List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union

Last updated

Map of the United States with names and borders of states Map of USA States with names white.svg
Map of the United States with names and borders of states
The order in which the original 13 states ratified the 1787 Constitution, then the order in which the others were admitted to the Union US states by date of statehood3.gif
The order in which the original 13 states ratified the 1787 Constitution, then the order in which the others were admitted to the Union

A state of the United States is one of the 50 constituent entities that shares its sovereignty with the federal government. Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside, due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the federal government. [1] Kentucky, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Virginia use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names.

Contents

States are the primary subdivisions of the United States. They possess all powers not granted to the federal government, nor prohibited to them by the Constitution of the United States. In general, state governments have the power to regulate issues of local concern, such as regulating intrastate commerce, running elections, creating local governments, public school policy, and non-federal road construction and maintenance. Each state has its own constitution grounded in republican principles, and government consisting of executive, legislative, and judicial branches. [2]

All states and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a bicameral legislature consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives. Each state is represented by two senators, and at least one representative, while the size of a state's House delegation depends on its total population, as determined by the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census. [3] Additionally, each state is entitled to select a number of electors to vote in the Electoral College, the body that elects the President of the United States and Vice President of the United States, equal to the total of representatives and senators in Congress from that state. [4]

Article IV, Section 3, Clause 1 of the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50. Each new state has been admitted on an equal footing with the existing states. [5]

List of U.S. states

The following table is a list of all 50 states and their respective dates of statehood. The first 13 became states in July 1776 upon agreeing to the United States Declaration of Independence, and each joined the first Union of states between 1777 and 1781, upon ratifying the Articles of Confederation, its first constitution. [6] (A separate table is included below showing AoC ratification dates.) These states are presented in the order in which each ratified the 1787 Constitution and joined the others in the new (and current) federal government. The date of admission listed for each subsequent state is the official date set by Act of Congress. [lower-alpha 1]

StateDate
(admitted or ratified)
Formed from
1Flag of Delaware.svg  Delaware December 7, 1787 [8]
(ratified)
Colony of Delaware [lower-alpha 2]
2Flag of Pennsylvania.svg  Pennsylvania December 12, 1787 [10]
(ratified)
Proprietary Province of Pennsylvania
3Flag of New Jersey.svg  New Jersey December 18, 1787 [11]
(ratified)
Crown Colony of New Jersey
4Flag of Georgia (U.S. state).svg  Georgia January 2, 1788 [8]
(ratified)
Crown Colony of Georgia
5Flag of Connecticut.svg  Connecticut January 9, 1788 [12]
(ratified)
Crown Colony of Connecticut
6Flag of Massachusetts.svg  Massachusetts February 6, 1788 [8]
(ratified)
Crown Colony of Massachusetts Bay
7Flag of Maryland.svg  Maryland April 28, 1788 [8]
(ratified)
Proprietary Province of Maryland
8Flag of South Carolina.svg  South Carolina May 23, 1788 [8]
(ratified)
Crown Colony of South Carolina
9Flag of New Hampshire.svg  New Hampshire June 21, 1788 [8]
(ratified)
Crown Colony of New Hampshire
10Flag of Virginia.svg  Virginia June 25, 1788 [8]
(ratified)
Crown Colony and Dominion of Virginia
11Flag of New York.svg  New York July 26, 1788 [13]
(ratified)
Crown Colony of New York
12Flag of North Carolina.svg  North Carolina November 21, 1789 [14]
(ratified)
Crown Colony of North Carolina
13Flag of Rhode Island.svg  Rhode Island May 29, 1790 [8]
(ratified)
Crown Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations
14Flag of Vermont.svg  Vermont March 4, 1791 [15]
(admitted)
Vermont Republic [lower-alpha 3]
15Flag of Kentucky.svg  Kentucky June 1, 1792 [16]
(admitted)
Virginia (nine counties in its District of Kentucky [lower-alpha 4] )
16Flag of Tennessee.svg  Tennessee June 1, 1796 [18]
(admitted)
Southwest Territory
17Flag of Ohio.svg  Ohio March 1, 1803 [19] [lower-alpha 5]
(admitted)
Northwest Territory (part)
18Flag of Louisiana.svg  Louisiana April 30, 1812 [21]
(admitted)
Territory of Orleans
19Flag of Indiana.svg  Indiana December 11, 1816
(admitted)
Indiana Territory
20Flag of Mississippi.svg  Mississippi December 10, 1817 [22]
(admitted)
Mississippi Territory
21Flag of Illinois.svg  Illinois December 3, 1818 [23]
(admitted)
Illinois Territory (part)
22Flag of Alabama.svg  Alabama December 14, 1819 [24]
(admitted)
Alabama Territory
23Flag of Maine.svg  Maine March 15, 1820 [25]
(admitted)
Massachusetts (District of Maine [lower-alpha 6] )
24Flag of Missouri.svg  Missouri August 10, 1821 [26]
(admitted)
Missouri Territory (part)
25Flag of Arkansas.svg  Arkansas June 15, 1836 [27]
(admitted)
Arkansas Territory
26Flag of Michigan.svg  Michigan January 26, 1837 [28]
(admitted)
Michigan Territory
27Flag of Florida.svg  Florida March 3, 1845
(admitted)
Florida Territory
28Flag of Texas.svg  Texas December 29, 1845 [29]
(admitted)
Republic of Texas
29Flag of Iowa.svg  Iowa December 28, 1846
(admitted)
Iowa Territory (part)
30Flag of Wisconsin.svg  Wisconsin May 29, 1848 [30]
(admitted)
Wisconsin Territory (part)
31Flag of California.svg  California September 9, 1850 [31]
(admitted)
Unorganized territory / Mexican Cession (part) [lower-alpha 7]
32Flag of Minnesota.svg  Minnesota May 11, 1858 [32]
(admitted)
Minnesota Territory (part)
33Flag of Oregon.svg  Oregon February 14, 1859
(admitted)
Oregon Territory (part)
34Flag of Kansas.svg  Kansas January 29, 1861 [33]
(admitted)
Kansas Territory (part)
35Flag of West Virginia.svg  West Virginia June 20, 1863 [34]
(admitted)
Virginia (50 Trans-Allegheny region counties [lower-alpha 8] )
36Flag of Nevada.svg  Nevada October 31, 1864
(admitted)
Nevada Territory
37Flag of Nebraska.svg  Nebraska March 1, 1867
(admitted)
Nebraska Territory
38Flag of Colorado.svg  Colorado August 1, 1876 [37]
(admitted)
Colorado Territory
39Flag of North Dakota.svg  North Dakota November 2, 1889 [38] [lower-alpha 9]
(admitted)
Dakota Territory (part)
40Flag of South Dakota.svg  South Dakota November 2, 1889 [38] [lower-alpha 9]
(admitted)
Dakota Territory (part)
41Flag of Montana.svg  Montana November 8, 1889 [41]
(admitted)
Montana Territory
42Flag of Washington.svg  Washington November 11, 1889 [42]
(admitted)
Washington Territory
43Flag of Idaho.svg  Idaho July 3, 1890
(admitted)
Idaho Territory
44Flag of Wyoming.svg  Wyoming July 10, 1890
(admitted)
Wyoming Territory
45Flag of Utah.svg  Utah January 4, 1896 [43]
(admitted)
Utah Territory
46Flag of Oklahoma.svg  Oklahoma November 16, 1907 [44]
(admitted)
Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory
47Flag of New Mexico.svg  New Mexico January 6, 1912
(admitted)
New Mexico Territory
48Flag of Arizona.svg  Arizona February 14, 1912
(admitted)
Arizona Territory
49Flag of Alaska.svg  Alaska January 3, 1959
(admitted)
Territory of Alaska
50Flag of Hawaii.svg  Hawaii August 21, 1959
(admitted)
Territory of Hawaii

Articles of Confederation ratification dates

The Second Continental Congress approved the Articles of Confederation for ratification by the individual states on November 15, 1777. The Articles of Confederation came into force on March 1, 1781, after being ratified by all 13 states. On March 4, 1789, the general government under the Articles was replaced with the federal government under the present Constitution. [45]

StateDate
1 Seal of Virginia.svg Virginia December 16, 1777
2 Seal of South Carolina.svg South Carolina February 5, 1778
3 Seal of New York.svg New York February 6, 1778
4 Seal of Rhode Island.svg Rhode Island February 9, 1778
5 Seal of Connecticut.svg Connecticut February 12, 1778
6 Seal of Georgia.svg Georgia February 26, 1778
7 Seal of New Hampshire.svg New Hampshire March 4, 1778
8 Seal of Pennsylvania.svg Pennsylvania March 5, 1778
9 Seal of Massachusetts.svg Massachusetts March 10, 1778
10 Seal of North Carolina.svg North Carolina April 5, 1778
11 Seal of New Jersey.svg New Jersey November 19, 1778
12 Seal of Delaware.svg Delaware February 1, 1779
13 Seal of Maryland (reverse).svg Maryland February 2, 1781

See also

Notes

  1. This list does not account for the secession of 11 states (Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Tennessee, Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas) during the Civil War to form the Confederate States of America, nor for the subsequent restoration of those states to the Union, or each state's "readmission to representation in Congress" after the war, as the federal government does not give legal recognition to their having left the Union. Also, the Constitution is silent on the question of whether states have the power to secede from the Union, but the Supreme Court held that a state cannot unilaterally do so in Texas v. White (1869). [7]
  2. Also known as the "Three Lower Counties Upon Delaware". Delaware became a state on June 15, 1776, when the Delaware Assembly formally adopted a resolution declaring an end to Delaware's status as a colony of Great Britain and establishing the three counties as an independent state under the authority of "the Government of the Counties of New Castle, Kent and Sussex Upon Delaware". [9]
  3. Between 1749 and 1764 the provincial governor of New Hampshire, Benning Wentworth, issued approximately 135 grants for unoccupied land claimed by New Hampshire west of the Connecticut River (in what is today southern Vermont), territory that was also claimed by New York. The resulting "New Hampshire Grants" dispute led to the rise of the Green Mountain Boys, and the later establishment of the Vermont Republic. New Hampshire's claim upon the land was extinguished in 1764 by royal order of George III, and in 1790 the State of New York ceded its land claim to Vermont for 30,000 dollars.
  4. The Virginia General Assembly adopted legislation on December 18, 1789, separating its "District of Kentucky" from the rest of the State and approving its statehood. [17]
  5. The exact date upon which Ohio became a state is unclear. On April 30, 1802, the 7th Congress had passed an act "authorizing the inhabitants of Ohio to form a Constitution and state government, and admission of Ohio into the Union" (Sess. 1, ch. 40, 2  Stat.   173). On February 19, 1803, the same Congress passed an act "providing for the execution of the laws of the United States in the State of Ohio" (Sess. 2, ch. 7, 2  Stat.   201). Neither act, however, set a formal date of statehood. An official statehood date for Ohio was not set until 1953, when the 83rd Congress passed a Joint resolution "for admitting the State of Ohio into the Union", (Pub. L. Tooltip Public Law (United States)  83–204, 67  Stat.   407, enacted August 7, 1953) which designated March 1, 1803, as that date. [20]
  6. The Massachusetts General Court passed enabling legislation on June 19, 1819, separating the "District of Maine" from the rest of the State (an action approved by the voters in Maine on July 19, 1819, by 17,001 to 7,132); then, on February 25, 1820, passed a follow-up measure officially accepting the fact of Maine's imminent statehood. [17]
  7. Most of the region ceded by Mexico to the United States in 1848, following the Bear Flag Revolt and the Mexican–American War, had been the Mexican Department of Alta California. The Act of Congress establishing California as the 31st state was part of the Compromise of 1850.
  8. On May 13, 1862, the General Assembly of the Restored Government of Virginia passed an act granting permission for creation of West Virginia. [35] Later, by its ruling in Virginia v. West Virginia (1871), the Supreme Court implicitly affirmed that the breakaway Virginia counties did have the proper consents necessary to become a separate state. [36]
  9. 1 2 Brought into existence within moments of each other on the same day, North and South Dakota are the nation's only twin-born states. Before signing the statehood papers, President Benjamin Harrison shuffled the papers so that no one would know which became a state first. By custom, North Dakota is commonly recognized as the 39th state and South Dakota as the 40th, as "n" precedes "s" in the alphabet. [39] [40]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution</span> 1961 amendment granting presidential electors to the District of Columbia

The Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution extends the right to participate in presidential elections to the District of Columbia. The amendment grants to the district electors in the Electoral College, as though it were a state, though the district can never have more electors than the least-populous state. How the electors are appointed is to be determined by Congress. The Twenty-third Amendment was proposed by the 86th Congress on June 16, 1960; it was ratified by the requisite number of states on March 29, 1961.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1st United States Congress</span> 1789–91 meeting of the U.S. Congress

The 1st United States Congress, comprising the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives, met from March 4, 1789, to March 4, 1791, during the first two years of George Washington's presidency, first at Federal Hall in New York City and later at Congress Hall in Philadelphia. With the initial meeting of the First Congress, the United States federal government officially began operations under the new frame of government established by the 1787 Constitution. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the provisions of Article I, Section 2, Clause 3, of the Constitution. Both chambers had a Pro-Administration majority. Twelve articles of amendment to the Constitution were passed by this Congress and sent to the states for ratification; the ten ratified as additions to the Constitution on December 15, 1791, are collectively known as the Bill of Rights, with an additional amendment ratified more than two centuries later to become the Twenty-seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution.

In the United States, an interstate compact is a pact or agreement between two or more states, or between states and any foreign government. The Compact Clause of the United States Constitution provides that "No State shall, without the Consent of Congress,... enter into any Agreement or Compact with another State, or with a foreign Power,..."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Slave states and free states</span> Historical division of United States in which slavery was legal or not

In the United States before 1865, a slave state was a state in which slavery and the internal or domestic slave trade were legal, while a free state was one in which they were prohibited. Between 1812 and 1850, it was considered by the slave states to be politically imperative that the number of free states not exceed the number of slave states, so new states were admitted in slave–free pairs. There were, nonetheless, some slaves in most free states up to the 1840 census, and the Fugitive Slave Clause of the U.S. Constitution, as implemented by the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 and the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, provided that a slave did not become free by entering a free state and must be returned to his or her owner.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">District of Columbia statehood movement</span> Movement to make the United States capital a state

The District of Columbia statehood movement is a political movement that advocates making the District of Columbia a U.S. state, to provide the residents of the District of Columbia with voting representation in the Congress and complete control over local affairs.

The Enabling Act of 1802 was passed on April 30, 1802 by the Seventh Congress of the United States. This act authorized the residents of the eastern portion of the Northwest Territory to form the state of Ohio and join the U.S. on an equal footing with the other states. To accomplish this, and in doing so, the act also established the precedent and procedures for creation of future states in the western territories. The Enabling Act of 1802 would be the first appropriation by Congress for internal improvements in the country's interior.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">District of Columbia federal voting rights</span> Suffrage and representation of the United States capital

Voting rights of citizens in the District of Columbia differ from the rights of citizens in the 50 U.S. states. The United States Constitution grants each state voting representation in both houses of the United States Congress. It defines the federal district as being outside of any state, and does not grant it any voting representation in Congress. The Constitution grants Congress exclusive jurisdiction over the District in "all cases whatsoever".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Convention (meeting)</span> Large gathering to discuss a common interest

A convention, in the sense of a meeting, is a gathering of individuals who meet at an arranged place and time in order to discuss or engage in some common interest. The most common conventions are based upon industry, profession, and fandom. Trade conventions typically focus on a particular industry or industry segment, and feature keynote speakers, vendor displays, and other information and activities of interest to the event organizers and attendees. Professional conventions focus on issues of concern along with advancements related to the profession. Such conventions are generally organized by societies or communities dedicated to promotion of the topic of interest. Fan conventions usually feature displays, shows, and sales based on pop culture and guest celebrities. Science fiction conventions traditionally partake of the nature of both professional conventions and fan conventions, with the balance varying from one to another. Conventions also exist for various hobbies, such as gaming or model railroads.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Constitution of Washington</span> State constitution

The Constitution of the State of Washington is the document that describes the structure and function of the government of the U.S. State of Washington. The constitution was adopted as part of Washington Territory's path to statehood in 1889. An earlier constitution was drafted and ratified in 1878, but it was never officially adopted.

The Constitution of the State of Montana is the primary legal document providing for the self-governance of the U.S. State of Montana. It establishes and defines the powers of the three branches of the government of Montana, and the rights of its citizens. Its provisions are sovereign within the state, subject only to the limits imposed by the national laws and constitution of the United States. The current Montana Constitution was adopted in 1972 and is the second enacted in the state's history.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution</span>

The drafting of the Constitution of the United States began on May 25, 1787, when the Constitutional Convention met for the first time with a quorum at the Pennsylvania State House in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to revise the Articles of Confederation. It ended on September 17, 1787, the day the Frame of Government drafted by the convention's delegates to replace the Articles was adopted and signed. The ratification process for the Constitution began that day, and ended when the final state, Rhode Island, ratified it on May 29, 1790.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Restored Government of Virginia</span> Unionist government of Virginia

The RestoredGovernment of Virginia was the Unionist government of Virginia during the American Civil War (1861–1865) in opposition to the government which had approved Virginia's seceding from the United States and joining the new Confederate States of America. Each state government regarded the other as illegitimate. The Restored Government attempted to assume de facto control of the Commonwealth's northwest with the help of the Union Army but was only partly successful. It raised Union regiments from local volunteers but depended upon recruits from Pennsylvania and Ohio to fulfill its commitments. It administered this territory until, with its approval, the area became part of West Virginia in mid-1863.

In the United States, state governments are institutional units exercising functions of government at a level below that of the federal government. Each U.S. state's government holds legislative, executive, and judicial authority over a defined geographic territory. The United States comprises 50 states: 9 of the Thirteen Colonies that were already part of the United States at the time the Constitution took effect in 1789, 4 that ratified the Constitution after its commencement, plus 37 that have been admitted since by Congress as authorized under Article IV, Section 3 of the Constitution.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Secession in the United States</span> A state leaving the Union

In the context of the United States, secession primarily refers to the voluntary withdrawal of one or more states from the Union that constitutes the United States; but may loosely refer to leaving a state or territory to form a separate territory or new state, or to the severing of an area from a city or county within a state. Advocates for secession are called disunionists by their contemporaries in various historical documents.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">U.S. state</span> Constituent polity of the United States

In the United States, a state is a constituent political entity, of which there are 50. Bound together in a political union, each state holds governmental jurisdiction over a separate and defined geographic territory where it shares its sovereignty with the federal government. Due to this shared sovereignty, Americans are citizens both of the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons restricted by certain types of court orders.

Admission to the Union is provided by the Admissions Clause of the United States Constitution in Article IV, Section 3, Clause 1, which authorizes the United States Congress to admit new states into the Union beyond the thirteen states that already existed when the Constitution came into effect. The Constitution went into effect on June 21, 1788, in the nine states that had ratified it, and the U.S. federal government began operations under it on March 4, 1789, when it was in effect in 11 out of the 13 states. Since then, 37 states have been admitted into the Union. Each new state has been admitted on an equal footing with those already in existence.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Historical armorial of U.S. states from 1876</span>

Historical coats of arms of the U.S. states date back to the admission of the first states to the Union. Despite the widely accepted practice of determining early statehood from the date of ratification of the United States Constitution, many of the original colonies referred to themselves as states shortly after the Declaration of Independence was signed on 4 July 1776. Committees of political leaders and intellectuals were established by state legislatures to research and propose a seal and coat of arms. Many of these members were signers of the Articles of Confederation, Declaration of Independence, and United States Constitution. Several of the earliest adopted state coats of arms and seals were similar or identical to their colonial counterparts.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2016 Washington, D.C., statehood referendum</span> District of Columbia referendum in support of becoming a U.S. state

A referendum on statehood for the District of Columbia was held on November 8, 2016. It was the first referendum on statehood to be held in the district. The District of Columbia was created following the passage of the Residence Act on July 9, 1790, which approved the creation of a national capital, the City of Washington on the Potomac River.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Washington, D.C., Admission Act</span> Proposed bill in the United States Congress

The Washington, D.C., Admission Act, often referred to simply as the D.C. Admission Act, is a bill introduced during the 116th United States Congress. The bill would grant Washington, D.C., admission into the Union as a state. The bill was originally introduced in the 116th Congress on January 3, 2019, and was reintroduced on January 4, 2021, and January 9, 2023, in the 117th and 118th Congresses. The United States House of Representatives passed it on April 22, 2021.

References

  1. Erler, Edward. "Essays on Amendment XIV: Citizenship". The Heritage Foundation.
  2. "Frequently Asked Questions About the Minnesota Legislature". Minnesota State Legislature.
  3. Kristin D. Burnett. "Congressional Apportionment (2010 Census Briefs C2010BR-08)" (PDF). U.S. Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration.
  4. Elhauge, Einer R. "Essays on Article II: Presidential Electors". The Heritage Foundation.
  5. "Doctrine of the Equality of States". Justia.com.
  6. Jensen, Merrill (1959). The Articles of Confederation: An Interpretation of the Social-Constitutional History of the American Revolution, 1774–1781. University of Wisconsin Press. pp. xi, 184. ISBN   978-0-299-00204-6.
  7. "Texas v. White 74 U.S. 700 (1868)". Justia.com.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Vile, John R. (2005). The Constitutional Convention of 1787: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of America's Founding (Volume 1: A-M). ABC-CLIO. p. 658. ISBN   1-85109-669-8.
  9. "Delaware Government". Delaware.gov. Government Information Center, Delaware Department of State.
  10. "Overview of Pennsylvania History - 1776-1861: Independence to the Civil War". PA.gov. Pennsylvania Historical & Museum Commission.
  11. "1787 Convention Minutes". NJ.gov. New Jersey Department of State.
  12. "Today in History: January 9". loc.gov. Library of Congress.
  13. "Today in History: July 26". loc.gov. Library of Congress.
  14. "Today in History: November 21". loc.gov. Library of Congress.
  15. "The 14th State". Vermont History Explorer. Vermont Historical Society. Archived from the original on May 30, 2013.
  16. "Constitution Square State Historic Site". americanheritage.com. American Heritage Publishing Co. Retrieved April 23, 2019.
  17. 1 2 "Official Name and Status History of the several States and U.S. Territories". TheGreenPapers.com.
  18. "State History Timeline". TN.gov. Tennessee Department of State. Archived from the original on April 10, 2016.
  19. Blue, Frederick J. (Autumn 2002). "The Date of Ohio Statehood". Ohio Academy of History Newsletter. Archived from the original on September 11, 2010.
  20. Berg-Andersson, Richard E. (January 17, 2007). "Clearing up the Confusion surrounding Ohio's Admission to Statehood". The Green Papers. Retrieved June 15, 2023.
  21. "About Louisiana: quick facts". louisiana.gov. Archived from the original on March 24, 2013. Retrieved June 15, 2016.
  22. "Welcome from the Mississippi Bicentennial Celebration Commission". Mississippi Bicentennial Celebration Commission. Retrieved February 16, 2017.
  23. "Today in History: December 3". loc.gov. Library of Congress.
  24. "Alabama History Timeline: 1800-1860". alabama.gov. Retrieved June 15, 2016.
  25. "Today in History: March 15". loc.gov. Library of Congress.
  26. "Today in History: August 10". loc.gov. Library of Congress.
  27. "Today in History: June 15". loc.gov. Library of Congress.
  28. "Today in History: January 26". loc.gov. Library of Congress.
  29. "Texas enters the Union". This Day In History. A&E Television Networks. March 4, 2010. Retrieved April 23, 2019.
  30. "Today in History: May 29". loc.gov. Library of Congress.
  31. "California Admission Day September 9, 1850". CA.gov. California Department of Parks and Recreation.
  32. "Today in History: May 11". loc.gov. Library of Congress.
  33. "Today in History: January 29". loc.gov. Library of Congress.
  34. "Today in History: June 20". loc.gov. Library of Congress.
  35. "A State of Convenience: The Creation of West Virginia, Chapter Twelve, Reorganized Government of Virginia Approves Separation". Wvculture.org. West Virginia Division of Culture and History.
  36. "Virginia v. West Virginia 78 U.S. 39 (1870)". Justia.com.
  37. "Today in History: August 1". loc.gov. Library of Congress.
  38. 1 2 "Today in History: November 2". loc.gov. Library of Congress.
  39. MacPherson, James; Burbach, Kevin (November 2, 2014). "At 125 years of Dakotas statehood, rivalry remains". The Bismarck Tribune . AP . Retrieved June 29, 2020.
  40. Stein, Mark (2008). "How the States Got Their Shapes", Smithsonian Books/Harper Collins, p. 256.
  41. Wishart, David J. (ed.). "Montana". Encyclopedia of the Great Plains. University of Nebraska–Lincoln. Retrieved February 15, 2017.
  42. "Today in History: November 11". loc.gov. Library of Congress.
  43. Thatcher, Linda (2016). "Struggle For Statehood Chronology". historytogo.utah.gov. State of Utah.
  44. "Today in History: November 16". loc.gov. Library of Congress.
  45. Rodgers, Paul (2011). United States Constitutional Law: An Introduction. McFarland. p. 109. ISBN   978-0-7864-6017-5.
(: