Treaty of Fond du Lac

The Treaty of Fond du Lac may refer to either of two treaties made and signed in Duluth, Minnesota between the United States and the Ojibwe (Chippewa) Native American peoples.

1826 Treaty of Fond du Lac

The first treaty of Fond du Lac was signed by Lewis Cass and Thomas L. McKenney for the United States and representatives of the Ojibwe of Lake Superior and the Mississippi on August 5, 1826, proclaimed on February 7, 1827, and codified in the United States Statutes at Large as 7  Stat.   290. The Ojibwe chiefs who were not in attendance to the First Treaty of Prairie du Chien agreed to its adhesion. The Ojibwe Nations granted to the United States the rights to minerals exploration and mining within Ojibwe lands located north of the Prairie du Chien Line. Provisions were also made for the Ojibwe living about Saint Mary's River. As addenda to this treaty, arrest warrants to certain individuals living outside the jurisdiction of the United States were issued and land grants to the Métis were made.

Signatories

#	Location	Recorded name	Name (Translation/"Alias")
01	St. Marys	Shin-gau-ba Was-sin	Zhingaabewasin (Image Stone) [lower-alpha 1]
02	St. Marys	She-wau-be-ke-toan	Zhiiwaabikitoon (Jingles)
03	St. Marys	Way-ish-kee
04	St. Marys	Shee-gud	Miishigaad (Hairy Leg)
05	St. Croix Band	Pee-zhick-ee	Bizhiki (Buffalo)
06	St. Croix Band	No-den	Noodin (Wind) [lower-alpha 2]
07	St. Croix Band	Na-gwun-a-bee	Negwanebi ("Tallest" [Quill]feather)
08	St. Croix Band	Kau-be-map-pa	Gaa-biimabi (He that sits to the side/"Wet Mouth")
09	St. Croix Band	Chau-co-pee	Zhaagobe (Six) ("Jack-O-Pa")
10	St. Croix Band	Jau-beance	[A]yaabens (Little Buck)
11	St. Croix Band	Ul-tau-wau [lower-alpha 3]	Odaawaa (Trader/"Ottawa")
12	St. Croix Band	My-een-gun-sheens	Ma'iinganzhiins (Little Bad-Wolf)
13	St. Croix Band	Moa-so-mo-nee	Máza-máni (Ironwalker) [lower-alpha 4]
14	St. Croix Band	Muck-u-day peenaas	Makade-bines (Black Bird)
15	St. Croix Band	Shee-wee-tau-gun	Zhiiwitaagan (Salt)
16	La Pointe Band	Pee-xhick-ee	Bizhiki (Buffalo)
17	La Pointe Band	Kee-mee-wun	Gimiwan (Rain)
18	La Pointe Band	Kau-bu-zo-way
19	La Pointe Band	Wy-au-wee-nind	Wayaa-wiinind (One Who Will Be Named)
20	La Pointe Band	Pee-kwauk-wo-to-an-se-kay	Bikwaakodowaanzige (Ball of Dye)
21	Lac Courte Oreilles Band	Pay-baum-ik-o-way
22	Lac du Flambeau Band	Gitshee Waubeeshaans	Gichi-waabizhesh (Big Marten)
23	Lac du Flambeau Band	Moa-zo-nee	Moozonii (Moose People)
24	Lac du Flambeau Band	Git-shee Mi-gee-zee	Gichi-migizi (Great Eagle)
25	Lac du Flambeau Band	Mi-zhau-quot	Mizhakwad (Clear Sky)
26	Ontonagon	Keesh-kee-to-wug	Giishkitawag (Cut Ear)
27	Ontonagon	Pee-nay-see	Binesi (Bird)
28	Ontonagon	Mau-tau-gu-mee	Madaagami (Choppy Waters)
29	Ontonagon	Kwee-wee-zais-ish	Gwiiwizhenzhish (Bad Boy)
30	Vermilion Lake	At-tick-o-ans	Adikoons (Little Elk)
31	Vermilion Lake	Gy-ut-shee-in-i-nee	Gayaachiinh-inini (Small Man)
32	Vermilion Lake	Jauk-way	[O]jaakwe (Has a Soul)
33	Vermilion Lake	Mad-wag-ku-na-gee-zhig-waab
34	Vermilion Lake	Jau-ko-gee-zhig-waish-kun	Jaagogiizhigweshkang (Treads Against the Sky)
