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 Philippinesportal |
Elections for a new set of provincial and local city and municipal officials were held in the Philippines on January 18, 1988 under the new Constitution of the Philippines which was ratified in 1987.
The local elections of January 18, 1988, were the third nationwide electoral exercise held under the presidency of Corazon Aquino. In February 1987, a new constitution was ratified in a plebiscite. In May, an election for a new congress was held, which was dominated by allies of the president. [1] [2] Barangay elections were held in 1989. [1] On the other hand, these were also the first since 1980, at that time the country, during the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos, was under martial law. [2]
After Marcos was ousted in the 1986 People Power Revolution, [1] [3] public offices were subjected to the reforms under the "Freedom Constitution" in the Aquino administration's effort to weaken the political machine of Marcos' political party Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (KBL) and his allies in the country. These included the removal and replacement of all elected local government officials, particularly those affiliated either with the Marcoses or with the KBL. This caused yet little opposition, mainly by vice president Salvador Laurel, and confusion among these units. [1]
Through Proclamation No. 3, issued by Aquino on March 25, all elective positions nationwide were effectively abolished. The Ministry of Local Government, through an executive order, later appointed Officers-in-Charge to take over local government offices. Meanwhile, local elections were originally set in May but were postponed for a year pending the constitutional plebiscite. [1] Aquino said that the elections "will complete the cycle of restoration of democracy." [2]
The campaign period started on December 1, 1987. [4] A hundred thousand candidates sought 17,000 local positions. [2] The administration's "people power" coalition, in an effort to control over regions controlled either by the radical left or right, had political alliances with candidates philosophically opposed to the president. [4]
All security forces were placed on the alert, particularly to potential trouble areas. [2] However, elections in eleven of the 73 provinces were suspended due to security reasons, [4] and rescheduled until as late as February to give way for the implementation of special measures against fraud and violence. [2]
Of the 57 million eligible voters, nearly half of them—27 million—were expected to participate in the elections. [2] The Commission on Elections said about 80% of them did so in 62 provinces, which involved 103,000 precincts. [4]
Unlike previous elections, no independent poll-watcher groups performed "quick counts"; final results would be made available until two days later as many precincts were situated in remote areas. [4]
Early, unofficial returns showed some candidates endorsed by the administration or her coalition leading in key positions; but same to several veteran politicians particularly in Metro Manila and the provinces. Analysts speculated that the results generally indicate a return to patronage politics. [4]
In northern Luzon where former president Marcos was still being supported, [4] pro-Marcos candidates were elected particularly in four provinces. [3]
Meanwhile, the president's relatives were losing in their respective races. In Quezon City, Mila Aquino-Albert, her sister-in-law, was third behind two veteran politicians, one being accused of graft. Vic Sumulong, her nephew, was also losing for the governorship in Rizal. [4]
The six-week campaign and the elections were both marred by violence. [2] [4] In the entire campaign period, at least 87, including 39 candidates, were killed; mostly blamed by the military on the New People's Army. [4] Meanwhile, military chief of staff, Gen. Fidel V. Ramos, reported more than 20 violent incidents which included "snatchings" of ballot box, "strafings" of polling places, and voter harassment. However, Ramos said the toll was lower than that in two elections under Marcos leadership. [4] [a]
Two days prior to elections, a land mine explosion near Iligan, killed four people, including right-wing opposition mayoral and vice-mayoral candidates. [2] On election day in Bacolod, an election worker was shot dead while trying to prevent stealing of ballot boxes. Three separate clashes with communist rebels resulted in the deaths of at least nine soldiers. [4] In Cebu, on January 21, Thaddeus Durano, a defeated candidate in Danao, was shot and injured. Charges of attempted murder were filed against his elder brother, Jesus. Thaddeus accused his opponents, Jesus and their father, Ramon, both who had run the city for decades, of vote buying and fraud. [3]
It was reported that for the first time in the communist insurgency, the election was used by the guerrillas to raise funds for arms purchases abroad and consolidated local power bases through kidnappings and selective support for hundreds of candidates. Hence, these contributed to the decrease of violence. [4]
Guerrilla leaders confirmed accusations by Ramos that they had been charging candidates for "safe-conduct passes," allowing the latter to campaign without being harmed in guerrilla zones. The nationwide total reportedly reached $2 million; for instance, in the Bicol Region, more than $150,000 was collected from the candidates. [4]
Meanwhile, most opposition candidates alleged fraud due to inaccurate registration lists. [1]
Before the proclamation of all the winners, Aquino, in her weekly program, said the election would help stabilize the country as voters were expected to be cooperative with candidates. [3]
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| Local elections | |
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| Autonomous regional elections | |
| Gubernatorial elections | |
| Barangay elections | |
| Sangguniang Kabataan elections | |
| Regional-level plebiscites | |
| Provincial-level plebiscites | |
| Municipal- and city-level plebiscites | |
