List of vice presidents of the Philippines

The official seal of the vice-president of the Philippines

The vice president of the Philippines is the second-highest executive official in the government of the Philippines. The vice president is directly elected by qualified voters to a six-year term, and may be a cabinet member without confirmation from the Commission on Appointments and is first in the presidential line of succession. ^[1] There have been 15 vice presidents. ^[2]

History

The office of vice president was initially created following the ratification of the 1935 Constitution of the Philippines, which states that the vice-president shall be elected by direct vote of the people. ^[3] Vice presidents during the Commonwealth of the Philippines were under American sovereignty, ^[4] and there was no office of vice president during the Second Republic, ^[5] which was considered to be a puppet state of Imperial Japan during World War II. ^[6] During the martial law declared by President Ferdinand Marcos from 1972 to 1981, the office of the vice-president was abolished and the sitting vice-president, Fernando Lopez, was removed from the office. ^[5] Though the 1973 Constitution initially did not provide for a vice president, subsequent amendments restored the office. ^[5] A vice president was appointed after the 1986 election when Marcos and Arturo Tolentino were proclaimed as winners by the Batasang Pambansa. However, in 1986, the People Power Revolution overthrew Marcos' dictatorship and repealed the 1973 Constitution. ^{[5] [7]} In 2013, the National Historical Commission of the Philippines through Resolution No. 2, series of 2013 declared that Tolentino is not part of the official list of vice presidents of the Philippines. ^[8] The subsequently formed 1987 Constitution of the Philippines was established, which states that: "There shall be a vice-president who shall have the same qualifications and term of office and be elected with, and in the same manner, as the president." ^[9]

Before the ratification of the 1987 constitution, in case of an intra-term vacancy, there was no process to appoint a new vice president until after the next election. ^[5] However, after the ratification of the 1987 constitution, the president could nominate a vice president in case of an intra-term vacancy from a member of the congress, whom both houses vote separately for confirmation by a majority vote. ^[9] In 2001, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo became president after the Supreme Court of the Philippines ruled that President Joseph Estrada resigned. ^[10] A few days later, she appointed Teofisto Guingona as the vice president. ^[11] Guingona is the only person being unelected to the position. ^[12]

Three vice presidents have succeeded to the presidency due to the death of presidents: Sergio Osmeña in 1944, ^[13] Elpidio Quirino in 1948, ^[14] and Carlos P. Garcia in 1957. ^[15] Fernando Lopez was the longest-serving vice-president, who served for a combined total of almost 11 years. Elpidio Quirino served the shortest time as vice-president for approximately 1 year 11 months. Sara Duterte is the current vice president. ^[2]