35	Vermilion Lake	Nee-zbo-day [lower-alpha 5]	Niizhoodenh (Twin)
36	Vermilion Lake	Nun-do-chee-ais
37	Vermilion Lake	O-gee-mau-gee-gid
38	Vermilion Lake	An-nee-mee-kees	Animikiins (Little Thunder)
39	Ontonagon	Kau-waish-kung	Gaaweshkaang (Moves Homeward)
40	Ontonagon	Mau-tau-gu-mee	Madaagami (Choppy Waters)
41	Snake River	Way-mit-te-goash	Wemitigoozh (Frenchman)
42	Snake River	Isk-quag-wun-aa-bee	Ishkwaagwanebi (End [Quill]feather)
43	Snake River	Mee-gwun-aus	Miigwanens (Little Feather)
44	Lac du Flambeau Band	Pa-moos-say	Bemose (Walking)
45	Lac du Flambeau Band	May-tau-koos-ee-gay	Metaakozige ([Smokes] Pure Tobacco) [lower-alpha 6]
46	Rainy Lake	Aa-nub-kum-ig-ish-kunk [lower-alpha 7]	Aanakamigishkaang ([Traces of] Foot Prints [upon the Ground])
47	Sandy Lake Band	O-sau-mem-i-kee	Ozaawinimikii (Yellow Thunder)
48	Sandy Lake Band	Git-shee Way-mir-tee-go-ost [lower-alpha 8]	Gichi-wemitigoozh (Big Frenchman)
49	Sandy Lake Band	Paa-shu-nin-leel [lower-alpha 9]	Beshaa-inini (Striped-man)
50	Sandy Lake Band	Wau-zhus-ko-kok	Wazhashkokon (Muskrat's Liver)
51	Sandy Lake Band	Nit-um-o-gau-bow-ee	Netamigaabawi (Stands First)
52	Sandy Lake Band	Wat-tap	Wadab (Spunk)
53	Fond du Lac Band	Shin-goop	Zhingob (Spruce)
54	Fond du Lac Band	Mon-e-to-gee-zi-so-ans	Manidoo-giiziswens (Little Sun-Spirit)
55	Fond du Lac Band	Mong-a-zid	Maangozid (Loon's Foot)
56	Fond du Lac Band	Ma-ne-to-gee-zhig	Manidoo-giizhig (Sky Spirit)
57	Fond du Lac Band	O-jau-nee-mau-son
58	Fond du Lac Band	Mis-kwau-tais	Miskwaades ([Painted] Turtle)
59	Fond du Lac Band	Nau-bu-nay-ger-zhig	Nabane-giizhig (One-side of the Sky)
60	Fond du Lac Band	Un-nau-wau-bun-daun	Aanawaabandan (Look in Despair)
61	Fond du Lac Band	Pau-tau-bay
62	Fond du Lac Band	Mi-gee-see	Migizi (Eagle)
63	Ontonagon	Waub-ish-kee-pee-naas	Waabishki-bines (White Bird)
64	Ontonagon	Tweesh-tweesh-kee-way	Jwiichwiishkiwenh (Plover)
65	Ontonagon	Kun-de-kund	Okandikan (Bouy)
66	Ontonagon	O-guh-bay-au-nuh-quot-way-bee	Ogabe-aanakwadwebi (Sit Upon The Cloud's End)
67	Ontonagon	Pay-bau-mau-sing	Bebaamaasing (Blown About)
68	Ontonagon	Keesh-kee-mun	Giishkimon (Whetstone/"Sharpened Knife")
69	Crow Wing River	Mau-gu-gau-bo-wie
70	Crow Wing River	Pu-dud	Pítad (Muskrat's Liver) [lower-alpha 10]
71	Crow Wing River	Naug-du-nosh [lower-alpha 11]	Naaganaash (Leads by the Wind)
72	Crow Wing River	O-zhus-kuck-oen	Wazhashkokon (Muskrat's Liver)
73	Crow Wing River	Waub-o-gee	Waabojiig (White Fisher)
74	Crow Wing River	Saw-ba-nosh
75	Crow Wing River	Kee-way-den	Giiwedin (North [Wind])
76	Crow Wing River	Git-shee-mee-win-i-nee
77	Crow Wing River	Wy-nu-nee
78	Crow Wing River	O-bu-mau-gee-zhig
79	Crow Wing River	Pay-bou-mid-gee-wung	Bebaamijiwang (Meandering Current)
80	Crow Wing River	Mau-gee-gau-bou	Maajigaabawi (Starts to Stand/"Stepping Ahead")
81	Crow Wing River	Pay-bau-mo-gee-zhig	Bebaamogiizhig (Sky Rambling)
82	Crow Wing River	Kau-be-map-pa	Gaa-bimabi (He that sits to the side)
83	Crow Wing River	Way-mit-te-goa-zhu	Wemitigoozhi (Frenchman)
84	Crow Wing River	On-ju-pe-naas	Aanji-bines (Changing Bird)
85	Crow Wing River	Mad-way-os-sin	Madwewasin (Hears Stones)

1847 Treaty of Fond du Lac

Land ceded by the treaty of Fond du Lac in 1847, designated 268 (green) on the map.

The second treaty of Fond du Lac was signed by Issac A. Verplank and Henry Mower Rice for the United States and representatives of the Ojibwe of Lake Superior and the Mississippi on August 2, 1847, proclaimed on April 7, 1848, and codified as 9  Stat.   904. This treaty ceded lands in a triangular area west of the Mississippi River, bounded by the Prairie du Chien Line, Mississippi River, Crow Wing River and Long Prairie River.

According to the oral histories of the Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe, representatives from the Ho-Chunk Nation negotiated with the Lake Superior and Mississippi Chippewas before treaty discussions with the United States took place to guarantee the safety of the Ho-Chunk Nation which was about to be displaced from the Neutral Ground with the admission of much of Iowa Territory into the Union as the State of Iowa, in their Treaty of Washington (1846). The Ho-Chunk were supposed to be removed to the land ceded by the two 1847 Ojibwe treaties along the Long Prairie River (now in Minnesota). Many refused. Some fled to Wisconsin and some to Nebraska. The balance were removed to Minnesota in 1848 and a second removal occurred in 1850 which brought in another portion of the Ho-Chunk to the area. Due to frequent skirmishes by Ojibwe and Dakota bands against one another the Ho-Chunk could not avoid being attacked at times. The Ho-Chunk were unhappy with the land and were eventually relocated to an area near the Blue Earth River in southern Minnesota in 1855. After the Dakota rose up against whites in 1862 and the U.S.-Dakota war caused depopulation of southern Minnesota, many remaining Minnesota citizens were in no mood to allow the Ho-Chunk Nation to remain in the state, despite their neutrality during the hostilities. The Winnebago subsequently ceded their Minnesota lands to the United States per Treaty of Washington (1865) for relocation to South Dakota and then Nebraska. Meanwhile, the Ojibwe land ceded in 1847 remained in U.S. government hands and was eventually opened up to white settlement.

Signatories

#	Location	Recorded Name	Name (Translation/"Alias")	Title
1	Crow Wing	Kai-ah-want-e-da [lower-alpha 12]	Gaa-dawaabide (Cracked Tooth/"Broken Tooth")	2d chief
2	Gull Lake	Waub-o-jceg [lower-alpha 13]	Waabojiig (White Fisher)	1st chief
3	Crow Wing	Ut-tom-auh	Odaawaa (Ottawa)	1st warrior
4	Crow Wing	Shen-goob	Zhingob (Spruce)	1st warrior
5	Gull Lake	Que-wish-an-sish	Gwiiwizhenzhish (Bad Boy)	1st warrior
6	Crow Wing	Maj-c-gah-bon [lower-alpha 14]	Maajigaabaw (Start to Stand)	2d warrior
7	Crow Wing	Kag-gag-c-we-guon [lower-alpha 15]	Gaagaagiwigwan (Raven's Feather)	warrior
8	Crow Wing	Mab uk-um-ig [lower-alpha 16]	Waabakamig (White Ground)	warrior
9	Sandy Lake Band	Nag-aun-cg-a-bon [lower-alpha 17]	Naagaanigaabaw (Stand in Front)	2d chief
10	Sandy Lake Band	Wan-jc-ke-shig-uk [lower-alpha 18]	Wenji-giizhigak (From the Sky)	chief
11	Sandy Lake Band	Kow-az-rum-ig-ish-kung [lower-alpha 19]	[I]kaadekamigishkang (Earth Opens)	warrior
12	La Pointe Band	Ke-che-wask-keenk	Gichi-weshkiinh (Great Renewer)	1st chief
13	St. Croix Lake	Gab-im-ub-be	Gaa-biimabi (He that sits to the side/"Wet Mouth")	chief
14	Pelican Lakes	Kee-che-waub-ish-ash	Gichi-waabizhesh (Big Marten)	1st chief
15	Pelican Lakes	Nig-gig	Nigig (Otter)	2d chief
16	Lac du Flambeau Band	Ud-c-kum-ag [lower-alpha 20]	Adikameg (Whitefish)	2d chief
17	La Pointe Band	Ta-che-go-onk [lower-alpha 21]	Jechiikwii'o (Snipe)	3d chief
18	La Pointe Band	Muk-no-a-wuk-und [lower-alpha 22]	Makadewaanakwad (Black Cloud)	warrior
19	St. Croix Band	O-sho-gaz	Ashagens (Little Heron)	warrior
20	La Pointe Band	A-dow-c-re-shig [lower-alpha 23]	Edaawi-giizhig (Both Ends of the Sky)	warrior
21	La Pointe Band	Keesh-ri-tow-ng [lower-alpha 24]	Giishkitawag (Cut Ear)	1st warrior
22	Rice Lake Band	I-aub-ans	Ayaabens (Little Buck)	chief
23	La Pointe Band	Tug-wany-am-az [lower-alpha 25]	Dagwagaane (Two Lodges Meet)	2d chief
24	Ontonagon Band	O-rum-de-kun [lower-alpha 26]	Okandikan (Bouy)	chief
25	Ontonagon	Keesh-re-tow-no [lower-alpha 27]	Giishkitawag (Cut Ear)	2d chief
26	Pokegama	Maj-c-wo-we-clung [lower-alpha 28]	Maajiwewidang (Starts Speaking)	2d chief
27	Pokegama	Ke-che-wa-mib-co-osk [lower-alpha 29]	Gichi-wemitigoozh (Big Frenchman)	1st chief
28	Fond du Lac Band	Mongo-o-sit	Maangozid (Loon's Foot)	3d chief
29	Fond du Lac Band	Mug-un-ub [lower-alpha 30]	Naagaanab (Foremost Sitter)	2d chief
30	Fond du Lac Band	An-im-as-ung	Enimaasing (Sails Away)	1st warrior
31	Chippewa River	Waub-ish-ashe	Waabizheshi (Marten)	1st chief
32	Chippewa River	Make-cen-gun [lower-alpha 31]	Ma'iingan (Wolf)	2d chief
33	Lac Courte Oreilles Band	Kee-wan-see	[A]kiwenzii (Old Man)	chief
34	Puk-wa-wun	Ten-as-see [lower-alpha 32]	Binesi (Bird)	chief
35	Lac Courte Oreilles Band	Nag-an-is	Naagaaniz (Leader)	2d chief
36	Puk-wa-wun	Ke-chi-in-in-e	Gichi-inini (Big Man)	1st warrior
37	Turtle Portage	Ke-che-now-uj-c-nim	Gichi-naawajiwan (Big Midst the Rapids)	chief
38	Lac du Flambeau Band	Bus-e-guin-jis	Bazigwinjiz (Arise)	warrior
39	Fond du Lac Band	Shin-goob	Zhingob (Spruce)	1st chief
40	Grand Portage Band	Shay-u-ash-cens [lower-alpha 33]	Zhaaganaashiins (Little Englishman)	1st chief
41	Grand Portage Band	Ud-ik-ons	Adikoons (Little Elk)	2d chief
42	La Pointe Band	Me-zye	Mizay (Eel)	4th chief
43	L'Anse Band		David King	1st chief
44	L'Anse Band	Ma-tak-o-se-ga	Metaakozige ([Smokes] Pure Tobacco)	1st warrior
45	L'Anse Band	Assurcens [lower-alpha 34]	Asiniins (Little Rock)	2d warrior
46	L'Anse Band		Peter Marksman	chief
47			Alexander Corbin	chief
48		William W. W. Warren	William W. Warren	1st chief
49		Jno. Pta. Rellenger	Jean-Baptise Reyergé
50			Charles Charlo
51	Lac Courte Oreilles Half-breeds	Battiste Gauthier	Baptiste Gauthier	Chief
52	La Pointe Band Half-breeds		Vincent Roy	Chief
53	La Pointe Band Half-breeds	John Btse. Cadotte	Jean-Baptise Cadotte	Warrior
54	La Pointe Band Half-breeds		Lemo Sayer	2d chief
55	La Pointe Band Half-breeds	Jhn. Btse. Roy	Jean-Baptise Roy	Warrior
56	La Pointe Band Half-breeds	Michel Bas-he-na
57	La Pointe Band Half-breeds	Lueson Godin	Luizon Godin
58	La Pointe Band Half-breeds		John Sayer
59	La Pointe Band Half-breeds		Lueson Corbin	Chief
60	La Pointe, Wisconsin	Wm. W. Warren	William W. Warren	witness/interpreter
61	La Pointe, Wisconsin	Chas. H. Oakes	Charles H. Oakes	witness
62	Rochester, New York		Roswell Hart	witness
63	Batavia, New York		Henry Evans	witness
64		A. Morrison	Allan Morrison	witness
65		S. Hovers	Smith Hovers	witness
66			Mamoci M. Samuel	witness
67			Henry Blatchford	witness/interpreter
68			William A. Aitken	witness
69			Julius Ombrian	witness

