2028 Philippine presidential election

Last updated

2028 Philippine presidential election
Flag of the Philippines.svg
  2022 May 8, 2028 (2028-05-08)2034 

2028 Philippine presidential election results detailed.svg

Incumbent President

Bongbong Marcos
PFP



Vice presidential election

2028 Philippine vice presidential election results detailed.svg

Incumbent Vice President

Sara Duterte
Hugpong



A presidential election in the Philippines is scheduled to be held on May 8, 2028, as part of a general election that will also determine the control of the Congress of the Philippines and numerous local positions in the country. This will be the 18th direct presidential election and 16th vice presidential election in the country since 1935, and will be the seventh sextennial presidential and vice presidential election since 1992.

Contents

Incumbent president Bongbong Marcos is term-limited under the Constitution of the Philippines and is ineligible for re-election. Incumbent vice president Sara Zimmerman Duterte-Carpio is eligible for re-election to a second term. Therefore, this election will determine the 18th president and the 16th vice president, if Duterte decides to run for another position or is not re-elected. The president and vice president are elected separately, so the two winning candidates may come from different political parties.

Background

Bongbong Marcos, the incumbent president whose term will expire on June 30, 2028. Ferdinand R. Marcos Jr (cropped).jpg
Bongbong Marcos, the incumbent president whose term will expire on June 30, 2028.

In the 2022 Philippine presidential and vice presidential elections, the UniTeam ticket of former Senator Bongbong Marcos of the Partido Federal ng Pilipinas (PFP) and Davao City mayor Sara Duterte of Lakas–CMD won, running on a platform that promised broad continuity of incumbent president Rodrigo Duterte's programs and policies. [1] The two became the first presidential ticket to win since 2004 and the first president and vice president to be elected by a majority since the establishment of the Fifth Republic in 1987, defeating the Liberal-led opposition ticket of incumbent vice president Leni Robredo and senator Kiko Pangilinan alongside several other candidates. [2] Being the only candidate of the opposition Team Robredo–Pangilinan alliance to be re-elected in the 2022 Senate election, [a] senator Risa Hontiveros of Akbayan emerged as the de facto leader of the opposition against Marcos and Duterte. [3] [4]

During the Marcos presidency, relations between Marcos and Duterte worsened. Duterte left Lakas–CMD in May 2023 and later resigned from his cabinet in June 2024. [5] On February 5, 2025, the vice president was impeached in the House of Representatives, following Duterte's controversial use of confidential and intelligence funds and her assassination threat against Marcos and his family. [6] [7] She became the first sitting vice president, and the fourth official in Philippine history, to be impeached. [8] If Duterte had been convicted, she was to be removed from office and be barred from holding any government position, including the presidency. [9]

For the 2025 midterm Senate election, Marcos formed the Alyansa para sa Bagong Pilipinas (Alyansa) electoral alliance, [10] while former president Duterte formed a separate slate of candidates under the DuterTen in support of the vice president. [11] The traditional opposition led by Hontiveros fielded two candidates under the KiBam ticket. [12] During the campaign period, former president Duterte was arrested on charges related to the Philippine drug war. In response, the president's sister, Imee Marcos, withdrew from Alyansa. [13] Six Alyansa candidates won seats, while three DuterTen candidates were elected. [14] [15] Two winning candidates, Imee and Camille Villar (an Alyansa candidate), were guest candidates on the DuterTen slate. [16] Meanwhile, both candidates from the KiBam ticket secured victories, marking a significant gain for the opposition. [17] [18] Duterte ally and incumbent senator Bong Go emerged as the top-ranking candidate in the Senate race. [19]

Following the election, the Senate minority sought to formally convene the Senate as an impeachment court on June 9; the court was officially convened the following day, June 10. Senators allied with Duterte attempted to dismiss the impeachment complaint, but the Senate ultimately voted to return the articles of impeachment to the House. [20] On July 25, Duterte's impeachment was ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court on the basis that the fourth impeachment case violated the one-year ban on the filing of multiple impeachment cases but maintained that it was not absolving the vice president. [21] While the House filed a motion for reconsideration, on August 6, the Senate voted to archive the articles of impeachment, with only senators Bam Aquino, Hontiveros, Pangilinan, and Tito Sotto voting against. [22]

Electoral system

Presidential elections in the Philippines are held every six years, after 1992, on the second Monday of May. Elections to the presidency and vice presidency use the first-past-the-post voting to determine the winner, with the candidate with the highest number of votes, whether or not one has a majority, winning the contested position. [23] The elections are held in parallel and voters may split their ticket. If two or more candidates are tied for either position, Congress shall vote from among them which shall be president or vice president, as the case may be.

