Party-list representation in the House of Representatives of the Philippines

"Party-list representatives" redirects here. For party-list representatives elsewhere, see list MP. For the political concept, see party-list proportional representation.

Party-list representation in the House of Representatives of the Philippines refers to a system in which 20% of the House of Representatives is elected. While the House is predominantly elected by a plurality voting system, known as a first-past-the-post system, party-list representatives are elected by a type of party-list proportional representation. The 1987 Constitution of the Philippines created the party-list system. Originally, the party-list was open to underrepresented community sectors or groups, including labor, peasant, urban poor, indigenous cultural, women, youth, and other such sectors as may be defined by law (except the religious sector). However, a 2013 Supreme Court decision clarified that the party-list is a system of proportional representation open to various kinds of groups and parties, and not an exercise exclusive to marginalized sectors. National parties or organizations and regional parties or organizations do not need to organize along sectoral lines and do not need to represent any marginalized and underrepresented sector. ^[1]

The determination of what parties are allowed to participate—who their nominees should be, how the winners should be determined, and the allocation of seats for the winning parties—has been controversial ever since the party-list election was first contested in 1998 and has resulted in several landmark COMELEC and Supreme Court cases.

Party-list representatives are indirectly elected via a party-list election wherein the voter votes for the party and not for the party's nominees (closed list); the votes are then arranged in descending order, with the parties that won at least 2% of the national vote given one seat, with additional seats determined by a formula dependent on the number of votes garnered by the party. No party wins more than three seats. If the number of sectoral representatives does not reach 20% of the total number of representatives in the House, parties that haven't won seats but garnered enough votes to place them among the top sectoral parties are given a seat each until the 63 seats are filled. A voter therefore has two parallel votes in House of Representatives elections—for district representative and for the under-represented sectoral-party list representative/s. Neither vote affects the other.

Party-list representation makes use of the tendency for proportional representation systems to favor single-issue parties, and applies that tendency to allow underrepresented sectors to represent themselves in the law-making process.

Manner of election

Constitution

Main article: Sectoral representation in the Philippines

The Constitution mandates that the sectoral representatives shall compose 20% of the House of Representatives. For three consecutive terms after the ratification of the constitution, one-half of the seats allocated to party-list representatives were filled "by selection or election." ^[2] For the 1987, 1992 and 1995 elections, the president appointed sectoral representatives, subject to the confirmation from the Commission on Appointments, half of whose members are derived from the House of Representatives.

Party-List System Act

Election	Method	Legislative districts	Sectoral representatives		Underhang
			20% quota	Seats won
1998	R.A.7941	206	52	14	38
2001	VFP	205	51	14	37
2004	VFP	209	52	24	28
2007	VFP	218	54	22	32
	BANAT			53	1
2010	BANAT	229	57	56	1

On March 3, 1995, Republic Act No. 7941 or the Party-List System Act was signed into law by President Fidel V. Ramos. It mandated that "the state shall promote proportional representation in the election of representatives to the House of Representatives through a party-list system". The five political parties with the highest number of members at the start of the 10th Congress of the Philippines were banned from participating. Each voter can vote one party via closed list; votes are then tallied nationwide as one at-large district, with the number of sectoral representatives not to surpass 20% of the total number of representatives. The law provided that each party that has 2% of the national vote be entitled one seat each, and an additional seat for every 2% of the vote thereafter until a party has three seats. This means that a party can win the maximum three seats if it surpasses 6% of the national vote. ^[3]

While the law was first used for the 1998 election, and several parties did meet the 2% quota during the succeeding elections, they did not fill up the required 20% allocation for party-list representatives of the constitution. Furthermore, the votes for parties that had more than 6% of the vote were considered wasted. ^[4] Ateneo de Manila University mathematics professor Felix Muga II said that "Any seat allocation formula that imposes a seat-capping mechanism on the party-list proportional representation voting system contradicts the social justice provision of the 1987 Constitution." ^[5]

Any vacancy is filled by the person next in line on the list; in cases where a seated sectoral representative switches parties, that representative loses their seat and the person next in line on the list assumes the seat.

Contestations

Veterans Federation Party et al. vs. COMELEC

Party-list results

2001:
Note: Majority of the parties were disqualified after the election.
2004:
2007:
2010:
Key:
Inner ring: Proportion of votes, excluding spoiled/invalid votes. Gray: Parties that did not win seats. Middle ring (2007 only): Proportion of seats won as per VFP vs. COMELEC. Outer ring: Proportion of seats won (for 2007, this is the final allocation as per BANAT vs. COMELEC). Black: Unfilled seats.

In 2000, the Veterans Federation Party (VFP), the Akbayan! Citizens' Action Party and several other parties sued the COMELEC which led a case in the Supreme Court; the court ruling changed the way how the seats are allocated for the winning parties. In 1998, only 14 representatives were elected out of 13 winning parties, well short of the then 52 representatives needed to fill up 20% of the House. The so-called "Panganiban formula," named after Chief Justice Artemio Panganiban, calculates that the number of seats a party will win is dependent on the number of votes of the party with the highest number of votes. ^[6]

The court maintained the four inviolable parameters:

First, the twenty percent allocation – the combined number of all party-list congressmen shall not exceed twenty percent of the total membership of the House of Representatives, including those elected under the party list.

Second, the two percent threshold – only those parties garnering a minimum of two percent of the total valid votes cast for the party-list system are “qualified” to have a seat in the House of Representatives;

Third, the three-seat limit – each qualified party, regardless of the number of votes it actually obtained, is entitled to a maximum of three seats; that is, one “qualifying” and two additional seats.

Fourth, proportional representation – the additional seats which a qualified party is entitled to shall be computed “in proportion to their total number of votes.”

The court came up with the following procedure on how to determine how many seats a party wins. First, the party with the highest number of votes gets at least one seat. It can win additional seats for every 2% of the national vote until it reaches the three-seat limit.

Therefore:

${\displaystyle TP_{s}=1~{\mbox{if}}~g\ >=0.02}$
${\displaystyle TP_{s}=2~{\mbox{if}}~g\ >=0.04}$

${\displaystyle TP_{s}=3~{\mbox{if}}~g\ >=0.06}$

where:

• TP_s is the number of seats of the top party.
• g is the percentage of votes garnered by the sectoral organization,

For the other parties surpassing the 2% threshold, they all automatically win one seat; additional seats will be won according to the following formula.

:${\displaystyle \mathrm {S} =({\frac {\mathrm {PV} }{\mathrm {TP} }})\times {TP_{s}}}$

where:

• S is the number of seats
• PV is the votes for the party
• TP is the votes of the top party.
• TP_s is the number of seats of the top party.

The product, disregarding integers, is the number of additional seats for the party.

Prior to the adopting the "Panganiban formula," the court considered applying the Niemayer formula used in the allocation of seats in the German Bundestag. However, since R.A. 7941 limits the maximum number of seats for each party to three, of the existence of a 2% quota, and that 20% of the seats can be filled up, the court instead devised the formula above to ensure that the 20% allocation for sectoral representatives would not be exceeded, the 2% threshold will be upheld, the three-seat limit enforced and the proportional representation be respected. ^[7] The formula was first used in determining the result of the 2001, and was first applied in the 2004 elections.

The use of this formula by the COMELEC had been labeled by certain groups as to "annihilate independent voices in the House," according to Akbayan representative Etta Rosales. ^[8] The court upheld this in subsequent cases, such as the Partido ng Manggagawa vs. COMELEC and Citizens' Battle Against Corruption vs. COMELEC. ^[9]

Panganiban in 2010 remarked in a lecture at the Ateneo Law School that "It's very complicated and there must be an easier formula to compute," adding that the party-list law has to be amended by Congress. ^[10]

BANAT vs. COMELEC

In 2007, another party-list group, the Barangay Association for National Advancement and Transparency (BANAT, now Barangay Natin!) sued the COMELEC for not proclaiming the full number of party-list representatives (they were not among on those who were proclaimed winners). As with the other cases, the Supreme Court condensed all the cases to one case. The court ruled on April 21, 2009, that the 2% election threshold unconstitutional, and stipulated that for every four legislative districts created, one seat for sectoral representatives should be created; this thereby increased the sectoral seats in the 14th Congress from 22 to 55; the Supreme Court, however, upheld the 3-seat cap. ^[11]

To determine the number of seats for sectoral representatives, the formula for the quotient is:

${\displaystyle S=\left({\frac {D}{0.8}}\right)\times 0.2}$

where:

• S is the number of seats allocated for sectoral representation,
• D is the total number of district representatives, and
• D / 0.8 is the total number of members of the House.