The signatory headmen were the following:

#	Location	Recorded Name	Name (Translation/"Alias")	Title
01	Trout Lake	Ke-nesh-te-no	Ginishtinoo (Cree)	chief
02	Lac du Flambeau Band	Mah-shah	Maazhaa (Perhaps)	1st warrior
03	Red Cedar Lake	I-oush-ou-c-ke-shik [lower-alpha 35]	Ayaazhawi-giizhig (Crossing Sky)	chief
04	Mille Lacs Indians	Mah-ko-dah	Makode' (Bear's Heart)	1st warrior
05	Mille Lacs Indians	Pe-tud	Pítad [lower-alpha 36] (Muskrat's Liver)	1st chief
06	Mille Lacs Indians	Aunch-e-be-nas	Aanji-bines (Changing Bird)	2d warrior
07	Red Cedar Lake	Mish-in-nack-in-ugo	Mishiinimakinaakoo (Mackinacker)	warrior
08	Sandy Lake Band	Gah-nin-dum-a-win-so [lower-alpha 37]	Gaa-nandawaawinzo (He that Gathers Berries/"le Brocheux")	1st chief
09	Sandy Lake Band	Mis-quod-ase	Miskwaadesi (Painted Turtle)	warrior
10	Sandy Lake Band	Na-tum-e-gaw-bow	Netamigaabaw (Stands First)	2d chief
11	Sandy Lake Band	I-ah-be-dua-we-dung	Ayaabidwewidang (Constantly Speak)	warrior
12	Pokegama	Bi-a-jig	Bayezhig (Lone Man)	1st chief
13	Mississippi Half-breeds		Joseph Montre	1st chief
14		Wm. W. Warren	William W. Warren	witness/interpreter
15			Peter Marksman	witness/interpreter
16			Smith Hovers	witness

Treaty adhesion:

#	Location	Recorded Name	Name (Translation/"Alias")	Title
01	Snake River	No-din	Noodin (Wind)	chief
02		William A. Aitkin	William A. Aitken	witness
03		R. B. Carlton	Reubin B. Carlton	witness

Treaty adhesion approval:

#	Location	Recorded Name	Name (Translation/"Alias")	Title
01		Po-go-ne-gi-shik	Bagonegiizhig (Hole in the Day)
02		William Aitkin	William A. Aitken	witness
03		D. T. Sloan		witness

Notes

1. Portraited by Bird as "SHIN-GA-BA-W'OSSIN or IMAGE STONE"
2. Portraited by Bird as "NO-TIN"
3. "Ul-tau-wau" should be "Ut-tau-wau"
4. Name given in Dakota language
5. "Nee-zbo-day" should be "Nee-zho-day"
6. Portraited by Bird as "META-KOOSEGA or PURE TOBACCO"
7. "Aa-nub-kum-ig-ish-kunk" should be "Aa-nuh-kum-ig-ish-kunk"
8. "Git-shee Way-mir-tee-go-ost" should be "Git-shee Way-mit-tee-go-osh"
9. "Paa-shu-nin-leel" should be "Paa-shu-in-in-ee."
10. Name given in Dakota language
11. "Naug-du-nosh" should be "Naug-au-nosh"
12. "Kai-ah-want-e-da" should be "Kat-ah-waub-e-da"
13. "Waub-o-jceg" should be "Waub-o-jeeg"
14. "Maj-c-gah-bon" should be "Maj-e-gah-boh"
15. "Kag-gag-c-we-guon" should be "Kag-gag-e-we-guon"
16. "Mab uk-um-ig" should be "Wab-uk-um-ig"
17. "Nag-aun-cg-a bon" should be "Nag-aun-eg-a-bow"
18. "Wan-jc-ke-shig-uk" should be "Wan-je-ke-shig-uk"
19. "Kow-az-rum-ig-ish-kung" should be "Kow-day-cum-ig-ish-kung"
20. "Ud-c-kum-ag" should be "Ud-e-kum-ag"
21. "Ta-che-go-onk" should be "Ja-che-gee-uh"
22. "Muk-no-a-wuk-und" should be "Muk-ud-a-un-uk-wud"
23. "A-dow-c-re-shig" should be "A-dow-e-ke-shig"
24. "Keesh-ri-tow-ng" should be "Keesh-ki-tow-ug"
25. "Tug-wany-am-az" should be "Tug-waug-aun-ay"
26. "O-rum-de-kun" should be "O-kun-de-kun"
27. "Keesh-re-tow-no" should be "Keesh-ke-tow-uc"
28. "Maj-c-wo-we-clung" should be "Maj-e-wa-we-dung"
29. "Ke-che-wa-mib-co-osk" should be "Ke-che-wa-mi-te-co-osh"
30. "Mug-un-ub" should be "Nug-un-ub"
31. "Make-cen-gun" should be "Mah-een-gun"
32. "Ten-as-see" should be "Pen-as-see"
33. "Shay-u-ash-cens" should be "Shag-un-ash-eens"
34. "Assurcens" should be "Asseneens"
35. "I-oush-ou-c-ke-shik" should be "I-aush-au-e-ke-shik"
36. Name given in Dakota language
37. "Gah-nin-dum-a-win-so" should be "Gah-nin-duw-a-win-so"

External links

• Text of the 1826 treaty
• Text of the 1846 Ho-Chunk treaty
• Text of the 1847 treaty
• Text of the 1865 Ho-Chunk treaty