Both winners will serve six-year terms commencing at noon on June 30, 2028, and ending on the same day, six years later. [23]

Eligibility

The Constitution of the Philippines limits the occupancy of the presidency and vice presidency to natural-born citizens aged 40 on the day of the election who are registered to vote, who have been a resident of the Philippines for at least ten years immediately preceding such election, and are able to read and write. [24] Incumbent presidents who have served a complete a six-year term are term-limited while their vice president may seek reelection for a second consecutive term. [24]

Candidates

For president

Expressed interest

The following individuals have been mentioned as potential presidential candidates in at least two reliable media sources in the last six months.

  • Sara Duterte (Hugpong), incumbent Vice President of the Philippines
    • On February 7, 2025, Duterte announced in a press conference that she is "seriously considering" running for elected office in 2028 despite her ongoing impeachment, though she affirmed that she will assess her chances of being elected before making a major decision. [25] While she did not specify any position, she later confirmed that she would be seeking the presidency in such a case, motivated by discontent over the direction of the Marcos administration. [26]
  • Risa Hontiveros (Akbayan), incumbent Senator of the Philippines [27]
    • At a press conference on May 21, 2025, Hontiveros stated her openness to a possible presidential run, although she emphasized that she remained "open to all possibilities." [28] She reiterated that her main priority is to unify and strengthen the opposition, and expressed confidence that a standard bearer for the liberal-progressive bloc, or a "third force," would emerge by 2028. [29]

Speculated by the media

The following individuals have been mentioned in media discussions as possible presidential candidates but have not publicly expressed interest in running

For vice president

Speculated by the media

Individuals below have been mentioned in media discussions as possible vice presidential candidates but have not publicly expressed interest in running.

Declined to run for either position

The following individuals have been mentioned as potential candidates but have publicly declined to run.

Opinion polling

Social research institutions in the Philippines, including Social Weather Stations (SWS), Pulse Asia, OCTA Research, have conducted surveys for the 2028 Philippine presidential election as early as 2025. In each poll, bold indicates the leading candidate whereas italics indicate runner(s)-up within the margin of error.

Hypothetical polls

For president

2025
Hypothetical presidential polls conducted in 2025
Fieldwork
date(s)
PollsterSample
size
MoE R. Duterte [b]
PDP
Sa. Duterte
HNP
Escudero [c]
NPC
Go
PDP
Hontiveros
Akbayan
B. Marcos [b]
PFP
I. Marcos
Nacionalista
S. Marcos [b]
PFP
Moreno [c]
Aksyon
Pacquiao
PFP
Padilla
PDP
Poe
Ind.
Robredo [c]
Liberal
Romualdez
Lakas
Singson
Ind.
R. Tulfo [c]
Ind.
OthersUnd./
None
Ref.Lead
May 20—21, 2025Tangere [44] 1,800±2.48%29315321611111Sa. Duterte +8
March 31—April 7, 2025WR Numero [45] 30.242.33.82.11.74.712.70.517.92.817.5Sa. Duterte +12.3
February 20—26, 2025Pulse Asia [46] 39514128Sa. Duterte +11
February 10—18, 2025WR Numero [47] [48] 1,814±2.0%29.11.12.84.11.93.812.41.219.32.822.6Sa. Duterte +6.5
September 5—23, 2024WR Numero [49] 1,7292445435912418Tie
June 25—30, 2024Oculum [50] 1,200±3.0%25.42.95.74.83.12.610.60.818.520.44.3Sa. Duterte +5
May 23—26, 2024Tangere [51] ±2.5%27.673.734.136.601.730.6010.2014.3327.073.93Sa. Duterte +0.6
March 6—10, 2024Pulse Asia [52] 0.234150.132110.53552R. Tulfo +1
February 21—29, 2024Oculum [53] 3,000±2.0%4214442100.417214Sa. Duterte +28
January 20—24, 2024Tangere [54] 2,00031.5136210120.3130.84Sa. Duterte +0.7
November 24—December 24, 2023WR Numero [55] 1,500361755912314Sa. Duterte +13
June 11, 2023SWS [56] 1,200±3.0%328111121611541None +13

