city at the mouth of Pasig river making it as a capital even before 900 AD (based on the LCI), in 1500 the Bruneian Empire invasion of Lusung made Manila the capital of the Kingdom of Maynila thereby replacing Tondo in importance due to the Lakan of Tondo having lost the Battle of Manila.
Manila Kingdom of Manila Metropolitan Manila 15001570The destruction of Fort Seludong and the establishment of Intramuros ended the rule of local Muslim rulers and ushered the Spanish era.

Proposed capitals

Due to overpopulation, traffic congestion, and high vulnerability to natural disasters [7] in the current capital various lawmakers have suggested to shift the capital of the Philippines. In May 2012, Quezon City councilor Francisco Calalay Jr. urged Congress to consider shifting the capital to Quezon City. [8] In February 2016, Australian businessman Peter Wallace suggested SubicClark as the next Philippine capital. [9] In February 2017, a panel was formed by the House of Representatives explore the possibility of shifting the country's capital. [7] In March 2017, House Speaker Pantaleon Alvarez stated that the capital of a federal Philippines should be "somewhere in Negros island". [10] [11] In January 2018, two congressmen, Ron Salo and Ciriaco Calalang filed a bill proposing to shift the country's capital to Davao City, the hometown of President Rodrigo Duterte. However, they suggested that Malacañang Palace in Manila should remain the president's official residence. [12] In August 2019, Senator Win Gatchalian filed a bill proposing that the seat of government should transfer to New Clark City, located in Capas, Tarlac, by 2030. [13]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Metro Manila</span> Metropolitan area and region of the Philippines

Metropolitan Manila, commonly shortened to Metro Manila and formally the National Capital Region, is the capital region and largest metropolitan area of the Philippines. Located on the eastern shore of Manila Bay, the region lies between the Central Luzon and Calabarzon regions. Encompassing an area of 619.57 km2 (239.22 sq mi) and with a population of 13,484,462 as of 2020, it is composed of sixteen highly urbanized cities: the capital city, Manila, Caloocan, Las Piñas, Makati, Malabon, Mandaluyong, Marikina, Muntinlupa, Navotas, Parañaque, Pasay, Pasig, Quezon City, San Juan, Taguig, and Valenzuela, along with one independent municipality, Pateros. As the second most populous and the most densely populated region in the Philippines, it ranks as the 9th most populous metropolitan area in Asia and the 6th most populous urban area in the world.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Quezon City</span> Highly urbanized city in Metro Manila, Philippines

Quezon City, also known as the City of Quezon and Q.C., is the most populous city in the Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 2,960,048 people. It was founded on October 12, 1939, and was named after Manuel L. Quezon, the second president of the Philippines.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Caloocan</span> Highly urbanized city in Metro Manila, Philippines

Caloocan, officially the City of Caloocan, is a 1st class highly urbanized city in Metro Manila, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 1,661,584 people making it the fourth-most populous city in the Philippines.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Quezon Memorial Circle</span> National urban park in Quezon City, Philippines

The Quezon Memorial Circle is a national park located in Quezon City, Metro Manila, Philippines. The park is located inside a large traffic circle in the shape of an ellipse and bounded by the Elliptical Road and is the main park of Quezon City. Its main feature is a 66-meter (217 ft) tall mausoleum containing the remains of Manuel L. Quezon, the second official President of the Philippines and the first of an internationally recognized independent Philippines, and his wife, First Lady Aurora Quezon.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Burnham Park (Baguio)</span> Historic park at Baguio designed during the American colonial era

Burnham Park, officially known as the Burnham Park Reservation, is a historic urban park located in downtown Baguio, Philippines. It was designed by eponymous American architect and Baguio city planner, Daniel Burnham.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">The Mansion (Baguio)</span> Summer residence of the president of the Philippines

The Mansion, also known as Mansion House, is the official summer palace of the president of the Philippines, located in the summer capital of the country, Baguio, and situated around 5,000 feet (1,500 m) asl in the Cordillera Central Range of northern Luzon.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">National Museum of the Philippines – Cebu</span> National museum in Cebu City, Philippines

National Museum of the Philippines – Cebu is a museum in Cebu City, Philippines under the National Museum of the Philippines system.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ayala Malls</span> Chain of shopping malls owned by Ayala Corporation

Ayala Malls is a retail subsidiary of real estate company Ayala Land, an affiliate of Ayala Corporation. Founded in 1988, Ayala Malls own a chain of large shopping malls, all located in the Philippines. Ayala Malls is one of the largest shopping mall retailer in the Philippines, along with SM Supermalls and Robinsons Malls.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">U.P.–Ayala Land TechnoHub</span> Information technology hub in Quezon City, Philippines

The U.P.–Ayala Land TechnoHub is an information technology hub jointly developed by the University of the Philippines Diliman and property developer Ayala Land. It is located in Commonwealth Avenue, Barangay U.P. Campus, Quezon City. It occupies 20 hectares within the 37.5 hectares of the U.P. North Science and Technology Park.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Elliptical Road</span> Large roundabout in Quezon City, Philippines

The Elliptical Road is a 1.98-kilometer (1.23 mi) roundabout in Quezon City which circumscribes the Quezon Memorial Circle, a large park. It was named after its elliptical shape. The spinning in this roundabout is in a counterclockwise direction. The road is divided into 8 lanes, wherein 3 are the main lanes, 4 lanes are for exiting vehicles with one lane for bicycles and pedicabs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">William E. Parsons</span> American architect and designer of the Gabaldon school buildings

