Idiot

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The Idiot by Evert Larock (1892) Larock-The Idiot.jpg
The Idiot by Evert Larock (1892)

An idiot, in modern use, is a stupid or foolish person.

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'Idiot' was formerly a technical term in legal and psychiatric contexts for some kinds of profound intellectual disability where the mental age is two years or less, and the person cannot guard themself against common physical dangers. The term was gradually replaced by 'profound mental retardation', which has since been replaced by other terms. [1] Along with terms like moron, imbecile, retard and cretin, its use to describe people with mental disabilities is considered archaic and offensive. [2] Moral idiocy refers to a moral disability.

Etymology

The word "idiot" ultimately comes from the Greek noun ἰδιώτης idiōtēs 'a private person, individual' (as opposed to the state), 'a private citizen' (as opposed to someone with a political office), 'a common man', 'a person lacking professional skill, layman', later 'unskilled', 'ignorant', derived from the adjective ἴδιοςidios 'personal' (not public, not shared). [3] [4] In Latin, idiota was borrowed in the meaning 'uneducated', 'ignorant', 'common', [5] and in Late Latin came to mean 'crude, illiterate, ignorant'. [6] In French, it kept the meaning of 'illiterate', 'ignorant', and added the meaning 'stupid' in the 13th century. [7] In English, it added the meaning 'mentally deficient' in the 14th century. [2]

Many political commentators, starting as early as 1856, have interpreted the word "idiot" as reflecting the Ancient Athenians' attitudes to civic participation and private life, combining the ancient meaning of 'private citizen' with the modern meaning 'fool' to conclude that the Greeks used the word to say that it is selfish and foolish not to participate in public life. [8] But this is not how the Greeks used the word.

It is certainly true that the Greeks valued civic participation and criticized non-participation. Thucydides quotes Pericles' Funeral Oration as saying: "[we] regard... him who takes no part in these [public] duties not as unambitious but as useless" (τόν τε μηδὲν τῶνδε μετέχοντα οὐκ ἀπράγμονα, ἀλλ᾽ ἀχρεῖον νομίζομεν). [9] However, neither he nor any other ancient author uses the word "idiot" to describe non-participants, or in a derogatory sense; its most common use was simply a private citizen or amateur as opposed to a government official, professional, or expert. [10] The derogatory sense came centuries later, and was unrelated to the political meaning. [11] [4] [2]

Disability and early classification and nomenclature

In 19th- and early 20th-century medicine and psychology, an "idiot" was a person with a very profound intellectual disability, being diagnosed with "idiocy". In the early 1900s, Dr. Henry H. Goddard proposed a classification system for intellectual disability based on the Binet-Simon concept of mental age. Individuals with the lowest mental age level (less than three years) were identified as idiots; imbeciles had a mental age of three to seven years, and morons had a mental age of seven to ten years. [12] The term "idiot" was used to refer to people having an IQ below 30[ citation needed ] [13] [14] IQ, or intelligence quotient, was originally determined by dividing a person's mental age, as determined by standardized tests, by their actual age. The concept of mental age has fallen into disfavor, though, and IQ is now determined on the basis of statistical distributions. [15]

In the obsolete medical classification (ICD-9, 1977), these people were said to have "profound mental retardation" or "profound mental subnormality" with IQ under 20. [16]

Regional law

United States

Until 2007, the California Penal Code Section 26 stated that "Idiots" were one of six types of people who are not capable of committing crimes. In 2007 the code was amended to read "persons who are mentally incapacitated." [17] In 2008, Iowa voters passed a measure replacing "idiot, or insane person" in the State's constitution with "person adjudged mentally incompetent." [18]

In the constitution of several U.S. states, "idiots" do not have the right to vote:

The constitution of the state of Arkansas was amended in the general election of 2008 to, among other things, repeal a provision (Article 3, Section 5) which had until its repeal prohibited "idiots or insane persons" from voting. [22]

In literature

A few authors have used "idiot" characters in novels, plays and poetry. Often these characters are used to highlight or indicate something else (allegory). Examples of such usage are William Faulkner's The Sound and the Fury , Daphne du Maurier's Rebecca and William Wordsworth's The Idiot Boy . Idiot characters in literature are often confused with or subsumed within mad or lunatic characters. The most common intersection between these two categories of mental impairment occurs in the polemic surrounding Edmund from William Shakespeare's King Lear .

