Metropolitan Manila Development Authority

For the disambiguation page, see MMDA.

Metropolitan Manila Development Authority Pangasiwaan sa Pagpapaunlad ng Kalakhang Maynila (Filipino)
Logo of the MMDA [note 1]
Abbreviation	MMDA
Motto	Marangal, Matapat, Disiplinado Ako "[I am] Honorable, Honest, and Disciplined"
Agency overview
Formed	November 5, 1975;49 years ago (1975-11-05)
Annual budget	₱4.78 billion (2020) [1]
Jurisdictional structure
Operations jurisdiction	Philippines
Legal jurisdiction	National Capital Region
Specialist jurisdiction	Highways, roads, and/or traffic.
Operational structure
Headquarters	MMDA Building, Doña Julia Vargas Avenue cor. Molave Street, Ugong, Pasig, Metro Manila, Philippines [2]
Traffic enforcers	2,158 (March 2018) [3]
Agency executives	Usec. Romando S. Artes, Chairperson Frisco S. San Juan Jr., Deputy Chairperson P/Col. Procopio G. Lipana (Ret.), General Manager Atty. Melissa Carunungan, Spokesperson
Parent agency	Office of the President of the Philippines
Website
www.mmda.gov.ph

Map of Metro Manila showing the cities and Municipality of Pateros

The Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA; Filipino : Pangasiwaan sa Pagpapaunlad ng Kalakhang Maynila) is a government agency of the Philippines responsible for constituting the regional government of Metro Manila, comprising the capital city of Manila, the cities of Quezon City, Caloocan, Pasay, Mandaluyong, Makati, Pasig, Marikina, Muntinlupa, Las Piñas, Parañaque, Valenzuela, Malabon, Taguig, Navotas and San Juan, and the municipality of Pateros.

The MMDA is under the direct supervision of the Office of the President of the Philippines. It performs planning, monitoring and coordinative functions, and in the process exercises regulatory and supervisory authority over the delivery of metro-wide services within Metro Manila without diminution of the autonomy of the local government units concerning purely local matters.

The agency is headed by a chairman, who is appointed by, and continues to hold office at the discretion of, the President of the Philippines. The chairman is vested with the rank, rights, privileges, disqualifications, and prohibitions of a cabinet member.

History

Establishment of Metro Manila

The former MMDA headquarters along EDSA and Orense Street in Makati

On November 7, 1975, President Ferdinand Marcos issued Presidential Decree No. 824 creating Metro Manila and its managing public corporation, the Metropolitan Manila Commission (MMC) after the residents of the affected cities and municipalities approved the creation of Metro Manila in a referendum held on February 27, 1975. The move consolidated the Philippine capital Manila and adjacent Quezon City with two cities and twelve municipalities of the province of Rizal and one municipality of the province of Bulacan into Metro Manila and designated Metro Manila as the national capital region of the Philippines. ^[4] Marcos appointed his wife, First Lady Imelda Marcos, as governor ^[5] and Ismael Mathay Jr. as vice governor. ^[6] The office was located in front of the present-day GMA Network at EDSA corner Timog Avenue in Diliman, Quezon City.^{[ citation needed ]} November 7, thus, is marked as the anniversary of both the region and the government body that supervises it, the MMDA.

On May 29, 1976, President Ferdinand Marcos issued Presidential Decree No. 940, restoring the City of Manila as the capital city of the Philippines, and designating Metro Manila as the permanent seat of national government. ^[7]

The MMC became effectively defunct when on January 9, 1990, President Corazon Aquino issued Executive Order No. 392, in accordance to Article 18, Section 8 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution which replaced the commission with the Metropolitan Manila Authority (MMA). ^[8] The Metro Manila mayors will choose from themselves as chairman. Jejomar Binay of the municipality of Makati served as its first chairman. The agency transferred to its office at the intersection of Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (EDSA) and Orense Street in Guadalupe Nuevo, Makati. Binay was followed by Ignacio Bunye of the municipality of Muntinlupa in 1991, Ismael Mathay Jr. of Quezon City in 1992 then Prospero Oreta of the municipality of Malabon in 1994.^{[ citation needed ]}

Since the elected chairman is one of the mayors of Metro Manila, the role to their constituency gave less attention. Thus, the Congress of the Philippines, composed of the Senate and the House of Representatives, passed Republic Act No. 7924 creating the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA) on March 1, 1995. President Fidel V. Ramos appointed former Malabon mayor Prospero Oreta, who did not run in the Malabon municipal election, as the first Chairman of the MMDA in May 1995 and made him independent of the Metro Manila mayors.^{[ citation needed ]}

Current developments

In August 2017, the MMDA has adopted the use of a black beret in order to improve its public image. ^[9] The berets are used by the traffic enforcers under the agency, which alternate these with a black baseball cap.

