White Castle (restaurant)

Last updated

White Castle Management Co.
White Castle
Company type Private
Industry Restaurants
Genre Fast food
FoundedSeptember 13, 1921;103 years ago (1921-09-13)
Wichita, Kansas, U.S.
Founders
  • Billy Ingram [1]
  • Walter Anderson
Headquarters
Columbus, Ohio
,
U.S.
Number of locations
345 (2024)
Areas served
Key people
Lisa Ingram (CEO) [2] [3]
Products Hamburgers, french fries, breakfast, soft drinks, milkshakes
RevenueUS$ 720.6 million [4] Increase2.svg (2019)
OwnerIngram family
Number of employees
10,000 [5]
Website whitecastle.com

White Castle is an American regional hamburger restaurant chain with about 345 locations across 13 states, with its greatest presence in the Midwest and New York metropolitan area. [6] [7] Founded on September 13, 1921, in Wichita, Kansas, White Castle has been generally credited as the world's first fast food hamburger chain. [2] It is known for its small, square hamburgers commonly referred to as "sliders". The burgers were initially priced at five cents until 1929 and remained at 10 cents until 1949. [8] In the 1940s, White Castle periodically ran promotional ads in local newspapers which contained coupons offering five burgers for ten cents, takeout only. [9] [10] In 2014, Time named the White Castle slider "The Most Influential Burger of All Time".

Contents

History

Background

Walter (Walt) A. Anderson (1880–1963), a cook, had been running food stands in Wichita since 1916, when he opened his first diner in a converted streetcar. After a second and third location, he was looking to open a fourth location when he met Edgar Waldo "Billy" A. Ingram (1880–1966), an insurance and real-estate man, and together they started the White Castle chain.

Founding and early activity

White Castle was founded in March 1921 in Wichita, Kansas. [11] Anderson partnered with Ingram to make White Castle into a chain of restaurants and market the brand and its distinctive product. The two men incorporated the business in 1924 and named it White Castle System of Eating Houses Corporation. [12] [13]

Anderson and Ingram started with only $700 for the original White Castle in Wichita, Kansas. The original location was the northwest corner of First and Main; the building is no longer standing. [11]

At the time, Americans were hesitant to eat ground beef after Upton Sinclair's 1906 novel The Jungle had publicized the poor sanitation practices of the meat-packing industry. The founders set out to change the public's perception of the cleanliness of the industry they were creating. To invoke a feeling of cleanliness, their restaurants were small buildings with stainless steel interiors, and employees outfitted with spotless uniforms. Their first restaurants in Wichita were a success, and the company branched out into other Midwestern markets, starting in 1922 with El Dorado, Kansas.

1925: White Castle Official House Organ, success, expansion and imitators

The company also began publishing its own internal employee magazine, the White Castle Official House Organ, circa November 1925 (it was originally named The Hot Hamburger). The bulk of the material was contributed by company personnel and consisted mostly of letters and photographs of workers, promotional announcements, 25-year milestones, retirements, and similar items of interest arranged by geographic area. "Employees could... read about the progress and innovations made by those in other areas which made everyone aware of the entire system's direction and condition." [14] The White Castle Official House Organ was published quarterly at least through the early 1980s, and at some point was renamed The Slider Times. The Ohio History Connection houses an extensive archive of White Castle System, Inc. records from 1921 to 1991, including issues dating from 1927 to 1970 of the White Castle Official House Organ. [15]

Indianapolis White Castle #3 IndyWhiteCastle2.JPG
Indianapolis White Castle #3
White Castle Building No. 8 in Minneapolis, Minnesota, was built in 1936 to mimic the castle-like features of Chicago's Water Tower Pumping Station and later converted to house an antique shop as of 2006. White Castle Building 8.jpg
White Castle Building No. 8 in Minneapolis, Minnesota, was built in 1936 to mimic the castle-like features of Chicago's Water Tower Pumping Station and later converted to house an antique shop as of 2006.