To get the first guaranteed seat, a sectoral party or organization should at least get 2% of the total votes cast for partly list elections. The formula for the quotient is:

${\displaystyle g={\frac {P}{V}}}$

where:

• g is the percentage of votes garnered by the sectoral organization,
• P is the total number of votes gained by the sectoral organization, and
• V is the total number of votes cast in the party list representation election.

Therefore:

${\displaystyle R_{1}=1~{\mbox{if}}~g\ >=0.02}$

If the total number of guaranteed seats awarded is less than the total number of seats reserved for sectoral representatives (S), the unassigned seats will awarded in the second round of seat allocation. To get the number of additional seats, this formula will be followed.

${\displaystyle R_{2}=(S-T_{1})\times g}$

where:

• ${\displaystyle {R_{2}}}$ is the total number of additional seats awarded to the sectoral organization,
• S is the number of seats allocated for party-list representatives,
• ${\displaystyle {T_{1}}}$ is the total number awarded seats ${\displaystyle ({R_{1}})}$ in the first round of seat allocation, and
• g is the percentage of votes garnered by the sectoral organization.

Note:${\displaystyle {R_{2}}}$ should appear as whole integer.

If the total number of seats awarded after two rounds is still less than the total number of seats reserved for sectoral representatives (S), the remaining seats will be assigned to sectoral organizations next in rank (one seat each organization) whose ${\displaystyle {R_{2}}}$ result is 0 until all available seats are completely distributed.

${\displaystyle T_{3}=(S-T_{1}-T_{2})\ }$

where:

• ${\displaystyle {T_{3}}}$ is the total number of sectoral organizations next in rank (in Round 2) to be given with one seat,
• S is the number of seats allocated for party-list representatives,
• ${\displaystyle {T_{1}}}$ is the total number awarded seats in the first round of seat allocation, and
• ${\displaystyle {T_{2}}}$ is the total number awarded seats in the second round of seat allocation.

This is essentially a Hare quota, with the following exceptions:

• The 2% election threshold automatically awards parties one seat; this means that the total seats that will be disputed is the difference of the number of party-list seats and the number of parties that surpassed the threshold.
• The fractional remainder is disregarded. The seats that could've been distributed from the fractional remainders are given to parties that quotas less than 1 after the threshold.
• The party cannot win more than three seats. With the large number of parties contesting, this means the share of the votes the parties get are small—in 2010, the party with the most votes (Ako Bicol Political Party) won 5.20% of the vote—the only way a party's votes can be wasted is if its quota after the threshold is 4 or more. This can be affected if several parties surpassed the threshold (thus lessening the number of seats to be distributed), or if a party wins via a landslide. In 2010, AKB's quota after threshold was 2.33, or, disregarding decimals, 2. This entitled them to 2 additional seats aside from the automatic 1 seat they've won by surpassing the threshold.

Senator Joker Arroyo criticized the ruling of the Supreme Court, saying that the court "overreached itself and engaged in judicial legislation." Arroyo later compared with parties with between "155,000 to 197,000 votes... a measly 1 percent to 1.24 percent of the votes" to a city which needs a population of 250,000 or more to obtain its own legislative district. ^[12]

Summary

Method	First seat	Second seat	Third seat
R.A. 7941	2% of vote	4% of vote	6% of vote
VFP vs. COMELEC	2% of the vote	Party with most votes: 4% of the vote	Party with most votes: 6% of the vote
		Other parties: Total votes divided by votes of the party with most votes; quotient will be multiplied by the number of seats the party with the most votes have. Product, disregarding decimals, is the number of seats.
BANAT vs. COMELEC	2% of the vote	Hare quota, without decimals, from the seats that are not yet allocated.
	If quota has not been met, parties with less than 2% of the preferences will get one seat until quota is met.

Example

In 2010, there are 57 party-list seats being contested, with 29,311,294 valid votes cast, and 12 parties having at least 2% of the vote.

Ako Bicol Political Party topped the vote, receiving 1,524,006 votes or 5.20% of the vote.

• First round:

${\displaystyle R_{1}=1~{\mbox{since}}~0.0519\ >=0.02}$

• Second round:

${\displaystyle R_{2}=(57-12)\times 0.0519}$

${\displaystyle R_{2}=45\times 0.0519}$

${\displaystyle R_{2}=2.3397}$

Disregarding decimals, ${\displaystyle R_{2}=2}$

• Both rounds:

${\displaystyle S=1+2=3}$

• Hence, AKB won three seats in the House of Representatives.

Akbayan Citizens' Action Party received 1,061,947 votes or 3.62% of the vote.

• First round:

${\displaystyle R_{1}=1~{\mbox{since}}~0.0362\ >=0.02}$

• Second round:

${\displaystyle R_{2}=(57-12)\times 0.0362}$

${\displaystyle R_{2}=45\times 0.0362}$

${\displaystyle R_{2}=1.6303}$

Disregarding decimals, ${\displaystyle R_{2}=1}$

• Both rounds:

${\displaystyle S=1+1=2}$

• Hence, Akbayan won two seats in the House of Representatives.

Alagad received 227,281 or 0.78% of the vote.

• First round:

${\displaystyle R_{0}=0~{\mbox{since}}~0.0078\ <0.02}$

• Second round: At this point, 35 seats have already been awarded.

${\displaystyle R_{2}=(57-35)\times 0.0078}$

${\displaystyle R_{2}=22\times 0.0078}$

${\displaystyle R_{2}=0.1706}$

Disregarding decimals, ${\displaystyle R_{2}=0}$

• Both rounds:

${\displaystyle S=0+0=0}$

• However, not all seats have been distributed. Therefore: Alagad won one seat in the House of Representatives.

A much simpler understanding of the formula is as follows:

• The topnotcher, and on rare occasions, the 2nd placed party, gets 3 seats.
• The other parties that got 2% or more of the valid votes gets 2 seats each
• The next 40 or so parties get 1 seat each

Issues concerning party-list group nominees

Major parties' involvement

While the party-list system has been used by some sectors that have not been able to participate in government in order to have a voice in Congress, allegations from left-leaning party-list organizations state that several parties were used as fronts by then-President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo's ruling administration to further its interests. Parties such as 1-UTAK, purportedly representing transport groups, and PACYAW, which claims to advocate athletes and sports personnel, have government officials for nominees. ^[13] The first nominee of Ang Galing Pinoy, for instance, a group claiming to represent security guards and tricycle drivers, was former Pampanga 2nd district representative Mikey Arroyo, the son of the former president; Arroyo won a seat through Ang Galing Pinoy in the 2010 election. ^[14]

Connections with the CPP-NPA

See also: Red-tagging in the Philippines

Left-leaning parties in the Bagong Alyansang Makabayan (New Patriotic Alliance) bloc including Bayan Muna (Nation First), Kabataan Party-list (Youth Party-list), GABRIELA Women's Party, and Anakpawis, have been criticized in that the personalities in these parties were merely pursuing "ideological objectives" within Congress to support the outlawed Communist Party of the Philippines' objective of overthrowing the ruling system through "bloody means." ^{[15] [16] [17]}

In January 2021, President Rodrigo Duterte urged leaders of the Congress to abolish the party list system, due to allegations that some parties, particularly the Makabayan bloc, were "sympathizers or connected" to the Communist Party of the Philippines and the New Peoples' Army (NPA). ^[18]

Ang Bagong Bayani-OFW Labor Party vs. COMELEC

In 2002, the Supreme Court ruled in Ang Bagong Bayani-OFW Labor Party vs. COMELEC that nominees "must be Filipino citizens belonging to marginalized and unrepresented sectors, organizations and parties, as the constitution intended to give genuine power to the people, not only by giving more law to those who have less in life, but more so by enabling them to become veritable lawmakers themselves." ^[19]

BANAT vs. COMELEC

In the same BANAT vs. COMELEC case stated above, while the ponencia thereof pointed out that neither the 1987 Constitution nor R.A. 7941 prohibits major political parties from participating in the party-list election, it was emphasized that they must do so by establishing or forming coalitions with sectoral organizations for electoral or political purposes. In fact, Associate Justice Antonio Carpio noted that "it is not necessary that the party-list organization's nominee 'wallow in poverty, destitution and infirmity' as there is no financial status required by the law." ^[20] This effectively allowed anyone to be nominated by a party participating in the party-list election.

However, by a vote of 8–7, the Supreme Court still decided to continue disallowing major political parties from participating in the party-list elections, directly or indirectly.

Qualification to the ballot

In Bagong Bayani-OFW Labor Party vs. COMELEC, the Supreme Court laid down the requirements in which groups can qualify to the ballot: ^[21]

1. Political party, sector, organization or coalition must represent the marginalized and underrepresented groups
2. Political party must show, however, that they represent the interests of the marginalized and underrepresented
3. Religious sector may not be represented in the party-list system
4. The party or organization must not be an adjunct of, or a project organized or an entity funded or assisted by, the government
5. The party must not only comply with the requirements of the law; its nominees must likewise do so
6. Not only the candidate party or organization must represent marginalized and underrepresented sectors; so also must its nominees
7. The nominee must likewise be able to contribute to the formulation and enactment of appropriate legislation that will benefit the nation as a whole

In Atong Paglaum vs. COMELEC, the Supreme Court ruled that the party-list system is not for sectoral parties only, but also for non-sectoral parties. The Supreme Court then laid down the basic on which organizations can join: ^[21]

1. Three different groups may participate in the party-list system:
   1. national parties or organizations,
   2. regional parties or organizations, and
   3. sectoral parties or organizations
2. National parties or organizations and regional parties or organizations do not need to organize along sectoral lines and do not need to represent any "marginalized and underrepresented" sector.
3. Political parties can participate in party-list elections provided they register under the party-list system and do not field candidates in legislative district elections. A political party, whether major or not, that fields candidates in legislative district elections can participate in party-list elections only through its sectoral wing that can separately register under the party-list system. The sectoral wing is by itself an independent sectoral party, and is linked to a political party through a coalition.
4. Sectoral parties or organizations may either be "marginalized and underrepresented" or lacking in "well-defined political constituencies."
5. A majority of the members of sectoral parties or organizations that represent the "marginalized and underrepresented" must belong to the "marginalized and underrepresented" sector they represent. Similarly, a majority of the members of sectoral parties or organizations that lack "well-defined political constituencies" must belong to the sector they represent. The nominees of sectoral parties or organizations that represent the "marginalized and underrepresented," or that represent those who lack "well-defined political constituencies," either must belong to their respective sectors, or must have a track record of advocacy for their respective sectors. The nominees of national and regional parties or organizations must be bona-fide members of such parties or organizations.
6. National, regional, and sectoral parties or organizations shall not be disqualified if some of their nominees are disqualified, provided that they have at least one nominee who remains qualified.

Results

Year	Total parties	Seats				Topnotcher				Turnout
		Up	Won	UhS	Losing parties' vote	Party	Votes	% of valid votes	Seats won	Valid votes	% of total	Total	% of voters
1998	123	51	14	37	63%	APEC	503,487	5.50%	2	9,155,309	31.26%	29,285,775	69%
2001	162	51	14	37	36%	Bayan Muna	1,708,253	11.30%	3	15,118,815	51.29%	29,474,309	51%
2004	66	52	28	24	35%	Bayan Muna	1,203,305	9.46%	3	13,241,974	39.52%	33,510,092	40%
2007	93	54	53	1	33%	Buhay	1,169,338	7.30%	3	15,950,900	48.63%	32,800,054	49%
2010	178	57	57	0	30%	Ako Bikol	1,524,006	5.20%	3	30,092,613	78.88%	38,149,371	74%
2013	112	58	56	2	25%	Buhay	1,270,608	4.60%	3	28,600,124	71.24%	40,144,207	76%
2016	115	59	59	0	22%	Ako Bikol	1,664,975	5.14%	3	32,377,841	71.98%	44,980,362	81%
2019	134	61	61	0	23%	ACT-CIS	2,651,987	9.51%	3	27,884,790	58.96%	47,296,442	74%
2022	177	63	55	0	29.57%	ACT-CIS	2,111,091	5.74%	3	36,802,064	65.61%	56,095,234	83%
2025	162	63

References

1. "SC shakes up party list in new verdict". April 5, 2013.
2. "CONSTITUTION – Article VI: LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT". Commission on Elections. August 10, 2009. Archived from the original on June 23, 2010. Retrieved November 29, 2010.
3. "REPUBLIC ACT No. 7941 AN ACT PROVIDING FOR THE ELECTION OF PARTY-LIST REPRESENTATIVES THROUGH THE PARTY-LIST SYSTEM, AND APPROPRIATING FUNDS THEREFOR". Commission on Elections. August 10, 2009. Archived from the original on June 17, 2010. Retrieved November 29, 2010.
4. Rosario Braid, Florangel (November 9, 2010). "Should We Retain Party-List System?". Manila Bulletin . Retrieved November 29, 2010.
5. Ordoñez, Elmer (May 2, 2009). "'Reductio ad absurdum'". The Manila Times . Archived from the original on August 11, 2011. Retrieved April 14, 2011.
6. Dizon, Nikko (July 2, 2007). "Dilemma over partylist formula delays winners' proclamation". Philippine Daily Inquirer . Archived from the original on July 13, 2012. Retrieved November 29, 2010.
7. "Veterans Federation Party et al. vs. COMELEC". Supreme Court of the Philippines . Archived from the original on April 1, 2012. Retrieved November 29, 2010.
8. Dizon, Nikko (June 5, 2007). "Only Buhay may get three seats". Philippine Daily Inquirer . Archived from the original on October 9, 2012. Retrieved December 30, 2010.
9. "Mechanism of proportional representation". Philippine Daily Inquirer . April 23, 2009. Archived from the original on October 9, 2012. Retrieved April 14, 2011.
10. Legaspi, Anita (November 19, 2010). "Ex-SC chief sees urgent need to amend partylist law". GMANews.tv. Retrieved November 29, 2010.
11. Panganiban, Artemio (April 25, 2009). "Party-list imponderables". Philippine Daily Inquirer . Archived from the original on April 27, 2009. Retrieved April 14, 2011.
12. Arroyo, Joker (April 28, 2009). "Supreme Court and judicial legislation". Manila Bulletin . Retrieved April 14, 2011.
13. Calonzo, Andreo (March 27, 2010). "'Arroyo to use party-list seats to win as House Speaker'". GMANews.tv. Retrieved April 8, 2010.
14. "SC: It's final, Mikey can represent tricycle drivers in Congress". GMANews.tv. February 27, 2011. Retrieved April 14, 2011.
15. "Disqualification of leftist party-list groups eyed". GMANews.tv. January 16, 2010. Retrieved April 14, 2011.
16. Uy, Jocelyn R. (October 27, 2012). "Akbayan hits back, seeks ouster of Red party-listers". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on October 28, 2012. Retrieved January 12, 2021. The groups identified the party-list organizations Gabriela, Anakpawis, Alliance of Concerned Teachers, Kabataan and Katribu Indigenous Peoples Sectoral Party as some of the CPP fronts that "as part of their political struggle, to infiltrate, manipulate and exploit the country's free and democratic institutions.
17. Reganit, Jose Cielito (March 21, 2019). "Anti-communist group calls on voters to reject Makabayan bloc". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on March 23, 2019. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
18. Terrazola, Vanne Elaine (January 7, 2021). "Abolish party-list system, Duterte urges Congress". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
19. Panganiban, Artemio (May 6, 2007). "Another slap on the Comelec". Philippine Daily Inquirer . Archived from the original on March 26, 2012. Retrieved April 14, 2011.
20. "BANAT vs COMELEC". Supreme Court of the Philippines . April 21, 2009. Retrieved May 8, 2014.
21. Panganiban, Artemio V. (November 4, 2018). "Party-list, an experiment gone berserk". INQUIRER.net. Retrieved April 5, 2022.

Further reading

• Republic Act No. 7941 or the Party-list System Act (1998): Original law where the system is based upon
• Veterans Federation Party, et. al. vs. COMELEC (2000): rules the 2%–4%–6% allocation of seats as unconstitutional, replacing it with a formula where the number of seats won depends on the lead of the party that finished first.
• Ang Bagong Bayani-OFW Labor Party vs. COMELEC (2001), on which parties can participate in the party-list election.
• Barangay Association for National Advancement and Transparency vs. COMELEC (2009), declares the 2% threshold unconstitutional, proscribes the use of the Hare quota in determining the number of seats won, while still allowing the 3-seat cap.
• Atong Paglaum vs. COMELEC (2013), opens the participation in the party-list election of major parties, as long as they are sectoral wings of it, separate and distinct from the mother party, and is linked to the latter via a coalition agreement.

See also

Methods of determining winners in party-list proportional representation:

• Highest averages method
  • D'Hondt method
  • Sainte-Laguë method
• Largest remainder method
  • Hare quota
  • Droop quota
  • Imperiali quota