On May 23, 2022, President Rodrigo Duterte inaugurated the new headquarters of the MMDA at the intersection of Doña Julia Vargas Avenue and Molave Street in Ugong, Pasig. The building was initially conceptualized by a collaboration between former MMDA Chairman Danilo Lim and the Makati chapter of the United Architects of the Philippines in 2018, with the conceptual design being done by architect Daryl Van Abaygar and was constructed by the Robinsons Land Corporation. ^[2]

Divisions

• Highway Patrol Division also part of the Traffic Enforcement Division
• Road Emergency Group
• Traffic Enforcement Division
• Traffic Engineering Center
• Towing Services

Metro Manila Council

A meeting of the Metro Manila Council in June 2016.

The governing board and policy making body of the MMDA is the Metro Manila Council, composed of the mayors of the cities and municipalities.

The heads of the Department of Transportation (DOTr), Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH), Department of Tourism (DOT), Department of Budget and Management (DBM), Department of Human Settlements and Urban Development (DHSUD), and Philippine National Police-National Capital Region Police Office (PNP-NCRPO) or their duly authorized representatives, attend meetings of the council as non-voting members.

The council is the policy-making body of the MMDA.

• It approves metro-wide plans, programs and projects and issues rules, regulations and resolutions deemed necessary by the MMDA.
• It may increase the rate of the allowances and per diems of the members of the council to be effective during the term of the succeeding Council. It fixes the compensation of the officers and personnel of the MMDA, and approves the annual budget thereof for submission to the Department of Budget and Management (DBM).
• It promulgates rules and regulations and sets policies and standards for metro-wide application governing the delivery of basic services, prescribes and collects service and regulatory fees, and imposes and collects fines and penalties.

The new 20-Storey Metropolitan Manila Development Authority Head Office in Pasig City

2023 Metro Manila Film Festival, Romando S. Artes

Agency chairpersons

Main article: Chairperson of the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority

Current Metro Manila Council members

Members of the Metro Manila Council (2022-2025)

MMDA Chairman (Presiding officer)
Usec. Romando S. Artes (Acting)
Mayors
Mayor	Locality
Along Malapitan	Caloocan
Imelda Aguilar	Las Piñas
Abigail Binay	Makati
Jeannie Ng-Sandoval	Malabon
Benjamin Abalos	Mandaluyong
Honey Lacuna	Manila (proper)
Marcelino Teodoro	Marikina
Ruffy Biazon	Muntinlupa
John Rey Tiangco	Navotas
Eric Olivarez	Parañaque
Emi Calixto Rubiano	Pasay
Vico Sotto	Pasig
Miguel Ponce III	Pateros
Joy Belmonte	Quezon City
Francis Zamora	San Juan
Lani Cayetano	Taguig
Wes Gatchalian	Valenzuela

The council consists of voting and non-voting members. Voting members are the mayors of the localities in Metro Manila, as well as the Presidents of the Metro Manila Vice Mayors League and the Metro Manila Councilors League. Non-voting members are representatives by the following who serve as council members ex-officio: ^[10]

• Department of Budget and Management
• Department of Tourism
• Department of Transportation
• Department of Public Works and Highways
• Department of Human Settlements and Urban Development
• and the Philippine National Police National Capital Region Police Office

Transport and traffic management

Traffic jurisdiction

The MMDA has traffic jurisdiction over Metro Manila's ten radial roads, five circumferential roads and other roads it may include to enforce traffic laws and traffic management activities. However, the MMDA has route designations for radial roads and circumferential roads different from the route classifications of the Department of Public Works and Highways due to the MMDA's focus on only major roads and thoroughfares. ^{[11] [12]}

Radial roads

• R-1 Roxas Boulevard (Recto Avenue to NAIA Road)
• R-2 Taft Avenue (Lawton to Redemptorist Road)
• R-3 Osmeña Highway (Quirino Avenue to Sales Interchange)
• R-4 Shaw Boulevard, Victorino Mapa Street, and Paula Sanchez Street (Magsaysay Boulevard to Pasig Boulevard)
• R-5 Ortigas Avenue (Bonny Serrano Avenue to Pasig-Cainta border)
• R-6 Aurora Boulevard and Magsaysay Boulevard (Legarda Street to Katipunan Avenue)
• R-7 España Boulevard, Quezon Avenue, and Commonwealth Avenue (Carlos Palangca to Mindanao Avenue)
• R-8 Andres Bonifacio Avenue (Blumentritt Road to Balintawak Interchange)
• R-9 Rizal Avenue (Carriedo Street to Bonifacio Monument)
• R-10 Radial Road 10 (Recto Avenue to Circumferential Road 4)

Circumferential roads

• C-1 Recto Avenue (Roxas Boulevard to Legarda Street)
• C-2 Lacson Avenue and Quirino Avenue (Roxas Boulevard to Radial Road 10)
• C-3 Gregorio Araneta Avenue and Sergeant Rivera Avenue (N. Domingo Street to Radial Road 10)
• C-4 Circumferential Road 4 (Radial Road 10 to Macapagal Boulevard)
• C-5 Circumferential Road 5 (Commonwealth Avenue to Mindanao Avenue)
• C-6 Laguna Lake Highway

Other major thoroughfares

• A. Mabini Street (Samson Road to C-3 Road)
• Alabang–Zapote Road (Alabang to Quirino Avenue)
• MacArthur Highway (Bonifacio Monument to Valenuzlea-Meycauayan border)
• Marikina–Infanta Highway (Katipunan Avenue to Sumulong Highway)

MMDA Media Stations

MMDA had TV and radio stations sometimes carrying the same brand, MMDA Teleradyo. They ceased on August 17, 2010.

• MMDA Traffic Radio 1206 - Traffic updates can be heard on this station. It was started as a test broadcast on September 24, 2007.
• MMDA TV - Traffic updates are Live Feed by Monitoring Cameras Along the streets of Metro Manila with simulcast over MMDA Traffic Radio 1206. It was started as a test broadcast on August 20, 2008.

To compensate for the closure of these communication mediums, the MMDA turned to social media such as Twitter to broadcast traffic updates to users following them. Live billboards, particularly at EDSA, have been also constructed. The MMDA app for iOS and Android have also been made available for free, broadcasting traffic updates directly.

Pasig River Ferry

Further information: Pasig River Ferry Service

Since 2014, the agency took over the mothballed Pasig River ferry system in anticipation of huge traffic along the metropolis, from the Skyway Stage 3 construction. In reviving the defunct transportation, many of the old ferry stations were reactivated and new vessels purchased. Ridership of the waterway service increased over time since the agency's takeover, with the offering of discounts to students and senior citizens, until these were made totally free of charge. The MMDA intends to continue operating the ferry service until a private investor takes over.

No Physical Contact Policy

Further information: No Contact Apprehension Policy

Since 2003, the MMDA has implemented a No Contact Apprehension Policy in apprehending traffic violators in Metro Manila using traffic enforcement cameras and closed-circuit television to capture violators without the presence of an on-site traffic enforcer.

Mabuhay Lanes

To ease traffic congestion on main roads in Metro Manila, the MMDA under Chairman Francis Tolentino launched Christmas Lanes, marking 17 alternative routes for motorists during the Christmas season of 2014. Since then, they have been renamed as year-round Mabuhay Lanes, designating alternative routes on roads that should be cleared of obstructions at all times. This was underscored by strict parking restrictions, where parked motor vehicles along these priority roads would be immediately towed. ^[13]

Illegal Parking and Towing

The MMDA is tasked to clear obstructions from the roads at all times, and conducts daily clearing operations against stalled and illegally parked vehicles, with subcontracted towing companies. Illegally parked vehicles will be given 5 minutes to leave, and will be towed otherwise. Incapacitated vehicles are almost immediately towed to clear traffic.

Primary and secondary roads, unless with designated parking areas, are considered "No-Parking-Zones".