The earliest buildings, such as Indianapolis White Castle #3, built in 1927, had exteriors of white enamel-glazed brick and interiors of enameled steel. The Indianapolis unit was in operation until 1979, making it, at the time of its closure, the longest-operating fast food restaurant in the country. The company constructed this style of building from 1924 to 1929. [16] White Castle Building No. 8 in Minneapolis, Minnesota, originally built in 1936 and remodeled, is an example of the chain's buildings with prefabricated white porcelain enamel on steel exteriors. The building measured 28 feet (8.5 m) by 28 feet (8.5 m) and was designed to resemble the Chicago Water Tower, with octagonal buttresses, crenelated towers, and a parapet wall. [17] [18]

The success of White Castle led to numerous imitators. Restaurants copied the distinctive architecture of White Castle buildings, as well as created confusion for consumers by using a similar name. The first of these imitators in Wichita was Little Kastle. Many competitors created their names with a play on the White Castle name. Some restaurant chains just replaced the word "Castle" with their own word (Cabin, Cap, Clock, Crescent, Diamond, Dome, Fortress, Grille, House, Hut, Kitchen, Knight, Log, Manna, Mill, Palace, Plaza, Shop, Spot, Tavern, Tower, Turret, Wonder), while others chose to replace "White" with another color or adjective (Blue, King's, Little, Magic, Modern, Prince's, Red, Royal, Silver). Some of the other imitators included Castle Blanca, Blue Beacon, Blue Bell, Blue Tower, Krystal, Red Barn, Red Lantern, and Klover Kastle. Despite all the competition, few of the competitors were able to match the success of White Castle. [19]

1932: Paperlynen subsidiary

The signature cheeseburger 2021-07-23 18 53 02 A slider at the White Castle on Piaget Avenue in Clifton, Passaic County, New Jersey.jpg
The signature cheeseburger

Since fast food was unknown in the United States at the time of White Castle's founding, there was no infrastructure to support the business, as is common with today's fast-food restaurants. The company established centralized bakeries, meat supply plants, and warehouses to supply itself. It was said that the only things that they did not do themselves were raise the cows and grow their own wheat. Ingram developed a device to produce previously unheard of paper hats (for employees to wear as part of the uniform).

In 1932, Ingram set up a subsidiary, Paperlynen, to produce these hats and other paper products used in his restaurants as well as for many other purposes. At the time, White Castle's distribution stretched from Wichita to New York. Ingram decided the central office should be in the center of the distribution area, and in 1936, relocated the central office to Columbus, Ohio. That same year, Ingram decided to close all of the restaurants in the two smallest-profit markets, Wichita and Omaha.

In 1955, Paperlynen produced over 42 million paper hats worldwide with more than 25,000 different inscriptions. [20]

1934: Porcelain Steel Buildings subsidiary

White Castle also created a subsidiary in 1934 named Porcelain Steel Buildings that manufactured movable, prefabricated, steel frame structures with porcelain enamel interior and exterior panels that could be assembled at any of its restaurant sites. [17] This is the first known use of this material in a building design.

Buyout of Anderson, headquarters relocation, and expansion

In 1933, Anderson sold his half of the business to Ingram, and the following year the company moved its corporate headquarters to Columbus, Ohio. Co-founder Billy Ingram was followed as head of the firm by his son E. W. Ingram Jr. and grandson E. W. Ingram III.

In 1959, White Castle expanded into new markets for the first time since the 1920s. [21] Billy Ingram, who had retired to Miami in 1958, built three White Castle restaurants there. The company closed the Florida operations in 1967 due to inefficient supply distribution. [22]

Throughout its existence, White Castle has been a private company and relied on company-owned stores. It remains privately held today, and its restaurants are all company-owned; none are franchised,[ clarification needed ] except very briefly in Japan during the 1980s [23] and more recently in China since 2017. [24]

Location expansion, plant-based meat sliders, automation

White Castle restaurant at the Fremont Street Experience in Las Vegas, Nevada in 2021 Fremont Street Experience - October 2021.jpg
White Castle restaurant at the Fremont Street Experience in Las Vegas, Nevada in 2021

The first White Castle in central Missouri opened in Columbia in October 2010. [25]

The first White Castle in the far western United States opened at the Casino Royale Hotel & Casino on the Las Vegas Strip on January 27, 2015. [26] This was the first expansion for White Castle into a region outside the Midwest and Northeast in 56 years. On the first day of business, demand for food was so great that the restaurant had to temporarily close for two hours to restock. [27] White Castle Vice President Jamie Richardson said that the store sold 4,000 sliders per hour in its first 12 hours. He was not aware of any similar closing due to unexpected demand in White Castle's 94-year history. A second White Castle location opened in Las Vegas in September 2017 on Fremont Street, [28] a third opened in Jean at the Terrible's Road House in October 2018, [29] a fourth location on Paradise Road in December 2019, [30] and a fifth location in Henderson in June 2022. [31]

In September 2015, White Castle began to offer Veggie Sliders with dairy-free buns to provide a vegan option. [32]

In December 2015, White Castle announced that chief executive officer (CEO) E.W. “Bill” Ingram III would step down at the end of the year, but continue to be chairman of the board. His daughter, Lisa Ingram, then became the fourth CEO of the company. [33] [3]

In 2018, White Castle began offering plant-based meat Impossible Burgers designed to closely mimic the flavor and texture of beef burgers. [34]

The first White Castle location in Arizona opened in Scottsdale on October 23, 2019. [35] A second location opened in nearby Tempe on November 28, 2023. [36] In June 2024, a third Arizona location opened in Goodyear. [37]

White Castle announced on November 25, 2019, that the chain would return to Florida after previously leaving the state in 1968, with plans to open the first restaurant in Orlando. [38] A ghost kitchen, operated out of the restaurant while it was under construction, overloaded Uber Eats when it opened for one day on February 24, 2021. [39] The Orlando location opened on May 3, 2021. [40] It is the world's largest White Castle, located on Daryl Carter Parkway off Interstate 4. The opening coincided with White Castle's 100th anniversary.

In 2020, White Castle began testing an automated cooking robot called Flippy in a number of its Chicago-area stores, and then equipped a larger number of locations with the updated Flippy 2 model in November 2021. [41] The system is able to discriminate amongst burgers, chicken fingers, and french fries, pick them up, cook them through automated temperature detection and flipping action, place the cooked item in a fry basket, and in turn place the basketed food in an area for holding hot items. [41] The Flippy 2 model can operate without human intervention and produce 60 baskets of food per hour. By the end of 2022, approximately one in three White Castle locations are expected to be equipped with the device. [41]

Activities

United States

White Castle restaurant in the New York City borough of Queens in 2017 Queens Blvd 57th Av 04 - White Castle.jpg
White Castle restaurant in the New York City borough of Queens in 2017

The Ingram family's steadfast refusal to franchise, take on debt or offer shares to the public throughout the company's existence has kept the chain relatively small, with a more discontinuous geography than its principal competitors. There are currently 345 White Castle outlets, as of May 17, 2024, [7] predominantly in the Midwest, Kentucky, and Tennessee. The exceptions are about 20 White Castle locations in the New York—New Jersey metropolitan area (as of 2020), [42] three locations around Las Vegas, Nevada, three in the Phoenix metropolitan area in Arizona, one in Orlando, Florida, and two in Shanghai, China. By comparison, there are over 36,000 McDonald's locations globally, with approximately 14,000 of those in the United States. [43] The chain does, however, sell frozen sliders at supermarkets nationwide, with availability varying by chain.

White Castle currently has locations in the following metropolitan areas in the United States:

Louisville and Columbus also house bulk-manufacturing (grocery-store sales, meat, and bun production) divisions. Company headquarters and the Porcelain Steel Buildings division are in Columbus, Ohio.