In Fyodor Dostoevsky's novel The Idiot the title refers to the central character Prince Myshkin, a man whose innocence, kindness and humility, combined with his occasional epileptic symptoms, cause many in the corrupt, egoistic culture around him to mistakenly assume that he lacks intelligence. In The Antichrist , Nietzsche applies the word 'idiot' to Jesus in a comparable fashion, almost certainly in an allusion to Dostoevsky's use of the word: [23] "One has to regret that no Dostoevsky lived in the neighbourhood of this most interesting décadent; I mean someone who could feel the thrilling fascination of such a combination of the sublime, the sick and the childish." [24] [25]

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The term imbecile was once used by psychiatrists to denote a category of people with moderate to severe intellectual disability, as well as a type of criminal. The word arises from the Latin word imbecillus, meaning weak, or weak-minded. It originally referred to people of the second order in a former and discarded classification of intellectual disability, with a mental age of three to seven years and an IQ of 25–50, above "idiot" and below "moron". In the obsolete medical classification, these people were said to have "moderate mental retardation" or "moderate mental subnormality" with IQ of 35–49, as they are usually capable of some degree of communication, guarding themselves against danger and performing simple mechanical tasks under supervision.

<i>The Idiot</i> 1868–69 novel by Fyodor Dostoyevsky

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Henry H. Goddard</span> American psychologist and eugenicist (1866–1957)

Henry Herbert Goddard was an American psychologist, eugenicist, and segregationist during the early 20th century. He is known especially for his 1912 work The Kallikak Family: A Study in the Heredity of Feeble-Mindedness, which he himself came to regard as flawed for its ahistoric depiction of the titular family, and for translating the Binet-Simon Intelligence Test into English in 1908 and distributing an estimated 22,000 copies of the translated test across the United States. He also introduced the term "moron" for clinical use.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mental Deficiency Act 1913</span> Act of Parliament of the United Kingdom

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Binet-Simon Intelligence Test</span> Historical intelligence test

The Binet-Simon Intelligence Test was the first intelligence test that could be used to predict scholarly performance and which was widely accepted by the fields of psychology and psychiatry. The development of the test started in 1905 with Alfred Binet and Théodore Simon in Paris, France. Binet and Simon published articles about the test multiple times in Binet's scientific journal L'Année Psychologique, twice in 1905, once in 1908, and once in 1911. The revisions and publications on the Binet-Simon Intelligence Test by Binet and Simon stopped in 1911 due to the death of Alfred Binet in 1911.

References

Citations

  1. ↑ "The Clinical History of 'Moron,' 'Idiot,' and 'Imbecile'". merriam-webster.com.
  2. 1 2 3 Oxford English Dictionary , s.v.
  3. ↑ J. Diggle, ed., The Cambridge Greek Lexicon, 2021, ISBN   9780521826808, s.v., p. 702
  4. 1 2 Liddell-Scott-Jones A Greek–English Lexicon , s.v. ἰδιώτης and ἴδιος.
  5. ↑ A Latin Dictionary , s.v.
  6. ↑ du Cange, Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis , s.v.
  7. ↑ Trésor de la langue française informatisé , s.v.
  8. ↑ a. R.L. Gibson (Louisiana), "Notes of European Travel--France", De Bow's Review21 (3rd series):1:375-405 (1856), p. 389
    b. The Sanitary Era6:117:12 (October 1892), New York, p. 210
    c. Bouck White, The Free City: A Book of Neighborhood, 1919, p. 53
    d. John Robertson Macarthur, Ancient Greece in Modern America, 1943, p. 195
    e. Anthamatten, Eric (2017-06-12). "Trump and the True Meaning of 'Idiot'" . The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2022-01-03. Retrieved 2017-06-26.
    f. Parker, Walter C. (January 1, 2005). "Teaching against Idiocy". Phi Delta Kappan. 86 (5): 344–351. doi:10.1177/003172170508600504. S2CID   144893136.
  9. ↑ Thucydides, The Peloponnesian War , Thuc. 2.40
  10. ↑ Matthew Landauer, "The Idiōtēs and the Tyrant: Two Faces of Unaccountability in Democratic Athens", Political Theory42:2:139-166 (April 2014), JSTOR   24571390, p. 145
  11. ↑ Sparkes, A. W. (1988). "Idiots, ancient and modern". Australian Journal of Political Science. 23 (1): 101–102. doi:10.1080/00323268808402051.
  12. ↑ Zaretsky, Herbert H.; Richter, Edwin F.; Eisenberg, Myron G. (2005), Medical aspects of disability: a handbook for the rehabilitation professional (third edition, illustrated ed.), Springer Publishing Company, p.  346, ISBN   978-0-8261-7973-9 .
  13. ↑ Rapley, Mark (2004), The Social Construction of Intellectual Disability, Cambridge University Press, p.  32, ISBN   978-0-521-00529-6 .
  14. ↑ Cruz, Isagani A.; Quaison, Camilo D. (2003), Correct Choice of Words' : English Grammar Series for Filipino Lawyers (2003 ed.), Rex Bookstore, Inc., pp.  444–445, ISBN   978-971-23-3686-7 .
  15. ↑ Vibeke Grover Aukrust (2011). Learning and Cognition. Elsevier. pp.  95–96. ISBN   978-0-12-381438-8.
  16. ↑ World Health Organization (1977). Manual of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Injuries, and Causes of Death (PDF). Vol. 1. Jeneva. p. 213.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  17. ↑ "Penal Code section 25-29". State of California. Archived from the original on 2009-06-27. Retrieved 2007-09-21.
  18. ↑ Sharples, Tiffany (5 November 2008). "Ballot Initiatives: No to Gay Marriage, Anti-Abortion Measures". time.com. Archived from the original on November 9, 2008. Retrieved 2009-02-26.
  19. ↑ "Kentucky Section 145". state.ky.us. Archived from the original on 12 July 2018. Retrieved 17 December 2018.
  20. ↑ Mississippi Constitution of the State of Mississippi See Article 12, Section 241
  21. ↑ "Ohio Constitution, Article V, Section 6". www.legislature.ohio.gov. Retrieved 17 December 2018.
  22. ↑ Arkansas Ballot Measures: An Amendment Concerning Voting, Qualifications of Voters and Election Officers, and the Time of Holding General Elections (Amendment 1) : For the November 4, 2008 General Election, votesmart.org.
  23. ↑ Michael Tanner and R.J. Hollingdale (1990). Glossary of Names in Nietzsche's "The Antichrist". Penguin Books. p 200
  24. ↑ Nietzsche, Friedrich (1990). The Antichrist. Penguin Books. p. 153 (§ 31).
  25. ↑ Nietzsche, Friedrich (1895). The Antichrist. Archived from the original on 2007-09-23. Retrieved 2007-09-21. To make a hero of Jesus! And even more, what a misunderstanding is the word 'genius'! Our whole concept, our cultural concept, of 'spirit' has no meaning whatever in the world in which Jesus lives. Spoken with the precision of a physiologist, even an entirely different word would be yet more fitting here—the word idiot.
    (§ 29, partially quoted here, contains three words that were suppressed by Nietzsche's sister when she published The Antichrist in 1895. The words are: 'das Wort Idiot,' translated here as 'the word idiot'. They were not made public until 1931, by Josef Hofmiller. H.L. Mencken's 1920 translation does not contain these words.)

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