Footbridges

An MMDA public urinal

Starting from Bayani Fernando's term, the MMDA has constructed elevated pedestrian footbridges in an effort to "provide safe walkways for pedestrians" and promote "faster traffic flow". As of June 2023, a total of 133 footbridges have been built by the MMDA Traffic Engineering Center. ^[14]

However, these footbridges have been criticized for not being accessible to people with disabilities (PWDs), posing dangers to pedestrians due to their steep steps, slippery surfaces, and poor lighting, ^[15] and for prioritizing motor vehicle travel speeds over the convenience and safety of pedestrians. ^[16] To address this, some footbridges have been outfitted with elevators. However, several of these elevators have become notorious for being in a state of disrepair. ^{[17] [18]}

No left turn scheme

Main article: Michigan Left § Philippines

A no left-turn scheme at the intersection of Bonny Serrano Avenue and Katipunan Avenue (part of Circumferential Road 5) in Quezon City, Metro Manila.

The MMDA under Bayani Fernando implemented a "no left-turn" scheme in the early 2000s along several major roads in Metro Manila, prohibiting motor vehicle traffic from turning left at intersections and instead requiring them to make a U-turn at designated U-turn slots and making a right turn after. These U-turn slots were designed to mimic the Michigan left turn design by creating continuous traffic, mitigating bottlenecks caused by traffic light signals. ^[19]

The scheme was controversial due to longer travel time and difficulties in navigating to these U-turn slots. Several academic studies also summarized that the "no left-turn" design was only beneficial under low traffic conditions and minimal lane changing, as the U-turn slots also became congested themselves. ^{[19] [20]} Following the end of Fernando’s term, many of these U-turn slots were closed and left-turning at most intersections was restored, although some still remain along roads such as EDSA, Quezon Avenue, and Circumferential Road 5.

Public Urinals

A short-lived curiosity all around Metro Manila is the pink urinals made popular by Bayani Fernando, which he implemented prominently in Marikina in an effort to curb public urination. They have since been removed, however, with remaining urinal units distributed instead to local government units.

Flood control and sewerage management

Balut Pumping Station in Manila

Pumping Stations

The MMDA operates and maintains several pumping stations in strategic areas of Metro Manila with the aim of mitigating flooding risks, especially during inclement weather. Old pumping stations that previously used diesel engines were upgraded in 2015 to use electric motors. Of the 54 pumping stations across the country, 12 stations have been equipped with new pumps in 2016. ^[21] Additional pumping stations are also being constructed in flood-prone areas as part of the agency's flood mitigation program.

Waterway dredging

Starting with Bayani Fernando's tenure, the Estero Blitz (Waterway Blitz) became an annual waterway clearing operation with emphasis on river dredging activities, particularly at flood-prone areas, to reduce the risk and impact of flooding all over the metropolis. The clearing operation is usually conducted during the dry summer season.

Urban renewal, zoning, and land use planning, and shelter services

Gwapotel

Main article: Gwapotel

The Gwapotel Inn is a cheap hotel run by the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority. ^[22] A second Gwapotel was announced in December, 2007. ^[23]

The Gwapotel along Roxas Boulevard is renamed the MMDA Workers Inn, and operated until 2017. It was closed due to deteriorating structure and will be rehabilitated/transferred at an unspecified date. The Abad Santos Gwapotel has since been converted into their training barracks.

Health

Anti-smoking campaign

The Court of Appeals says the MMDA is not among the government agencies deputized to implement RA 9211 or the Tobacco Regulation Act of 2003. The CA added that the MMDA has no police or legislative power to implement the law. It declared invalid MMDA Resolution No. 11-19, which the agency used as basis to implement its anti-smoking campaign. ^[24]

Public safety

A first metro-wide earthquake drill was conducted on July 30, 2015, to prepare the public in the event of a magnitude 7.2 earthquake. Various government agencies, educational institutions and the private sector participated in the drill spearheaded by the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA). Different scenarios were re-enacted to simulate a destructive earthquake that is expected to happen when the 100-kilometer West Valley Fault moves. ^[25] Buoyed by its success the MMDA has since hosted annual regional drills for the capital.

Criticisms

In the past, such practices were justified by rhetoric that street children need to be 'rescued' from the street. Advocacy groups contend that in seeking to create a beautiful metropolis, the MMDA often treat Metro Manila's urban poor like 'rubbish' on the street. ^[26]

A report from PREDA that was funded by UNICEF, claims inhumane proceedings to caught vagrants. ^[27]

Kamuning footbridge controversy

The controversial Scout Borromeo Street-NIA South Road footbridge along EDSA.

In October 2018, the MMDA constructed a 10 meters (33 ft) high steel pedestrian footbridge in front of the Manuel L. Quezon University along EDSA, near the EDSA-Kamuning intersection in Quezon City. The project's contractor was the BF Corporation, owned by former MMDA chairman Bayani Fernando. ^[28] and was stated to cost around ₱10 million. ^[29]

On October 31, 2018, the footbridge went viral on social media due to its perceived tall height and steepness as it crossed over the MRT-3's tracks, ^[30] The issue also drew attention to other tall footbridges along EDSA in Cubao and Magallanes, as well as a footbridge along Commonwealth Avenue that crosses over the MRT Line 7 at its intersection with Central Avenue as compared to the footbridge in the Kamuning area, these were not only much shorter in height but also wider and made out of cement. ^[30]

In a statement, the MMDA defended the design, with MMDA General Manager Jojo Garcia claiming that the footbridge is meant to deter people from jaywalking across EDSA by giving "healthy" people an option to cross EDSA there instead of at the nearby Kamuning intersection. Garcia also suggested that the addition of elevators and escalators to remedy the steepness, but cites that there is no budget for it yet. ^[28] The MMDA clarified that the height of the footbridge was designed to conform to the 5 meters (16 ft) vertical clearance from the at-grade MRT-3's overhead catenary wires on the EDSA median. The MMDA also defended its frequent use of steel materials for footbridges, stating that it makes construction "easier" and cuts down on construction costs. ^[28]

Later in November, the footbridge was slightly redesigned to include an additional landing to remedy the steepness of the steps. The footbridge was later opened to the public on November 27. ^[29]

The footbridge received attention again in June 2022 after the consul general of the Netherlands in San Francisco, Dirk Janssen, tweeted an old image of the footbridge on June 25, 2022, stating in Spanish that the footbridge shows "no better way to make it clear to pedestrians that they don't matter." As the tweet went viral, he called out policymakers in the Philippines for being "heartless" and having "no regard for pedestrian and commuter rights, much less for human rights". ^[31]

See also

• Department of Transportation
• Department of Public Works and Highways
• Department of Tourism
• Department of Budget and Management
• Department of Public Works and Highways
• Department of Human Settlements and Urban Development
• Philippine National Police
• Metro Manila
• Office of the President
• Pasig river rehabilitation
• Metro Manila Dream Plan ^[32]

Notes

1. The logo features a royal blue circle with the text "Metropolitan Manila Development Authority" underneath a golden half sun. The Manila City Hall and the buildings of Makati were superimposed on the first letter M of the wordmark. The colors of the logo are patterned after the flag of the Philippines.

References

1. Aika Rey (January 8, 2020). "Where will the money go?". Rappler . Retrieved May 29, 2020.
2. "This is the MMDA's new 20-story headquarters in Pasig City". Top Gear Philippines . Retrieved June 7, 2022.
3. Ramirez, Robertzon (March 1, 2018). "MMDA lacks traffic enforcers". The Philippine Star. Retrieved August 10, 2018.
4. Presidential Decree No. 824, s. 1975 (November 7, 1975), "Creating Metropolitan Manila and the Metropolitan Manila Commission and for other Purposes", Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines, retrieved November 26, 2016
5. Seagrave, Sterling (1988). The Marcos dynasty. HarperCollins. p. 259.
6. Mijares, Primitivo (2017). The Conjugal Dictatorship of Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos. Ateneo de Manila University Press. pp. 147–148. ISBN   9789715508117. OCLC   1020636692.
7. Presidential Decree No. 940 (May 29, 1976), Establishing Manila as the capital of the Philippines and as the permanent seat of the National Government
8. Executive Order No. 392, s. 1990 (January 9, 1990), "Constituting the Metropolitan Manila Authority, Providing for its Powers and Functions and for other Purposes", Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines, retrieved November 26, 2016
9. "MMDA enforcers get black berets". The Philippine STAR . Retrieved August 12, 2017.
10. "METROPOLITAN MANILA DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY RULES AND REGULATIONS IMPLEMENTING R. A. 7924, THE LAW CREATING THE METROPOLITAN MANILA DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY". Metropolitan Manila Development Authority. June 8, 1996. Retrieved February 5, 2017.
11. MMDA Resolution No. 16-12-A (Map). Metropolitan Manila Development Authority . Retrieved March 8, 2024– via Twitter.
12. "MMDA issues regulation on 60km/h speed limit in Metro Manila". AutoIndustriya.com . April 5, 2019. Retrieved April 2, 2024.
13. "MMDA creates 17 Mabuhay 'express' lanes for 2015". Rappler . September 9, 2015. Retrieved July 9, 2023.
14. "Highlights of Accomplishment Report - 2023 First Semester" (PDF). Metropolitan Manila Development Authority . 2023. Retrieved January 24, 2023.
15. Quiambao, Christina (July 21, 2022). "How's your commute? A journey from the perspective of a visually impaired person". ABS-CBN News . Retrieved August 4, 2022.
16. Luna, Franco (May 27, 2020). "Advocates ask DOTr: Are PWDs part of EDSA bus plan design?". The Philippine Star . Retrieved August 4, 2022.
17. Esplanada, Jerry (October 9, 2013). "DPWH to put P3.2-M elevators at P30-M Philcoa footbridge". Philippine Daily Inquirer . Retrieved January 24, 2024.
18. Mabaya, Dekey [@DekeyMabaya] (January 16, 2024). "Magallanes Interchange, a most unholy place for people outside of cars. PWD/Senior? Broken elevator sa footbridge, walang at-grade crossing. Cars? Oh here's 6 car lanes, flyovers, interchanges, access to a Skyway ramp, on-off ramps to EDSA just for you. And yet, traffic pa rin?" (Tweet). Retrieved January 24, 2024– via Twitter.
19. Villarete, Nigel (July 17, 2014). "Understanding U-turn slots". The Philippine Star . Retrieved January 8, 2023.
20. Chanco, Boo (August 24, 2007). "The U-turns of Bayani Fernando". The Philippine Star . Retrieved January 8, 2023.
21. "MMDA Gears Up For Upcoming Rainy Season". CarBay Philippines. Retrieved June 7, 2016.
22. Inquirer.net, MMDA's ‘Gwapotel’ a big hit with transients
23. manilabulletin.com, Abandoned Tondo hospital to be turned into second ‘Gwapotel’
24. "MMDA has 'no power' to enforce anti-smoking campaign". Rappler.
25. "IN PHOTOS: 2015 Metro Manila Shake Drill". Inquirer.net.
26. http://www.bahaytuluyan.org/news/indiscriminate_rescue_of_street_children_in_the_city_of_manila_28_january_2008.pdf Archived 2010-11-28 at the Wayback Machine Sagip or Huli? The indiscriminant 'rescue' of Manila's street children
27. "Preda Foundation, Inc. NEWS/ARTICLES: "Rescued Filipino street kids still abused"". Archived from the original on September 9, 2012. Retrieved June 11, 2010.
28. Adel, Rosette (November 6, 2018). "MMDA: Elevated EDSA-Kamuning footbridge not meant for everyone". The Philippine Star . Retrieved August 4, 2022.
29. Madarang, Catalina (November 26, 2018). "Redesigned Kamuning footbridge earns new batch of disapprovals". InterAksyon . Retrieved August 4, 2022.
30. Malasig, Jeline (October 31, 2018). "Unfinished EDSA footbridge already making commuters dizzy". InterAksyon . Retrieved August 4, 2022.
31. Malasig, Jeline (June 27, 2022). "Elevated footbridge along EDSA-Kamuning earns diplomat's attention anew". InterAksyon . Retrieved August 4, 2022.
32. "Philippines Government Adopts Manila Transport Plan Based on JICA Study:Plan aims to cut traffic congestion, air pollution and excessive burden on the poor" (Press release). Japan International Cooperation Agency. September 25, 2014. Retrieved October 7, 2014.

External links

• Media related to Metropolitan Manila Development Authority at Wikimedia Commons
• Metropolitan Manila Development Authority