Treaty of 1818

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Treaty of 1818
Convention respecting fisheries, boundary, and the restoration of slaves
U.S. Territorial Acquisitions.png
United States territorial border changes
TypeBilateral treaty
ContextTerritorial cession
SignedOctober 20, 1818
Location London, United Kingdom
EffectiveJanuary 30, 1819
Signatories
Depositary Government of the United Kingdom
LanguagesEnglish
Full text
Wikisource-logo.svg Treaty of 1818 at Wikisource

The Convention respecting fisheries, boundary and the restoration of slaves, also known as the London Convention, Anglo-American Convention of 1818, Convention of 1818, or simply the Treaty of 1818, is an international treaty signed in 1818 between the United States and the United Kingdom. This treaty resolved standing boundary issues between the two nations. The treaty allowed for joint occupation and settlement of the Oregon Country, known to the British and in Canadian history as the Columbia District of the Hudson's Bay Company, and including the southern portion of its sister district New Caledonia.

Contents

The two nations agreed to a boundary line involving the 49th parallel north, in part because a straight-line boundary would be easier to survey than the pre-existing boundaries based on watersheds. The treaty marked both the United Kingdom's last permanent major loss of territory in what is now the Continental United States and the United States' first permanent significant cession of North American territory to a foreign power, the second being the Webster–Ashburton Treaty of 1842. The British ceded all of Rupert's Land south of the 49th parallel and east of the Continental Divide, including all of the Red River Colony south of that latitude, while the United States ceded the northernmost edge of the Missouri Territory north of the 49th parallel.

Provisions

Portrait of Frederick Robinson by Thomas Lawrence Frederick John Robinson, 1st Earl of Ripon by Sir Thomas Lawrence.jpg
Portrait of Frederick Robinson by Thomas Lawrence

The treaty name is variously cited as "Convention respecting fisheries, boundary, and the restoration of slaves", [1] "Convention of Commerce (Fisheries, Boundary and the Restoration of Slaves)", [2] and "Convention of Commerce between His Majesty and the United States of America". [3] [4]

History

Albert Gallatin (1848 photograph) AlbertGallatin.jpeg
Albert Gallatin (1848 photograph)

The treaty was negotiated for the US by Albert Gallatin, ambassador to France, and Richard Rush, minister to the UK; and for the UK by Frederick John Robinson, Treasurer of the Royal Navy and member of the privy council, and Henry Goulburn, an undersecretary of state. [4] The treaty was signed on October 20, 1818. Ratifications were exchanged on January 30, 1819. [1] The Convention of 1818, along with the Rush–Bagot Treaty of 1817, marked the beginning of improved relations between the British Empire and its former colonies, and paved the way for more positive relations between the US and Canada although repelling a US invasion was a defense priority in Canada until 1928. [6]

Despite the relatively friendly nature of the agreement, it resulted in a fierce struggle for control of the Oregon Country for the following two decades. The British-chartered Hudson's Bay Company, having previously established a trading network centered on Fort Vancouver on the lower Columbia River, with other forts in what is now eastern Washington and Idaho as well as on the Oregon Coast and in Puget Sound, undertook a harsh campaign to restrict encroachment by US fur traders to the area. By the 1830s, the policy of discouraging settlement was undercut to some degree by the actions of John McLoughlin, Chief Factor of the Hudson's Bay Company at Fort Vancouver, who regularly provided relief and welcome to US immigrants who had arrived at the post over the Oregon Trail.

By the mid-1840s, the tide of US immigration, as well as a US political movement to claim the entire territory, led to a renegotiation of the agreement. The Oregon Treaty in 1846 permanently established the 49th parallel as the boundary between the United States and British North America to the Pacific Ocean.[ citation needed ]

See also

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References

  1. 1 2 United States Department of State (2007-11-01). Treaties In Force: A List of Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States in Force on November 1, 2007. Section 1: Bilateral Treaties (PDF). Compiled by the Treaty Affairs Staff, Office of the Legal Adviser, U.S. Department of State. (2007 ed.). Washington, DC. p. 320. Retrieved 2008-05-23.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  2. Lauterpacht, Elihu, et al., ed. (2004). "Consolidated Table of Treaties, Volumes 1-125" (PDF). In Elihu Lauterpacht; C. J. Greenwood; A. G. Oppenheimer; Karen Lee. (eds.). International Law Reports. Cambridge University Press. p. 8. ISBN   0-521-80779-4 . Retrieved 2006-03-27.{{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. 1 2 3 LexUM (2000). "Convention of Commerce between His Majesty and the United States of America.--Signed at London, 20th October, 1818". Canado-American Treaties. University of Montreal. Archived from the original on April 11, 2009. Retrieved 2006-03-27.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  4. 1 2 LexUM (1999). "CUS 1818/15 Subject: Commerce". Canado-American Treaties. University of Montreal. Archived from the original on March 25, 2009. Retrieved 2006-03-27.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  5. Article on "The Convention of 1815", The Marine Journal, June 3, 1922
  6. Preston, Richard A. The Defence of the Undefended Border: Planning for War in North America 1867–1939, McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1977