Vice presidents

No.	Portrait	Name (Lifespan)	Party		Term	Election	President	Era
1		Sergio Osmeña (1869–1964) [16]		Nacionalista	November 15, 1935 – August 1, 1944 [a] (9 years, 106 days)	1935	Manuel L. Quezon	Commonwealth
						1941
Office vacant (August 1, 1944 – May 28, 1946) [b]							Sergio Osmeña
2		Elpidio Quirino (1890–1956) [17]		Liberal	May 28, 1946 – April 17, 1948 [a] (1 year, 323 days)	1946	Manuel Roxas
								Third Republic
Office vacant (April 17, 1948 – December 30, 1949) [b]							Elpidio Quirino
3		Fernando Lopez (1904–1993) [18]		Liberal (until 1953)	December 30, 1949 – December 30, 1953 (4 years)	1949
				Democratic (from 1953)
4		Carlos P. Garcia (1896–1971) [19]		Nacionalista	December 30, 1953 – March 17, 1957 [a] (3 years, 77 days)	1953	Ramon Magsaysay
Office vacant (March 17, 1957 – December 30, 1957) [b]							Carlos P. Garcia [c]
5		Diosdado Macapagal (1910–1997) [20]		Liberal	December 30, 1957 – December 30, 1961 (4 years)	1957
6		Emmanuel Pelaez (1915–2003) [21]		Liberal	December 30, 1961 – December 30, 1965 (4 years)	1961	Diosdado Macapagal
				Nacionalista (from 1964)
7		Fernando Lopez (1904–1993) [22]		Nacionalista	December 30, 1965 – January 17, 1973 (7 years, 18 days)	1965	Ferdinand Marcos
						1969
								Martial Law
Office abolished (January 17, 1973 – January 27, 1984) [d]
								Fourth Republic
Office vacant (January 27, 1984 – February 25, 1986) [e]
8		Salvador Laurel (1928–2004) [23]		UNIDO (until 1988)	February 25, 1986 – June 30, 1992 (6 years, 126 days)	1986 [f]	Corazon Aquino [g]	Provisional Government
								Fifth Republic
				Nacionalista (from 1988)
9		Joseph Estrada (born 1937) [24]		NPC (until 1997)	June 30, 1992 – June 30, 1998 (6 years)	1992	Fidel V. Ramos [h]
				LAMMP (from 1997)
10		Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (born 1947) [25]		Lakas–NUCD	June 30, 1998 – January 20, 2001 [a] (2 years, 204 days)	1998	Joseph Estrada [i]
Office vacant (January 20 – February 7, 2001)							Gloria Macapagal Arroyo [j]
11		Teofisto Guingona Jr. (born 1928) [26]		Lakas–NUCD (until 2003)	February 7, 2001 – June 30, 2004 (3 years, 144 days)
				Independent (from 2003)
12		Noli de Castro (born 1949) [27]		Independent	June 30, 2004 – June 30, 2010 (6 years)	2004
13		Jejomar Binay (born 1942) [28]		PDP–Laban (until 2012)	June 30, 2010 – June 30, 2016 (6 years)	2010	Benigno Aquino III [k]
				UNA (from 2012)
14		Leni Robredo (born 1965) [29]		Liberal	June 30, 2016 – June 30, 2022 (6 years)	2016	Rodrigo Duterte [l]
15		Sara Duterte (born 1978) [30]		Lakas–CMD (until 2023)	June 30, 2022 – present (2 years, 137 days)	2022	Bongbong Marcos [m]
				Hugpong ng Pagbabago [n]

Timeline

Unofficial vice presidents

Historians and other figures have identified the following people as having held the vice-presidency of a government intended to represent the Philippines, but their terms of office are not counted by the Philippine government as part of the presidential succession.

The inclusion of Mariano Trías in the list is disputed, because Trias was chosen as vice-president at the Tejeros Convention, and again as vice-president for the short-lived Republic of Biak-na-Bato, which was dissolved after the signing of the Pact of Biak-na-Bato and Aguinaldo's exile. Neither the reassumption of power by Emilio Aguinaldo when the revolution was resumed in May 1898 nor his formal proclamation and inauguration as president under the First Philippine Republic in 1899 were regimes that provided for a vice-presidency. ^[31]

Portrait	Name (Lifespan)	Party		Term	President	Era
	Mariano Trías (1868–1914) [32]		None [o]	March 22, 1897 – January 23, 1899 (1 year, 307 days)	Emilio Aguinaldo	Tejeros Convention
						Republic of Biak-na-Bato
	Francisco Carreón (1868–1939/1941) [33]		None [o]	May 6, 1902 – July 14, 1906 [p] (3 years, 296 days)	Macario Sakay	Tagalog Republic
	Ramón Avanceña (1872–1957) [34]		Kapisanan ng Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas Association for Service to the New Philippines	October 14, 1943 – January 15, 1944 (93 days)	Jose P. Laurel	Second Republic
	Benigno Aquino Sr. (1894–1947) [34]		Kapisanan ng Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas Association for Service to the New Philippines	January 15, 1944 – August 17, 1945 (1 year, 272 days)
	Ramón Avanceña (1872–1957) [34]		Liberal Party	December 30, 1948 – December 30, 1949 (1 year, 0 days)	Elpidio Quirino	Third Republic