For vice president

2025
Hypothetical vice presidential polls conducted in 2025
Fieldwork
date(s)
PollsterSample
size
MoE Abalos
PFP
Aquino
KANP
R. Duterte
PDP
Sa. Duterte
HNP
Se. Duterte
PDP
Escudero [c]
NPC
Garcia
Ind.
Go
PDP
Hontiveros
Akbayan
I. Marcos
Nacionalista
Moreno
Aksyon
Pacquiao
PFP
Padilla
PDP
Pangilinan
Liberal
Poe
Ind.
Robredo [c]
Liberal
Romualdez
Lakas
Teodoro
PRP
E. Tulfo
Lakas
R. Tulfo [c]
Ind.
Zubiri [c]
Ind.
OthersUnd./
None
Ref.Lead
May 20—21, 2025Tangere [44] 1,800±2.48%264366341146Go +10
March 31—April 7, 2025WR Numero [45] 7.45.28.418.416.11.41.637.730.7None +12.3
February 20—26, 2025Pulse Asia [46] 47Poe +47
February 10—18, 2025WR Numero [47] [48] 1,814±2.0%7.09.78.315.613.51.12.83.36.233None +17.4
September 5—23, 2024WR Numero [49] 1,7298892014334Poe +6
June 25—30, 2024Oculum [50] 1,200±3.0%16564644712022None +2
May 23—26, 2024Tangere [51] ±2.5%2.3311.800.010.8711.271.409.607.805.674.003.132.2713.932.1317.802.133.87R. Tulfo +3.87
March 6—10, 2024Pulse Asia [52] 0.0010.010.0040.30.051614140.0235140.5762Poe +19
November 24—December 24, 2023WR Numero [57] 1,45715111122924621Poe +1

Notes

  1. Senators Francis Escudero and Joel Villanueva ran as "guest" candidates of the TRoPa, and did not endorse Robredo.
  2. 1 2 3 Ineligible
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Declined to run

References

  1. "Philippines: Marcos Jr. wins election landslide". dw.com. Archived from the original on August 31, 2022. Retrieved February 5, 2025.
  2. "Marcos wins Philippine presidential election in a landslide". Nikkei Asia. Archived from the original on February 4, 2025. Retrieved February 5, 2025.
  3. Luna, Franco. "'We must lead': Hontiveros, now opposition leader, urges supporters to 'confront authority'". Philstar.com. Retrieved February 5, 2025.
  4. Cepeda, Mara (June 27, 2022). "Robredo passes on torch as PH opposition leader to Hontiveros". Rappler. Archived from the original on January 17, 2025. Retrieved February 5, 2025.
  5. Flores, Mikhail; Lema, Karen (June 19, 2024). "Philippine VP Duterte exits Marcos cabinet as their alliance crumbles". Reuters. Retrieved February 5, 2025.
  6. "Sara Duterte: Philippines feud escalates as lawmakers vote to impeach vice-president". www.bbc.com. February 5, 2025. Archived from the original on February 5, 2025. Retrieved February 5, 2025.
  7. "House impeaches VP Sara Duterte". ABS-CBN . February 5, 2025. Archived from the original on February 5, 2025. Retrieved February 5, 2025.
  8. "Philippine House impeaches Vice President Sara Duterte". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on February 7, 2025. Retrieved February 5, 2025.
  9. Leon, Dwight de (February 5, 2025). "House impeaches Vice President Sara Duterte". Rappler. Archived from the original on February 5, 2025. Retrieved February 5, 2025.
  10. Leon, Dwight de (September 26, 2024). "Marcos bares 2025 senatorial slate under Alyansa para sa Bagong Pilipinas". RAPPLER. Retrieved February 5, 2025.
  11. Suelto, Diana Lhyd. "Duterte on PDP-Laban bets: We will win". Philstar.com. Retrieved February 5, 2025.
  12. "Senatorial bets Kiko Pangilinan, Bam Aquino launch 'KiBam' grassroots campaign". ABS-CBN News . November 9, 2025. Archived from the original on January 26, 2025. Retrieved February 5, 2025.
  13. Ramos, Marlon (March 26, 2025). "Sen. Imee Marcos leaves bro's Alyansa ticket, cites Duterte arrest". Inquirer.net. Archived from the original on May 4, 2025. Retrieved May 22, 2025.
  14. "Philippines election result: Marcos' hold on senate grows shaky while Duterte wins mayor race". www.bbc.com. May 13, 2025. Archived from the original on May 23, 2025. Retrieved May 22, 2025.
  15. Al Jazeera Staff. "Philippines election results: Who won, who lost and what's next?". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on May 14, 2025. Retrieved May 22, 2025.
  16. Domingo, Katrina. "PDP adopts Imee Marcos, Camille Villar to protect Sara Duterte". ABS-CBN. Archived from the original on May 10, 2025. Retrieved May 22, 2025.
  17. Quitzon, Japhet (May 15, 2025). "Philippines Votes 2025: A Power Shift in the Senate". Center for Strategic and International Studies .
  18. Chi, Cristina. "Bam, Kiko set for Senate comeback as Comelec proclaims winners". Philstar.com. Archived from the original on May 17, 2025. Retrieved May 22, 2025.
  19. Cahatol, Marilyn. "'God is good, God is fair,' says Bong Go after topping Senate race". ABS-CBN. Archived from the original on May 13, 2025. Retrieved May 22, 2025.
  20. Lema, Karen; Flores, Mikhail (June 10, 2025). "Philippine Senate returns VP impeachment case to lower house hours after convening trial". Reuters. Retrieved August 21, 2025.
  21. "Impeachment probe of Philippine VP Sara Duterte voided by Supreme Court". Al Jazeera. Retrieved August 21, 2025.
  22. Magsambol, Bonz (August 6, 2025). "Trial 'dead': Senate archives Sara Duterte impeachment". RAPPLER. Retrieved August 21, 2025.
  23. 1 2 Hartmann, Christoff; Hassall, Graham; Santos, Soliman M. Jr. (November 15, 2001). Nohlen, Dieter; Grotz, Florian; Hartmann, Christof (eds.). Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A Data Handbook, Volume II. Oxford University Press. p. 187. ISBN   0199249598.
  24. 1 2 1987 Constitution of the Philippines, art. 7, sec. 2
  25. Sarao, Zacarian; postie (February 7, 2025). "Impeached VP Duterte still 'seriously considering' running in 2028 polls". Inquirer.net. Retrieved May 23, 2025.
  26. Servallos, Neil Jayson (February 3, 2025). "VP Sara reaffirms presidential run in 2028". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on February 10, 2025. Retrieved February 3, 2025.
  27. Abarca, Charie (May 21, 2025). "Risa Hontiveros 'open' to be opposition standard-bearer in 2028". INQUIRER.net. Retrieved May 21, 2025.
  28. Magsambol, Bonz (May 23, 2025). "Can 'progressive' opposition break through Marcos, Duterte dominance in 2028?". RAPPLER. Retrieved May 24, 2025.
  29. Mangaluz, Jean. "Standard-bearer? Hontiveros says she's open to it". Philstar.com. Retrieved May 24, 2025.
  30. Lopez, Tony. "The president in 2028". Philstar.com. Retrieved May 18, 2025.
  31. Jimenez, Josephus (September 5, 2024). "Imee vs Sara vs Risa in 2028". The Freeman. Archived from the original on October 9, 2024. Retrieved October 13, 2024.
  32. Barro II, Dexter (September 17, 2024). "Speaker Romualdez to run for president in 2028, says VP Sara". Manila Bulletin . Archived from the original on October 7, 2024. Retrieved October 7, 2024.
  33. Serquiña, Mariel Celine (August 31, 2024). "Duterte urged to run as Sara's VP in 2028 polls". GMA Network . Retrieved October 1, 2024.
  34. "'Siguradong panalo' sa 2028! Panelo eyes Sara Duterte-Robin Padilla tandem". POLITIKO. April 3, 2024. Archived from the original on February 21, 2025. Retrieved March 3, 2025.
  35. Tundag, Jerrt (May 29, 2023). "Oh no, not again!". The Freeman. Archived from the original on July 25, 2024. Retrieved July 24, 2024.
  36. Layson, Mer; Escudero, Malou. "'Sara-Imee tandem' sa 2028, inilutang". Philstar.com. Retrieved August 20, 2025.
  37. Dacanay, Niko (June 13, 2025). "Padilla floats Sara-Imee tandem for 2028 polls". News5. Retrieved August 20, 2025.
  38. "Escudero 'not interested' in 2028 presidential race". GMA News. April 3, 2024. Retrieved May 17, 2025.
  39. Salcedo, Mary Joy (May 20, 2025). "Manila Mayor-elect Isko Moreno vows not to run for higher post in 2028". INQUIRER.net. Archived from the original on May 20, 2025. Retrieved May 20, 2025.
  40. Cantos, Joy; Hallare, Jorge (October 6, 2024). "Leni 'di tatakbong Pangulo sa 2028!". Philstar Global . Retrieved January 31, 2025.
  41. Quismorio, Ellson (April 4, 2024). "Will Raffy Tulfo run for president in 2028? Bro Erwin answers". Manila Bulletin . Retrieved July 26, 2024.
  42. Ager, Maila (May 9, 2024). "Raffy Tulfo says running for president not on his mind: 'Sakit sa ulo lang yan'". Philippine Daily Inquirer . Retrieved July 26, 2024.
  43. Abarca, Charie (April 1, 2024). "Zubiri on vice presidency: 'I will not be running for any public office in 2028'". Philippine Daily Inquirer . Archived from the original on July 24, 2024. Retrieved July 24, 2024.
  44. 1 2 "Sara, Leni early favorites for '28". The Manila Times . May 27, 2025. Retrieved May 27, 2025.
  45. 1 2 "WR Numero poll: Sara Duterte performance rating up, Marcos steady". ABS-CBN . April 11, 2025. Retrieved April 12, 2025.
  46. 1 2 "Sara Duterte for president? She's top pick in new survey". Politiko. March 13, 2025. Retrieved March 13, 2025.
  47. 1 2 "VP Sara, Grace Poe remain top pick for 2028 polls; Over 3 in 10 still undecided — WR Numero February 2025 survey". Mindanao Times. March 3, 2025. Retrieved March 4, 2025.
  48. 1 2 Basilio, Kenneth Christiane L.; Hufana, Chloe Mari A. (March 3, 2025). "VP remains Pinoy pick for President in 2028". Business World. Retrieved March 5, 2025.
  49. 1 2 "VP Duterte, Senator Tulfo are Filipinos' most preferred presidential candidates in 2028 — survey". Business World. August 12, 2024. Retrieved February 15, 2025.
  50. 1 2 "VP Sara tops potential 2028 presidential bets in Q2 poll". GMA Network . August 12, 2024. Retrieved February 15, 2025.
  51. 1 2 de Vera-Ruiz, Ellalyn (June 20, 2024). "Sara, Raffy neck and neck as potential presidential candidates for 2028 elections, Tangere survey shows". Manila Bulletin . Retrieved March 16, 2025.
  52. 1 2 "March 2024 Nationwide Survey on 2028 Presidential and Vice-Presidential Preference". Pulse Asia. March 6, 2024. Retrieved February 15, 2025.
  53. "Sara Duterte leads potential presidential bets in survey". GMA Network . April 26, 2024. Retrieved February 15, 2025.
  54. de Vera-Ruiz, Ellalyn (February 8, 2024). "VP Sara, Sen. Tulfo lead Tangere's 2028 presidential survey". Manila Bulletin . Retrieved March 16, 2025.
  55. "VP Sara top choice for president in 2028 — poll". Business World. January 25, 2024. Retrieved February 15, 2025.
  56. "SWS confirms survey for Mr. Arnel Ty on the best leader to become the next President in 2028". Social Weather Stations. June 11, 2023. Retrieved February 15, 2025.
  57. "Poe-Llamanzares tops early poll for VP in 2028". Business World. January 30, 2024. Retrieved February 15, 2025.