Like many countries, several U.S. states have created sovereign wealth funds to finance certain services (typically public education) or to provide general revenue to the state government itself. [1] [2] This article comprises the known such funds and their monetary amounts.
Rank | State | Fund | Assets | Origin | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Value (in billions) | As of | Ref. | ||||
1 | Alaska | Alaska Permanent Fund | 74.455 | December 2022 | [3] | Petroleum |
2 | Texas | Permanent School Fund | 55.624 | August 2022 | [4] | Commodity / petroleum |
3 | Permanent University Fund | 31.763 | August 2022 | [5] | ||
4 | New Mexico | New Mexico State Investment Council Permanent Funds | 31.000 | December 2020 | [6] | Petroleum |
5 | Wyoming | Wyoming Permanent/Endowment Funds | 12.6 | March 2017 | [7] | Minerals |
6 | North Dakota | North Dakota Legacy Fund | 8.2 | November 2022 | [8] | Petroleum |
7 | Alabama | Alabama Trust Fund | 2.5 | June 2016 | [9] | Petroleum |
8 | Utah | State School Fund | 2.0 | March 2015 | [10] | Public lands |
9 | Oregon | Oregon Common School Fund | 1.4 | December 2016 | [11] | Public lands |
10 | Louisiana | Louisiana Education Quality Trust Fund | 1.3 | June 2016 | [12] | Petroleum |
11 | Montana | Coal Severance Tax Trust Fund & Public School Trust | 1.2 | June 2016 | [13] | Fossil fuels / Public lands |
A pension fund, also known as a superannuation fund in some countries, is any plan, fund, or scheme which provides retirement income.
The Government Pension Fund of Norway comprises two entirely separate sovereign wealth funds owned by the government of Norway.
An institutional investor is an entity which pools money to purchase securities, real property, and other investment assets or originate loans. Institutional investors include commercial banks, central banks, credit unions, government-linked companies, insurers, pension funds, sovereign wealth funds, charities, hedge funds, REITs, investment advisors, endowments, and mutual funds. Operating companies which invest excess capital in these types of assets may also be included in the term. Activist institutional investors may also influence corporate governance by exercising voting rights in their investments. In 2019, the world's top 500 asset managers collectively managed $104.4 trillion in Assets under Management (AuM).
The Permanent University Fund (PUF) is a sovereign wealth fund created by the State of Texas to fund public higher education within the state. A portion of the returns from the PUF are annually directed towards the Available University Fund (AUF), which distributes the funds according to provisions set forth by the 1876 Texas Constitution, subsequent constitutional amendments, and the board of regents of the Texas A&M University System and University of Texas System. The PUF provides extra funds, above monies from tax revenues, to the UT System and the Texas A&M System which collectively have approximately 50 percent of state public university students. The PUF does not provide any funding to other public Universities in the State of Texas.
The Abu Dhabi Investment Authority is a sovereign wealth fund owned by the Emirate of Abu Dhabi founded for the purpose of investing funds on behalf of the Government of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi. It manages the Emirate's excess oil reserves and is estimated to manage $790 billion.
GIC Private Limited is a sovereign wealth fund in Singapore that manages its foreign reserves. Established by the Government of Singapore in 1981 as the Government of Singapore Investment Corporation, its mission is to preserve and enhance the international purchasing power of the reserves with the aim of achieving good long-term returns above global inflation over the investment time horizon.
The Pew Charitable Trusts is an independent non-profit, non-governmental organization (NGO), founded in 1948.
The Future Fund is an independently managed sovereign wealth fund established in 2006 to strengthen the Australian Government's long-term financial position by making provision for unfunded superannuation liabilities for politicians and other public servants that will become payable during a period when an ageing population is likely to place significant pressure on the Commonwealth's finances. In 2021 the fund had US$143.7 billion in assets under management.
A sovereign wealth fund (SWF), sovereign investment fund, or social wealth fund is a state-owned investment fund that invests in real and financial assets such as stocks, bonds, real estate, precious metals, or in alternative investments such as private equity fund or hedge funds. Sovereign wealth funds invest globally. Most SWFs are funded by revenues from commodity exports or from foreign-exchange reserves held by the central bank.
Severance taxes are taxes imposed on the removal of natural resources within a taxing jurisdiction. Severance taxes are most commonly imposed in oil producing states within the United States. Resources that typically incur severance taxes when extracted include oil, natural gas, coal, uranium, and timber. Some jurisdictions use other terms like gross production tax.
China Investment Corporation (CIC) is a sovereign wealth fund that manages part of the People's Republic of China's foreign exchange reserves. China's largest sovereign wealth fund, CIC was established in 2007 with about US$200 billion of assets under management, a number that grew to US$941 billion in 2017 and US$1.2 trillion in 2021.
The Libyan Investment Authority (LIA) is a government-managed sovereign wealth fund and holding company headquartered in Tripoli, Libya. It was established on August 28, 2006, by Decree 208 of the General People's Committee of Libya (GPC), after the lifting of economic sanctions that had previously precluded foreign investment in Libya. The LIA oversees and manages investments in various areas including agriculture, real estate, infrastructure, oil and gas and in shares and bonds. It is Africa's largest sovereign wealth fund. The fund is a member of the International Forum of Sovereign Wealth Funds and is therefore signed up to the Santiago Principles on best practice in managing sovereign wealth funds. In December 2021 the fund had US$ 67 billion in assets under management.
The Canada Pension Plan Investment Board, operating as CPP Investments, is a Canadian Crown corporation established by way of the 1997 Canada Pension Plan Investment Board Act to oversee and invest the funds contributed to and held by the Canada Pension Plan (CPP).
The Qatar Investment Authority is Qatar's sovereign wealth fund. The QIA was founded by the State of Qatar in 2005 to strengthen the country's economy by diversifying into new asset classes. In 2021, the QIA had an estimated $450 billion of assets.
The Santiago Principles or formally the Sovereign Wealth Funds: Generally Accepted Principles and Practices (GAPP) are designed as a common global set of 24 voluntary guidelines that assign best practices for the operations of Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs). They are a consequence of the concern of investors and regulators to establish management principles addressing the inadequate transparency, independence, and governance in the industry. They are guidelines to be followed by sovereign wealth fund management to maintain a stable global financial system, proper controls around risk, regulation and a sound governance structure.
The Texas Permanent School Fund is a sovereign wealth fund which serves to provide revenues for funding of public primary and secondary education in the US state of Texas. Its assets include many publicly owned lands within Texas and various other investments; as of the end of fiscal 2020, the fund had an endowment of $48.3 billion. The fund is distinct from the Permanent University Fund, which funds most institutions in the University of Texas System and the Texas A&M University System, but no other public universities or schools in the state.
The Russian Direct Investment Fund (RDIF) is Russia's sovereign wealth fund established in 2011 by the Russian government to make investments in companies of high-growth sectors of the Russian economy. Its mandate is to co-invest alongside the world’s largest institutional investors, direct investment funds, sovereign wealth funds and leading companies.
The Public Investment Fund is the sovereign wealth fund of Saudi Arabia. It is among the largest sovereign wealth funds in the world with total estimated assets of $620 billion (£514 billion). It was created in 1971 for the purpose of investing funds on behalf of the government of Saudi Arabia. The wealth fund has been controlled by Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, Saudi Arabia's de facto ruler since 2015.
Geode Capital Management, LLC (Geode) is an American Investment Management firm based in Boston, Massachusetts.