Vice presidents later served as president

Vice presidents

Vice president	President served under	Year(s) served	Notes
Sergio Osmeña	Manuel L. Quezon	1935–1944	Osmeña succeeded Quezon, after the latter's death
Elpidio Quirino	Manuel Roxas	1946–1948	Quirino succeeded Roxas, after the latter's death; ran and won a full term in 1949.
Carlos P. Garcia	Ramon Magsaysay	1953–1957	Garcia succeeded Magsaysay, after the latter's death; ran and won a full term in 1957.
Diosdado Macapagal	Carlos P. Garcia	1957–1961	Macapagal defeated Garcia in 1961.
Joseph Estrada	Fidel V. Ramos	1992–1998	Estrada ran for a full term in 1998.
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo	Joseph Estrada	1998–2001	Arroyo succeeded Estrada, after the latter's resignation; ran and won a full term in 2004.

List of vice presidents by offices held before vice presidency

Executive branch

Cabinet secretaries (as full-time)

The following cabinet secretaries are only served for fulltime. Vice presidents served as cabinet secretary concurrently, and post-vice presidency positions are not included.

Secretary	Office	President served under	Year(s) served
Elpidio Quirino	Secretary of Finance	Manuel Quezon	1934–1936
	Secretary of Interior		1935–1938
Teofisto Guingona Jr.	Secretary of Justice	Fidel V. Ramos	1995–1998

Other positions (as full-time)

Name	Office	President served under	Year(s) served
Teofisto Guingona	Chairman, Commission on Audit	Corazon Aquino	1986–1987
	Executive Secretary of the Philippines	Fidel V. Ramos	1993–1995
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo	Undersecretary of the Department of Trade and Industry	Corazon Aquino	1987–1992
Jejomar Binay	Chairman of the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority	Corazon Aquino	1990–1991
		Joseph Estrada	1999–2001

Legislative

Senators

Senator	District	Year(s) served	Notes
Sergio Osmeña	10th	1922–1935	First vice president to serve as president pro tempore (1922–1934)
Elpidio Quirino	1st	1925–1935; 1945–1946	Second vice president to serve as president pro tempore (1945–1946)
Fernando Lopez	At-large	1947–1949	As a Liberal
		1953–1965	As a Democrat and Nacionalista; third vice president to serve as president pro tempore (1958–1965); Only former vice president to be elected again in the same position.
Carlos P. Garcia		1945–1953	First vice president to serve as the minority floor leader (1946–1953)
Emmanuel Pelaez		1953–1959	Only former vice president elected in the Senate
Salvador Laurel		1967–1972	Did not finished term due to martial law
Joseph Estrada		1987–1992
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo		1992–1998	First term only three years; did not finished second term, won vice presidency
Teofisto Guingona Jr.		1987–1993	Second vice president to serve as president pro tempore (1987–1990) Only vice president to serve as the majority floor leader (1990–1991); did not finish second term, appointed as the executive secretary
		1998–2001	Second and last vice president to be the minority floor leader, 1998–2001 Did not finished term, appointed to the vice presidency
Noli De Castro		2001–2004	Did not finished term, won vice presidency

Congressman/Representatives/Assemblyman

Legislator	District	Lower House Name	Year(s) served	Notes
Sergio Osmeña	Cebu 2nd	Philippine Assembly	1907–1916	First president to serve as speaker (1907–1916)
		House of Representatives	1916–1922
Elpidio Quirino	Ilocos Sur 1st	House of Representatives	1919–1925
Carlos P. Garcia	Bohol 3rd		1925–1931
Diosdado Macapagal	Pampanga 1st		1949–1957
Leni Robredo	Camarines Sur 3rd		2013– 2016	Only one term congressperson won the vice presidency

Local government

Governors

Governor	Province	Year(s) served	Notes
Sergio Osmeña	Cebu	1904–1907
Carlos P. Garcia	Bohol	1933–1941
Jejomar Binay	Metro Manila	1987–1988	Acting/Interim basis

Mayors

Mayor	Province	Year(s) served	Notes
Fernando Lopez	Iloilo	1945–1947	Appointed
Joseph Estrada	San Juan	1969–1986	Only former vice president served as mayor and only former vice president to serve as mayor to another city (2013–2019)
Jejomar Binay	Makati	1986–1987	OIC mayor
		1988–1998	Elected; first vice president without congressional experience.
		2001–2010
Sara Duterte	Davao City	2010–2013; 2016–2022	Only vice president served as vice mayor (2007–2010); second vice president without congressional experience.

Vice presidents by offices concurrently held

Cabinet secretaries

Secretary	Office	President served under	Year(s) served
Sergio Osmeña	Secretary of Public Instruction	Manuel Quezon	1935–1940
	Secretary of Public Instruction, Health, and Public Welfare		1941–1944
Elpidio Quirino	Secretary of Foreign Affairs	Manuel Roxas	1946–1950
Fernando Lopez	Secretary of Agriculture and Natural Resources	Elpidio Quirino	1949–1953
		Ferdinand Marcos	1965–1971
Carlos P. Garcia	Secretary of Foreign Affairs	Ramon Magsaysay	1953–1957
Emmanuel Pelaez		Diosdado Macapagal	1961– 1963
Salvador Laurel		Corazon Aquino	1986–1987
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo	Secretary of Social Welfare and Development	Joseph Estrada	1998–2000
Teofisto Guingona Jr.	Secretary of Foreign Affairs	Gloria Macapagal Arroyo	2001–2002
Sara Duterte	Secretary of Education	Bongbong Marcos	2022–2024

Other positions

Name	Office	President served under	Year(s) served
Joseph Estrada	Chairman of the Presidential Anti-Crime Commission	Fidel V. Ramos	1992–1997
Noli De Castro	Chairman of the Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council	Gloria Macapagal Arroyo	2004–2010
Jejomar Binay	Chairman of the Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council	Benigno Aquino III	2010–2015
	Presidential Adviser for Overseas Filipino Workers
Leni Robredo	Chairperson of the Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council	Rodrigo Duterte	2016
	Co-chairperson of the Inter-Agency Committee on Anti-Illegal Drugs		2019

List of vice presidents by age

No.	President	Born	Age at start of vice presidency	Age at end of presidency	Post-vice presidency timespan	Lifespan
						Died	Age
1	Sergio Osmeña	September 9, 1878	57 years, 2 months, 7 days November 15, 1935	65 years, 10 months, 23 days August 1, 1944	17 years, 2 months, 8 days	October 19, 1961	83 years, 47 days
2	Elpidio Quirino	November 16, 1890	55 years, 6 months, 12 day May 28, 1946	57 years, 5 months, 1 day April 17, 1948	9 years, 9 month, 1 days	February 29, 1956	65 years, 105 days
3	Fernando Lopez	April 13, 1904	45 years, 8 months, 17 days December 30, 1949	49 years old, 8 months, 17 days December 30, 1953	16 years, 0 month, 0 days	May 26, 1993	89 years, 43 days
4	Carlos P. Garcia	November 4, 1896	57 years, 1 months, 26 days December 30, 1953	60 years, 5 months, 14 days March 18, 1957	14 years, 2 months, 27 days	June 14, 1971	74 years, 222 days
5	Diosdado Macapagal	September 28, 1910	47 years, 3 months, 2 days December 30, 1957	51 years, 3 months, 2 days December 30, 1961	35 years, 3 months, 28 days	April 21, 1997	86 years, 205 days
6	Emmanuel Pelaez	November 30, 1915	46 years, 1 month, 0 day December 30, 1961	50 years, 1 month, 0 day December 30, 1965	37 years, 6 months, 27 days	July 27, 2003	87 years, 239 days
7	Fernando Lopez	April 13, 1904	59 years, 5 months, 5 days December 30, 1965	68 years, 5 months, 10 days September 23, 1972	20 years, 8 months, 5 days	May 26, 1993	89 years, 43 days
8	Salvador Laurel	November 18, 1928	57 years old, 3 months, 7 days February 25, 1986	63 years old, 7 months, 12 days June 30, 1992	11 years, 6 month, 28 days	January 27, 2004	75 years, 70 days
9	Joseph Estrada	April 19, 1937	55 years, 2 months, 17 days June 30, 1992	61 years, 2 months, 11 days June 30, 1998	(Living)	(Living)	87 years, 209 days
10	Gloria Macapagal Arroyo	April 5, 1947	51 years, 2 months, 25 days June 30, 1998	53 years, 9 months, 15 days January 20, 2001	(Living)	(Living)	77 years, 223 days
11	Teofisto Guingona Jr.	July 4, 1928	72 years, 7 months, 3 days February 7, 2001	75 years, 11 months, 26 days June 30, 2004	(Living)	(Living)	96 years, 133 days
12	Noli De Castro	July 6, 1949	54 years, 11 months, 24 days June 30, 2004	60 years, 11 months, 24 days June 30, 2010	(Living)	(Living)	75 years, 131 days
13	Jejomar Binay	November 11, 1942	67 years, 7 months, 19 days June 30, 2010	73 years, 7 months, 19 days June 30, 2016	(Living)	(Living)	82 years, 3 days
14	Leni Robredo	April 23, 1965	51 years, 2 months, 7 days June 30, 2016	57 years, 2 months, 10 days June 30, 2022	(Living)	(Living)	59 years, 205 days
15	Sara Duterte	May 31, 1978	44 years, 0 month, 30 days June 30, 2022	(Incumbent)	(Incumbent)	(Living)	46 years, 167 days

See also

• President of the Philippines
• List of presidents of the Philippines
• Prime Minister of the Philippines (defunct)

Notes

1. Succeeded to the presidency.
2. Under the 1935 Constitution, a vacancy in the vice presidency could not be filled.
3. Affiliated with the Nacionalista Party.
4. The 1973 Constitution did not provide for a vice president.
5. The 1973 Constitution was amended in 1984 to restore the vice presidency, but an election was not called until 1986.
6. In the 1986 vice presidential election, Arturo Tolentino was declared the winner by the Batasang Pambansa and the Commission on Elections, while Salvador Laurel was declared the winner by the National Citizens' Movement for Free Elections. The fraudulent conduct and disputed result of the election led to the People Power Revolution.
7. Affiliated with UNIDO at election until 1988.
8. Affiliated with Lakas–NUCD.
9. Affiliated with LAMMP.
10. Affiliated with Lakas–CMD.
11. Affiliated with the Liberal Party.
12. Affiliated with the PDP–Laban.
13. Affiliated with Partido Federal ng Pilipinas.
14. Affiliated with both Lakas–CMD and Hugpong ng Pagbabago at election; resigned from Lakas–CMD on May 19, 2023.
15. Allied with the Magdalo faction of the revolutionary society Katipunan.
16. Term ended with his capture by the American Forces.

References

1. Rappler (b) (2021).
2. ABS-CBN news (2016).
3. Constitution of the Philippines (1935)  § Article VII: Executive Department
4. Ooi (2004), p. 387.
5. Vice president of the Philippines.
6. Vellut (1964), p. 128.
7. BBC News (2016).
8. "Resolution Clarifying the Issue of Legitimacy of the Vice-Presidentcy of Arturo Tolentino in the 1986 Snap Elections" (PDF). National Historical Commission of the Philippines. March 11, 2023. Retrieved January 25, 2024.
9. Constitution of the Philippines (1987)   § Article VII: Executive Department
10. The Wall Street Journal (2001).
11. Tehran Times (2001).
12. Santos, Sammy. "Tito quits Lakas over slow reforms". Philstar.com. Retrieved January 23, 2024.
13. Zaide (1999), pp. 348–349.
14. Zaide (1999), p. 357.
15. Zaide (1999), p. 361.
16. Vice president of the Philippines; De Guzman & Reforma (1988), p. 42, 118; St. Louis Star-Times (1935); The Caledonian-Record (1935); Zaide (1999), p. 319.
17. Vice president of the Philippines; De Guzman & Reforma (1988), p. 119–120; Spokane Chronicle (1946); The Courier-Journal (1948); Zaide (1999), p. 353.
18. Vice president of the Philippines; The Californian (1949); Senate of the Philippines (a).
19. Vice president of the Philippines; De Guzman & Reforma (1988), p. 120; The Spokesman-Review (1953); Fort Worth Star-Telegram (1957); Zaide (1999), p. 361.
20. Vice president of the Philippines; De Guzman & Reforma (1988), pp. 121–122; The Honolulu Advertiser (1957); Calgary Herald (1961); Zaide (1999), p. 361.
21. Vice president of the Philippines; Guam Daily News (1961); Senate of the Philippines (b); Zaide (1999), p. 362.
22. Vice president of the Philippines; Chicago Tribune (1965); Senate of the Philippines (a); Zaide (1999), p. 363.
23. Vice president of the Philippines; Hartford Courant (1986); The Windsor Star (1992); Zaide (1999), p. 400.
24. Vice president of the Philippines; Encyclopædia Britannica & 2021(a); Senate of the Philippines (c); Economic and Political Weekly; Zaide (1999), p. 407.
25. Vice president of the Philippines; Encyclopædia Britannica & 2021(b); Senate of the Philippines (d); Rodell (2002), p. 219; Zaide (1999), p. 411.
26. Vice president of the Philippines; Senate of the Philippines (e); Gulf News (2001).
27. Vice president of the Philippines; Rappler (2021); The New York Times (2004).
28. Vice president of the Philippines; Rappler (2016); The New York Times (2013).
29. Vice president of the Philippines; Rappler (2016); Reuters (2021).
30. Reuters (2022).
31. "Office of the Vice President". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved June 1, 2016.
32. Zaide (1999), p. 247.
33. National Historical Institute of the Philippines.
34. Los Angeles Times (1943); The Decatur Daily (1945).

Works cited

Books and journals

• De Guzman, Raul P.; Reforma, Mila A., eds. (1988). Government and politics of the Philippines. Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0-19-588871-3. LCCN   88001474. OL   2526300M.
• "Joseph Estrada". Economic and Political Weekly . ISSN   0012-9976 . Retrieved November 18, 2021.
• Ooi, Keat Gin (2004). Southeast Asia : A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor. ABC-CLIO. OCLC   1000411290.
• Rodell, Paul A. (2002). "The Philippines: Gloria 'in Excelsis". Southeast Asian Affairs . 2002: 215–236. doi:10.1355/SEAA02M. JSTOR   27913210.
• Vellut, J. L. (1964). "Foreign Relations of the Second Republic of the Philippines, 1943–1945". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies . 5 (1). Cambridge University Press: 126–142. doi:10.1017/S0217781100002246. JSTOR   20067478.
• Zaide, Sonia M. (1999). The Philippines : A Unique Nation. All-Nations Publishing. ISBN   978-971-642-064-7. LCCN   2004420900. OL   3362336M.

Articles

• Cruz, Enrico Dela (June 19, 2022). "Duterte's daughter sworn in as Philippines vice president". Reuters. Retrieved August 10, 2022.
• "Leni Robredo takes oath as 14th VP". ABS-CBNnews.com. June 30, 2016. Retrieved December 19, 2021.
• "How Filipino People Power toppled dictator Marcos". BBC News. February 17, 2016. Retrieved December 19, 2021.
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• "Philippines' Marcos Sworn In". Chicago Tribune . December 30, 1965. Retrieved November 18, 2021– via Newspapers.com.
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• "P.I. Congress Meeting Today To Canvass Election Returns". Guam Daily News . December 12, 1961. Archived from the original on November 18, 2021. Retrieved November 18, 2021– via Newspapers.com.
• Felongco, Gilbert (February 10, 2001). "Guingona sworn in as vice president". Gulf News . Retrieved November 18, 2021.
• Briscoe, David (February 26, 1986). "Aquino's New Challenged: Communism, Popular Expectation". Hartford Courant . Archived from the original on November 18, 2021. Retrieved November 18, 2021– via Newspapers.com.
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• Cupin, Bea (June 27, 2016). "VP to VP: Binay, Robredo meet ahead of inauguration". Rappler. Archived from the original on October 11, 2021. Retrieved November 18, 2021.
• "Powers and Duties: President, Vice President of the Philippines". Rappler. April 27, 2021. Archived from the original on October 15, 2021. Retrieved December 19, 2021.
• Cupin, Bea (November 4, 2021). "After backing out of Senate run, Noli de Castro returns to ABS-CBN". Rappler . Retrieved November 18, 2021.
• Morales, Neil Jerome; Lema, Karen (October 7, 2021). "Philippine Vice President Robredo joins race for president". Reuters. Archived from the original on October 7, 2021. Retrieved November 18, 2021.
• "Tears and Joy as Philippines Become Free". Spokane Chronicle . July 4, 1946. Retrieved November 12, 2021– via Newspapers.com.
• "Philippine's New Regime Launched". St. Louis Star-Times . November 14, 1935. Retrieved November 12, 2021– via Newspapers.com.
• "Arroyo Chooses Guingona as Philippine VP". Tehran Times . February 7, 2001. Retrieved December 19, 2021.
• Wilkins, Ford (November 14, 1935). "Quezon, Philippine Political Genius, President in All But Title Since 1916". The Caledonian-Record . Retrieved November 10, 2021– via Newspapers.com.
• "Filipino President Pledges Nation to Fight Communism". The Californian . December 3, 1949. Retrieved November 14, 2021– via Newspaper.com.
• "President Roxas of Philippines Dies After Speech Assailing Red Aggression". The Courier-Journal . April 16, 1948. Archived from the original on November 12, 2021. Retrieved November 12, 2021– via Newspapers.com.
• "MacArthur in Frank Works Warns Nation". The Decatur Daily . September 16, 1945. Retrieved December 14, 2021– via Newspapers.com.
• "Ball at Royal Hawaiian Hotel To Mark Filipino Inauguration". The Honolulu Advertiser . December 27, 1957. Archived from the original on November 18, 2021. Retrieved November 18, 2021– via Newspapers.com.
• Conde, Carlos H. (June 24, 2004). "Philippine Congress proclaims Arroyo winner" . The New York Times . Retrieved November 18, 2021.
• "Philippines: Rebels Agree to Cease-Fire" . The New York Times . September 13, 2013. Retrieved November 18, 2021.
• "Manila To Hail Third President". The Spokesman-Review . December 30, 1953. Retrieved November 16, 2021– via Newspapers.com.
• "Estrada Resigns as Philippine President; Vice President Is Immediately Sworn In" . The Wall Street Journal . January 20, 2001. Retrieved December 19, 2021.
• Wurfel, David (July 4, 1992). "Ramon Under The Gun As New President". The Windsor Star . Retrieved November 18, 2021– via Newspapers.com.

Online sources

• "Joseph Estrada". Encyclopædia Britannica. April 15, 2021. Archived from the original on November 18, 2021. Retrieved November 18, 2021.
• "Gloria Macapagal Arroyo". Encyclopædia Britannica. April 1, 2021. Archived from the original on November 18, 2021. Retrieved November 18, 2021.
• "Francisco M. Carreón" (PDF). National Historical Institute of the Philippines. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 22, 2009. Retrieved November 22, 2009.
• "The 1935 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines". Archived from the original on May 27, 2020. Retrieved December 19, 2021– via Official Gazette ( This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.)
• "The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines". Archived from the original on January 5, 2019. Retrieved December 19, 2021– via Official Gazette ( This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.)
• "Emmanuel Pelaez". Senate of the Philippines. Archived from the original on November 18, 2021. Retrieved November 18, 2021.
• "Fernando Lopez". Senate of the Philippines. Archived from the original on September 21, 2020. Retrieved November 16, 2021.
• "Gloria Macapagal Arroyo". Senate of the Philippines . Retrieved November 18, 2021.
• "Joseph E. Estrada". Senate of the Philippines . Retrieved November 18, 2021.
• "Teofisto T. Guingona Jr". Senate of the Philippines . Retrieved November 18, 2021.
• "History – The History of the Philippine Vice Presidency – Chronology of Vice Presidents". Vice president of the Philippines . Retrieved November 12, 2021( This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.)