William Edward Parsons was an architect and city planner known for his work in the Philippines during the early period of American Colonial Period. He was a consulting architect to the Insular Government of the Philippine Islands from 1905 to 1914, and designed various structures, most notably the Gabaldon School Buildings.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">North Avenue (Quezon City)</span> Avenue in Metro Manila, Philippines

North Avenue is a major road located in Quezon City within the Diliman area of northeastern Metro Manila, Philippines. It runs east–west through barangays Bagong Pag-asa, Project 6, and Vasra, forming the northern part of the North Triangle area. The street is located in Quezon City's mixed-use and government area, known for its malls, condominiums, hotels, and the upcoming QC CBD. It is also home to SM North EDSA, Trinoma, and Ayala Malls Vertis North located on the avenue's junction with Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (EDSA). The entire avenue is designated as National Route 173 (N173) of the Philippine highway network.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Timog Avenue</span> Road in the Philippines

Timog Avenue is a major road located in Quezon City within the Diliman area of northeastern Metro Manila, Philippines. It runs east–west through the southern edge of the barangay of South Triangle and is used to be named in English as South Avenue. The street is located in Quezon City's entertainment area, known for its trendy restaurants, bars and karaoke and comedy clubs. It is also home to the GMA Network Center studios located on the avenue's junction with Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (EDSA). The entire avenue is designated as National Route 172 (N172) of the Philippine highway network.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Balara Filters Park</span>

The Balara Filters Park is a 60-hectare (150-acre) park located in the Diliman village of Pansol in Quezon City, Metro Manila, Philippines, adjacent to the University of the Philippines Diliman main campus. It is bounded by Katipunan Avenue on the west, Capitol Hills Golf and Country Club on the north, and the upscale, gated village of La Vista along its south and east.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Agrifina Circle</span>

The Agrifina Circle, officially the Teodoro F. Valencia Circle, is a traffic circle within the eastern portion of Rizal Park in Manila, the Philippines. It has a diameter of 42 meters (138 ft).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">West Avenue (Quezon City)</span>

West Avenue is a major road located in Quezon City within the Diliman area of northeastern Metro Manila, Philippines. It runs north–south through the western edge of the barangay of West Triangle. The street is located in Quezon City's commercial-residential area, known for its restaurants, car shops, schools, and villages. It is also home to the old Delta theater located on the avenue's junction with Quezon Avenue. The avenue is a component of National Route 171 (N171) of the Philippine highway network.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">East Avenue (Quezon City)</span>

East Avenue is a major street located within the Diliman area of Quezon City, Philippines. It runs north–south through the eastern edge of Triangle Park. The street is located in Quezon City's government area, known for different national and local government institutions, offices, and hospitals. It is also home to the Quezon City Hall Complex located on the avenue's junction with Elliptical Road. The entire avenue is designated as National Route 174 (N174) of the Philippine highway network.

Frost Plan was the popular name for the Plan of Quezon City, co-authored by Juan M. Arellano and Harry Frost, together with Alpheus Williams and Louis Croft. The plan was approved in 1941, two years after the creation of Quezon City. The Plan was revised in 1949.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Burnham Plan of Manila</span>

The Burnham Plan of Manila is a popular name for Report on proposed improvements at Manila and Manila, P.I., plan of proposed improvements, a 1905 report and map by Daniel Burnham and Pierce Anderson which detail the plan for the city of Manila. It proposed developments based on the characteristics of the city and is patterned after the cities of Naples, Paris, and Venice.

References

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  2. 1 2 Ignacio, Jamaico (2016). Quezon City: the rise of a capital city of the Philippines, 1939-1976 (Thesis). OCLC   1060180071.
  3. 1 2 Bueza, Michael (October 12, 2014). "What Quezon City could have looked like". Rappler. Retrieved May 15, 2020.
  4. "Presidential Decree No. 940, s. 1976". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines . May 29, 1976. Archived from the original on May 25, 2017. Retrieved April 17, 2024.
  5. "History". Municipality of Lubuagan. Archived from the original on August 31, 2018. Retrieved March 14, 2019.
  6. "Municipality of Lubuagan". Department of Interior and Local Government-Cordillera Administrative Region. Archived from the original on March 22, 2016. Retrieved March 14, 2019.
  7. 1 2 "Philippines: Panel formed to study possibility of relocating capital". gulfnews.com.
  8. Magturo, Daphne J. (May 24, 2012). "Quezon City moves to replace Manila as country's capital". newsinfo.inquirer.net.
  9. Navales, Reynaldo G. (February 24, 2016). "Clark-Subic eyed as new Philippine capital". Sunstar. Archived from the original on October 20, 2020. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
  10. Arguillas, Carolyn O. (March 28, 2017). "Alvarez' federal Philippines: 14 states, Negros as seat of central gov't".
  11. "Alvarez wants separate state for indigenous peoples". February 7, 2018.
  12. Cupin, Bea (January 17, 2018). "Kabayan reps want Philippine capital moved to Davao City". Rappler.
  13. Placido, Dharel (August 8, 2019). "Decongest Manila: Gatchalian proposes transfer of seat of gov't to New Clark City". ABS-CBN News . Retrieved September 23, 2019.