In the late 20th century, White Castle tried expanding into three new cities, Philadelphia, Kansas City, and Cleveland-Akron. Those restaurants closed within several years. Afer a several decade hiatus, the company returned to the Kansas City area in 1985 [44] only to leave again in 2001. [45] White Castle entered the Cleveland-Akron area in 1987 [46] and then exited in December 2014. [47]

International activities

Since 2021 when its restaurants in China closed, White Castle does not currently have any restaurants outside of the continental United States.

Through franchise deals with local corporate business partners, White Castle briefly had restaurants outside of the United States in Singapore, Malaysia, and Japan during the late 1980s and early 1990s, but the concept never caught on in those countries. [48] During the same time period, White Castle also tried to establish franchised operations in Mexico and South Korea, but these restaurants also failed. [49] The lone Korean restaurant in Seoul was quietly closed by 1993. [50]

In 1986, White Castle opened its first Japanese restaurant in the city of Osaka via a franchise deal with a Japanese company. [51] [23] There are no reliable records that show when this location closed and when the company finally left the Japanese marketplace. By the end of 1986, the Japanese franchise had six restaurants with a seventh opened by the following year. [52]

In June 1989, White Castle and its local franchise partner Innovest Bhd. opened seven restaurants in Malaysia. Innovest franchise territory included Malaysia and Singapore, and the company had plans to open three more restaurants by the end of the year, with the possibility of having a total of 20 restaurants within its two country region by the following year. [52] [53]

The first White Castle franchised location in Mexico opened in Mexico City in 1996, but it also closed after a brief trial run. [54] [55]

In 2017, White Castle opened its first and second restaurants in China in the city of Shanghai through a partnership with Shanghai-based ClearVue Partners. In addition to beef sliders, the Shanghai location also sold a spicy tofu slider and a cherry duck slider, which is smoked duck topped with a sweet cherry sauce. At the time of their openings, these two restaurants were the only White Castle restaurants located outside of the United States. [24] These locations were closed by September 2021. [56]

Canada

Although White Castle has never opened any restaurants in Canada, Canadians have been able to purchase White Castle hamburgers from the frozen foods section in select Canadian grocery and convenience stores since 2015 and more recently at Walmart. [57] For the production of the 2004 film Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle , a full-size outlet was built in Caledon, Ontario, but never commissioned opened to the local public, instead reopened as Yuppie's Burgers, only to go quickly bankrupt (later converted to an Ultramar gas station). [58] White Castle currently has no locations in Canada.

Countries formerly with White Castle

Products and marketing

White Castle in Cincinnati, Ohio, the state where the restaurant chain is now headquartered White Castle, Northside, Cincinnati.jpg
White Castle in Cincinnati, Ohio, the state where the restaurant chain is now headquartered

White Castle also markets its sandwiches in 20 or 30-hamburger boxes, called a Crave Clutch or Crave Case, respectively. [60] The figure of 30 burgers represents the number that can be produced on one of its standard griddles at the same time. [61] A "Crave Crate" is also offered, with the contents being 100 burgers. [60] [62]

To celebrate its 100th year in operation, White Castle re-introduced their original burger, called the 1921 Slider. It features an addition of lettuce, tomato, and caramelized onions. Typically normal sliders have 5 holes in the patty while cooking on a griddle of onions and water to steam the sliders to completion. The 1921 is grilled directly on the griddle instead.

A variety of White Castle products (mostly frozen) are also sold in grocery stores. [63]

Some locations had been cobranded with Church's Chicken [64] until that co-branding arrangement ended around 2010.

Around 2012, White Castle experimented with the Laughing Noodle brand that was to share space with White Castle restaurants. The Laughing Noodle concept was discarded a few years later. The Laughing Noodle brand was developed to offer supplemental variety to a White Castle Restaurant. At least one such location was constructed and operated in Sharonville, Ohio. [65]

Although White Castle originated in Wichita, Kansas, the city has not had a restaurant since 1938, nor is there a White Castle restaurant in the entire state of Kansas. White Castle is one of the few restaurant chains that does not have a location in its original city. [66] In the early 2000s, White Castle tried expanding into the Kansas City market, with at least one location in Kansas, but those restaurants were closed several years later.

In April 2020, White Castle responded to the COVID-19 pandemic by announcing that the chain would be delivering free meals to healthcare workers. [67] White Castle also offered a free dessert in the month of May 2021 to anyone who showed a vaccination certificate. In certain regions, White Castle offered four hours of paid time off for workers who get both doses of an eligible COVID-19 vaccination and present their vaccination certificate to management.

Non-traditional sales

Due to their limited restaurant locations throughout the United States, White Castle had developed a cult following among former customers who develop a craving for their hamburger in areas not served by their restaurants. By the early 1980s, these customers would go to extreme length to obtain White Castle burgers, such as having friends and relative ship the burgers to them.

In November 1980, the town officials of Fountain Hills, Arizona, placed an order for 10,000 hamburgers to be sold at a town festival as part of a fundraiser. [68] The following year, the town create an annual festival that was held each May called Midwest Fest or Midwest Festival in which 100,000 or more hamburgers were purchased and sold as part of a fundraiser. [69] [70] By the middle of the decade, several other western cities were purchasing hundreds of thousands of burgers at a time for fundraisers. [71] In 1982, a Dayton disc jockey sent 3,000 burgers to 1,200 U.S. Marines stationed in Beirut. [72]

In late 1982, White Castle established a toll free phone line in which customers can order as few as 50 burgers to be shipped frozen to any metropolitan area in the United States serviced by Federal Express for as low as $57 as part of a program called "Hamburgers to Fly". [73] [74] [75] By early 1983, White Castle was shipping 10,000 hamburgers per week via FedEx. [74]

Based on the success of the sale of hamburgers shipped via air express, White Castle decided to expand their frozen hamburgers distribution by selling the burgers through supermarkets. In May 1986, the company test marketed the concept by selling through grocery stores in Denver and Indianapolis. [76] By the following year, the test was expanded to include Columbus, Ohio, and Portland, Oregon. [77] By 2014, retail sales were eventual expanded to all 50 states with sales conducted through supermarkets, c-stores, vending machines, concessions, military, drug, club, mass and dollar stores. [78]

Frozen White Castle hamburgers became available to Canadians in 2015 through various convenience stores and later became available at Canadian Walmart stores in 2018. [79]

Impact

Anderson is credited with the invention of the hamburger bun [80] as well as "the kitchen as assembly line, and the cook as infinitely replaceable technician," [81] hence giving rise to the modern fast-food phenomenon. Due to White Castle's innovation of having chain-wide standardized methods, customers could be sure that they would receive the same product and service in every White Castle restaurant. [82]

Ingram's business savvy was responsible not only for White Castle's success but also for the popularization of the hamburger. [83] Time ranked the White Castle slider "The Most Influential Burger of All Time" in its January 14, 2014, edition. [84]

The restaurant is a central plot device of the comedy film Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle .

See also

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References

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  2. 1 2 Kieler, Ashley (July 14, 2015). "The White Castle Story: The Birth Of Fast Food & The Burger Revolution". Consumerist .
  3. 1 2 Maze, Jonathan (December 22, 2015). "Lisa Ingram to be next White Castle CEO". Nation's Restaurant News .
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  21. ↑ Hogan, David Gerard (1997). Selling 'em by the Sack: White Castle and the Creation of American Food (First ed.). NYU Press. p. 131. ISBN   0-8147-3567-3 . Retrieved June 4, 2008.
  22. ↑ "Remember The 2 White Castles In Miami? Probably Not #throwbackthursday #tbt". Burger Beast. February 6, 2014. Retrieved May 24, 2015.
  23. 1 2 Siler, Julia Flynn (May 7, 1988). "White Castle's Search for Youth" . New York Times (Late (East Coast) ed.). p. 37. ProQuest   426818317. It owns all of its restaurants in the United States and has granted only one franchise – to an operator in Japan who expects to have 12 restaurants open by the end of the year.
  24. 1 2 Eaton, Dan (August 26, 2017). "Cherry duck sliders and spicy tofu: White Castle expands to China". Columbus Business First .
  25. ↑ Jayakumar, Amrita (October 27, 2010). "Buzz greets Columbia's first White Castle". Columbia Missourian .
  26. ↑ Snel, Alan (January 28, 2015). "White Castle on Strip reopens after temporary shutdown". Las Vegas Review-Journal . Retrieved January 29, 2015.
  27. ↑ "First Las Vegas White Castle opens to feeding frenzy". WESH . January 30, 2015. Archived from the original on April 17, 2015. Retrieved May 24, 2015.
  28. ↑ Martin, Bradley (September 21, 2017). "Downtown White Castle Debuts This Weekend". Eater Vegas .
  29. ↑ Martin, Bradley (October 1, 2018). "White Castle Debuts in Jean, Nevada". Eater Vegas .
  30. ↑ Lupiani, Joyce (December 6, 2019). "White Castle opens 4th location in Las Vegas valley". KTNV-TV .
  31. ↑ Richards, Rochelle (June 15, 2022). "White Castle opens newest valley location". Las Vegas Review-Journal .
  32. ↑ "White Castle's Veggie Sliders Are Now Vegan". PeTA . October 5, 2015.
  33. ↑ Malone, J.D. (December 20, 2015). "White Castle CEO passes reins to fourth generation: New CEO will be fourth in company's 94 years — first one not named Edgar Waldo". Columbus Dispatch . Archived from the original on December 21, 2015. Retrieved December 21, 2015.
  34. ↑ Goldfield, Hannah (April 14, 2018). "Can White Castle Sell the Impossible—the Meatless Burger That Bleeds?". New Yorker .
  35. ↑ Frigerio, Josh (August 24, 2018). "White Castle to open restaurant in AZ in 2019". KNXV-TV . Retrieved January 7, 2019.[ dead link ]
  36. ↑ "White Castle set to open its newest location later this month in Tempe". KNXV-TV . November 15, 2023. Retrieved November 22, 2023.
  37. ↑ "New White Castle restaurant location opens in Goodyear near I-10 and Bullard Ave". KNXV-TV . June 11, 2024.
  38. ↑ Figueroa, Daniel IV (November 25, 2019). "White Castle is coming back to Florida after a 50-year absence". Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved April 20, 2021.
  39. ↑ Krietz, Andrew (February 24, 2021). "Heavy demand forces Florida's newest White Castle to close for a day". WTSP . Retrieved April 20, 2021.
  40. ↑ Krietz, Andrew (May 3, 2021). "Florida White Castle opens today". WTSP . Retrieved May 4, 2021.
  41. 1 2 3 Khalid, Amrita (February 15, 2022). "A burger-flipping robot may be coming to a White Castle near you". Engadget . Retrieved August 19, 2022.
  42. ↑ "State of the Chains, 2020". Center for an Urban Future (CUF). Retrieved December 27, 2021.
  43. ↑ Bloch, Hayley (July 22, 2014). "Statistics and facts on McDonald's". Statista . Archived from the original on March 31, 2015. Retrieved March 8, 2015.
  44. ↑ Drouin, Jeremy (June 29, 2023). "KCQ serves up a history of early KC hamburger stands". Kansas City Public Library .
  45. ↑ Cookson, Brian (May 6, 2001). "Hamburger kingdom conquered, White Castle slides out of town" . Kansas City Business Journal . White Castle, the purveyor of square hamburgers known as "sliders," is leaving the Kansas City market.
  46. ↑ Grzegorek, