The legal status of cousin marriage varies considerably from one U.S. state to another, ranging from being legal in some states to being a criminal offense in others. It is illegal or largely illegal in 31 states and legal or largely legal in 19. However, even in the states where it is legal, the practice is not widespread. (See Incidence.)
Several states of the United States prohibit cousin marriage. [1] [2] As of February 2014 [update] , 24 U.S. states prohibit marriages between first cousins, 19 U.S. states allow marriages between first cousins, and seven U.S. states allow only some marriages between first cousins. [3] Five states prohibit first-cousin-once-removed marriages. [4] Some states prohibiting cousin marriage recognize cousin marriages performed in other states, but despite occasional claims that this holds true in general, [5] laws also exist that explicitly void all foreign cousin marriages or marriages conducted by state residents out of state.[ citation needed ]
State by state:
State or territory | First cousin marriage allowed | Sexual relations or cohabitation allowed | First-cousin marriages void | Out-of-state marriages by state's residents void | All out-of-state marriages void | First-cousin-once-removed marriage allowed | Half-cousin marriage allowed | Adopted-cousin marriage allowed |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alabama [6] [7] | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Alaska [8] [9] | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Arizona [10] [11] [12] | Only if both parties are 65 or older, or one is infertile | No | Yes | Yes [13] | Yes | Yes | Yes [14] | Yes |
Arkansas [15] [16] [17] | No | Yes | Yes | No [18] | No | Yes | Unknown | Unknown |
California [19] [20] [21] | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Colorado [22] [23] | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Connecticut [24] [25] | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Delaware [26] [27] [28] [29] | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Unknown | Yes | Unknown | Unknown |
Florida [30] [31] | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Georgia [32] [33] | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Hawaii [34] [35] | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Idaho [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] | No | Yes | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Yes | Unknown | Unknown |
Illinois [41] [42] [43] [44] [45] [46] [47] | Only if both parties are 50 or older, or if one of the parties is infertile. [47] | Yes [47] | No | No [48] [49] | No [50] | Yes [47] | No [51] | Unknown |
Indiana [52] [53] [54] [55] | Only if both parties are 65 or older | Yes | Yes | No | No [56] | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Iowa [57] | No | Yes | Yes | Unknown | No | Yes | Unknown | Unknown |
Kansas [58] [59] [60] | No | Yes | Yes | No [61] | No [62] | Yes | Yes | Unknown |
Kentucky [63] [64] [65] [66] | No | No [67] | Yes | Yes [68] | Unknown | No | No | Unknown |
Louisiana [69] [70] [71] | No | Yes | Yes | Unknown | No [72] | Yes | No | If judicial approval in writing is obtained |
Maine [73] [74] | Proof of genetic counseling from a genetic counselor | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Unknown | Yes |
Maryland [75] [76] | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Massachusetts [77] [78] [79] | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Michigan | No [80] | It is a felony to engage in sexual conduct with a cousin who is mentally disabled, incapable, or incapacitated, physically helpless, or developmentally disabled due to autism, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, or intellectual disability | Yes | No [81] | No [82] | Yes | Unknown | Unknown |
Minnesota [83] [84] [85] | Only certain types | Yes | Yes | Unknown | Unknown | Yes | No | Unknown |
Mississippi [86] [87] [88] | No | No | Yes | Yes | Unknown | Yes | Unknown | Yes |
Missouri [89] [90] | No | Yes | Yes | Unknown | Unknown | Yes | Unknown | Unknown |
Montana [91] [92] [93] | No | Yes | Yes | Unknown | Unknown | Yes | Yes | Unknown |
Nebraska [94] [95] [96] [97] | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Nevada [98] [99] | No | No | Yes | Unknown | Unknown | No | Yes | Unknown |
New Hampshire [100] [101] [102] | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Unknown | No [103] |
New Jersey [104] [105] | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
New Mexico [106] [107] | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
New York [108] [109] | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
North Carolina [110] [111] | Yes, except in the rare case of double first cousins | Yes | Yes, but cannot be declared void after all of cohabitation, birth of issue, and death of one of the parties has occurred | Unknown | Unknown | Yes | Unknown | Unknown |
North Dakota [112] [113] [114] | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Unknown |
Ohio [115] [116] [117] | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | Unknown | Unknown |
Oklahoma [118] [119] | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Unknown |
Oregon [120] [121] [122] | No | Yes | Yes | No [123] | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Pennsylvania [124] [125] [126] | No [127] | Yes | Yes | Unknown | Unknown | Yes | Unknown | Unknown |
Rhode Island [128] [129] | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
South Carolina [130] [131] | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
South Dakota [132] [133] [134] | No | No | Yes | No [135] | No | Yes | Yes | Unknown |
Tennessee [136] [137] | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Texas [138] [139] [140] [141] | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | No |
Utah [142] [143] [144] | Only if both parties are 65 or older, or both are 55 or older with a district court finding of infertility of either party | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Unknown | Unknown |
Vermont [145] [146] | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Virginia [147] [148] | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Washington [149] [150] [151] | No | Yes [152] | Yes | No [153] | No | No | No | Unknown |
West Virginia [154] [155] [156] [157] [158] [159] | No | Yes | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Yes | No | Yes |
Wisconsin [160] [161] [162] [163] [164] | Only if the woman is at least 55, or either is permanently sterile | No | No | No | Unknown | Only if the woman is at least 55, or either is permanently sterile | Yes | Yes |
Wyoming [165] [166] [167] | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Unknown | Yes |
American Samoa [168] | Yes | |||||||
District of Columbia [169] | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Guam [170] | No | |||||||
Northern Mariana Islands [171] | Unknown [172] | |||||||
Puerto Rico [173] | Yes | |||||||
U.S. Virgin Islands [174] | Yes |
Data on cousin marriage in the United States are sparse. It was estimated in 1960 that 0.2% of all marriages between Roman Catholics were between first or second cousins, but no more recent nationwide studies have been performed. [175] It is unknown what proportion of that number were first cousins, which is the group facing marriage bans.
Some studies [176] [177] have cast doubt on whether offspring of first cousins are at as significant of a health risk as is popularly assumed. However, professors Diane B. Paul and Hamish G. Spencer speculate that legal bans persist in part due to "the ease with which a handful of highly motivated activists — or even one individual — can be effective in the decentralized American system, especially when feelings do not run high on the other side of an issue." [178]
Cousin marriage was legal in all states before the Civil War. [179] Anthropologist Martin Ottenheimer argued that marriage prohibitions were introduced to maintain the social order, uphold religious morality, and safeguard the creation of fit offspring. [180] Writers such as Noah Webster (1758–1843) and ministers like Philip Milledoler (1775–1852) and Joshua McIlvaine helped lay the groundwork for such viewpoints well before 1860. This led to a gradual shift in concern from affinal unions, like those between a man and his deceased wife's sister (see widow inheritance), to consanguineous unions. By the 1870s, Lewis Henry Morgan (1818–1881) was writing about "the advantages of marriages between unrelated persons" and the necessity of avoiding "the evils of consanguine marriage", avoidance of which would "increase the vigor of the stock". To many, Morgan included, cousin marriage, and more specifically parallel-cousin marriage was a remnant of a more primitive stage of human social organization. [181] Morgan himself had married his cousin in 1853. [180]
In 1846, Massachusetts Governor George N. Briggs appointed a commission to study mentally handicapped people (at the time termed "idiots") in the state. This study implicated cousin marriage as responsible for idiocy. Within the next two decades, numerous reports (e.g., one from the Kentucky Deaf and Dumb Asylum) appeared with similar conclusions: that cousin marriage sometimes resulted in deafness, blindness, and idiocy. Perhaps most important was the report of physician Samuel Merrifield Bemiss for the American Medical Association, which concluded cousin inbreeding leads to the "physical and mental deprivation of the offspring". Despite being contradicted by other studies like those of George Darwin (himself the result of a cousin marriage) and Alan Huth in England and Robert Newman in New York, the report's conclusions were widely accepted. [182]
These developments led to thirteen states and territories passing cousin marriage prohibitions by the 1880s. Though contemporaneous, the eugenics movement did not play much of a direct role in the bans. George Louis Arner in 1908 considered the ban a clumsy and ineffective method of eugenics, which he thought would eventually be replaced by more refined techniques. By the 1920s, the number of states banning cousin marriage had doubled. [183] Since that time, Kentucky (1943) and Texas have banned first-cousin marriage and since 1985, Maine has mandated genetic counseling for marrying cousins to minimise risk to any serious health defect to their children. The National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws unanimously recommended in 1970 that all such laws should be repealed, but as of 2008 [update] no state had dropped its prohibition. [184] [185] [186]
A bill to repeal the ban on first-cousin marriage in Minnesota was introduced by Phyllis Kahn in 2003, but it died in committee. Republican Minority Leader Marty Seifert criticized the bill in response, saying it would "turn us into a cold Arkansas". [187] According to the University of Minnesota's The Wake, Kahn was aware the bill had little chance of passing but introduced it anyway to draw attention to the issue. She reportedly got the idea after learning that cousin marriage is an acceptable form of marriage among some cultural groups that have a strong presence in Minnesota, namely the Hmong and Somali. [188]
In contrast, Maryland delegates Henry B. Heller and Kumar P. Barve sponsored a bill to ban first-cousin marriages in 2000. [189] It got further than Kahn's bill, passing the House of Delegates by 82 to 46 despite most Republicans voting no, but finally died in the state senate. In response to the 2005 marriage of Pennsylvanian first cousins Eleanor Amrhein and Donald W. Andrews Sr. in Maryland, Heller said that he might resurrect the bill because such marriages are "like playing genetic roulette". [190]
Texas did pass a ban on first-cousin marriage the same year as Amrhein and Andrews married, evidently in reaction to the presence of the polygamous Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (FLDS). Texas Representative Harvey Hilderbran, whose district includes the main FLDS compound, authored an amendment [191] to a child protection statute to both discourage the FLDS from settling in Texas and to "prevent Texas from succumbing to the practices of taking child brides, incest, welfare abuse, and domestic violence". [192] While Hilderbran stated that he would not have authored a bill solely to ban first-cousin marriage, he also said in an interview, "Cousins don't get married just like siblings don't get married. And when it happens you have a bad result. It's just not the accepted normal thing." [193]
Some news sources then only mentioned the polygamy and child abuse provisions and ignored the cousin marriage portion of the bill, as did some more recent sources. [194] [195] [196] [197] The new statute made sex with an adult first cousin a more serious felony than with adult members of one's immediate family. However, this statute was amended in 2009; while sex with close adult family members (including first cousins) remains a felony, the more serious penalty now attaches to sex with an individual's direct ancestor or descendant. [198]
The U.S. state of Maine allows first-cousin marriage if the couple agrees to have genetic counseling, while North Carolina allows it so long as the applicants for marriage are not rare double first cousins, meaning cousins through both parental lines. [199] In the other 25 states permitting at least some first-cousin marriage, double cousins are not distinguished. [200]
States have various laws regarding marriage between cousins and other close relatives, [201] which involve factors including whether or not the parties to the marriage are half-cousins, double cousins, infertile, over 65, or whether it is a tradition prevalent in a native or ancestry culture, adoption status, in-law, whether or not genetic counselling is required, and whether it is permitted to marry a first cousin once removed.
In a culture where only monogamous relationships are legally recognized, bigamy is the act of entering into a marriage with one person while still legally married to another. A legal or de facto separation of the couple does not alter their marital status as married persons. In the case of a person in the process of divorcing their spouse, that person is taken to be legally married until such time as the divorce becomes final or absolute under the law of the relevant jurisdiction. Bigamy laws do not apply to couples in a de facto or cohabitation relationship, or that enter such relationships when one is legally married. If the prior marriage is for any reason void, the couple is not married, and hence each party is free to marry another without falling foul of the bigamy laws.
The United States has inherited sodomy laws which constitutionally outlawed a variety of sexual acts that are deemed to be illegal, illicit, unlawful, unnatural and/or immoral from the colonial-era based laws in the 17th century. While they often targeted sexual acts between persons of the same sex, many sodomy-related statutes employed definitions broad enough to outlaw certain sexual acts between persons of different sexes, in some cases even including acts between married persons.
Proposition 22 was a law enacted by California voters in March 2000 stating that marriage was between one man and one woman. In November 2008, Proposition 8 was also passed by voters, again only allowing marriage between one man and one woman.
The Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 (FMLA) is a United States labor law requiring covered employers to provide employees with job-protected, unpaid leave for qualified medical and family reasons. The FMLA was a major part of President Bill Clinton's first-term domestic agenda, and he signed it into law on February 5, 1993. The FMLA is administered by the Wage and Hour Division of the United States Department of Labor.
Forced marriage is a marriage in which one or more of the parties is married without their consent or against their will. A marriage can also become a forced marriage even if both parties enter with full consent if one or both are later forced to stay in the marriage against their will.
In contract law, a non-compete clause, restrictive covenant, or covenant not to compete (CNC), is a clause under which one party agrees not to enter into or start a similar profession or trade in competition against another party. In the labor market, these agreements prevent workers from freely moving across employers, and weaken the bargaining leverage of workers.
Fair debt collection broadly refers to regulation of the United States debt collection industry at both the federal and state level. At the Federal level, it is primarily governed by the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA). In addition, many U.S. states also have debt collection laws that regulate the credit and collection industry and give consumer debtors protection from abusive and deceptive practices. Many state laws track the language of the FDCPA, so that they are sometimes referred to as mini-FDCPAs.
Perez v. Sharp, also known as Perez v. Lippold or Perez v. Moroney, is a 1948 case decided by the Supreme Court of California in which the court held by a 4–3 majority that the state's ban on interracial marriage violated the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
A cousin marriage is a marriage where the spouses are cousins. The practice was common in earlier times and continues to be common in some societies today, though in some jurisdictions such marriages are prohibited. Worldwide, more than 10% of marriages are between first or second cousins. Cousin marriage is an important topic in anthropology and alliance theory.
In law, a prohibited degree of kinship refers to a degree of consanguinity, or sometimes affinity between persons that makes sex or marriage between them illegal.
This article summarizes the same-sex marriage laws of states in the United States. Via the case Obergefell v. Hodges on June 26, 2015, the Supreme Court of the United States legalized same-sex marriage in a decision that applies nationwide, with the exception of American Samoa and sovereign tribal nations.
The Uniform Controlled Substances Act was drafted by the United States Department of Justice in 1969 and promulgated in 1970 by the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws while the federal Controlled Substances Act was being drafted. Modeled after the federal Act, the uniform act established a drug scheduling system. There are three versions: the original 1970 version and two revisions, 1990 and 1994. The versions while different, are similar in many of their provisions. The acts of the adopting jurisdictions will, therefore, generally contain many provisions common to all of those versions. Thus, it is often difficult to say with certitude that a jurisdiction has adopted one version of the act rather than another. Nevertheless, every state other than Vermont and New Hampshire has adopted some version of the uniform act. Rufus B. King, counsel to United States Congress committees, notes that "it is provided that the state authorities must designate, reschedule, or delete substances whenever notified of such federal action unless they invoke an elaborate notice-and-hearing procedure to resist the federal ruling". Thus, the Uniform Act completes a top-down system of control in which drug policy originates through the international legislative process of treatymaking and United Nations Commission on Narcotic Drugs scheduling decisions and is automatically implemented through Controlled Substances Act provisions requiring federal scheduling of internationally controlled drugs, and Uniform Controlled Substances Act provisions requiring state scheduling of federally controlled drugs.
Same-sex marriage has been legally recognized in Nevada since October 9, 2014, when a federal district court judge issued an injunction against Nevada's enforcement of its same-sex marriage ban, acting on order from the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. A unanimous three-judge panel of the Ninth Circuit had ruled two days earlier that the state's ban on same-sex marriage was unconstitutional. Same-sex marriage was previously banned by an amendment to the Constitution of Nevada adopted in 2002. The statutory and constitutional bans were repealed in 2017 and 2020, respectively.
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in the U.S. state of West Virginia face legal challenges not faced by non-LGBT persons. Same-sex sexual activity has been legal since 1976, and same-sex marriage has been recognized since October 2014. West Virginia statutes do not address discrimination on account of sexual orientation or gender identity; however, the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in Bostock v. Clayton County established that employment discrimination against LGBT people is illegal.
The Supreme Court decision in Obergefell v. Hodges that legalized same-sex marriage in the states and most territories did not legalize same-sex marriage on Indian reservations. In the United States, Congress has legal authority over tribal reservations. Thus, unless Congress passes a law regarding same-sex marriage that is applicable to tribal governments, federally recognized American Indian tribes have the legal right to form their own marriage laws. As such, the individual laws of the various United States federally recognized Native American tribes may set limits on same-sex marriage under their jurisdictions. At least ten reservations specifically prohibit same-sex marriage and do not recognize same-sex marriages performed in other jurisdictions; these reservations, alongside American Samoa, remain the only parts of the United States to enforce explicit bans on same-sex couples marrying.
In the United States, criminal anarchy is the crime of conspiracy to overthrow the government by force or violence, or by assassination of the executive head or of any of the executive officials of government, or by any unlawful means. The advocacy of such doctrine either by word of mouth or writing is a felony in many U.S. states. Circa 1955, the United States Solicitor General said that forty-two States plus Alaska and Hawaii had statutes which in some form prohibited advocacy of the violent overthrow of established government.
In the United States, the law for murder varies by jurisdiction. In many US jurisdictions there is a hierarchy of acts, known collectively as homicide, of which first-degree murder and felony murder are the most serious, followed by second-degree murder and, in a few states, third-degree murder, which in other states is divided into voluntary manslaughter, and involuntary manslaughter such as reckless homicide and negligent homicide, which are the least serious, and ending finally in justifiable homicide, which is not a crime. However, because there are at least 52 relevant jurisdictions, each with its own criminal code, this is a considerable simplification.
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in the Commonwealth of Virginia enjoy the same rights as non-LGBT people. LGBT rights in the state are a recent occurrence with most improvements in LGBT rights occurring in the 2000s and 2010s. Same-sex marriage has been legal in Virginia since October 6, 2014, when the U.S. Supreme Court refused to consider an appeal in the case of Bostic v. Rainey. Effective July 1, 2020, there is a state-wide law protecting LGBT persons from discrimination in employment, housing, public accommodations, and credit. The state's hate crime laws also now explicitly include both sexual orientation and gender identity.
Laws regarding incest in the United States vary widely between jurisdictions regarding both the definition of the offense and penalties for its commission.
A constituency statute is a term in US corporate law for a rule that requires a board of directors to pay regard to the interests of all corporate stakeholders in their decision making. A constituency statute is intended to give directors of corporations the discretion to balance the interests of stakeholders, rather than have to solely focus on maximizing shareholder value in a way that could damage the long-term sustainability of the enterprise.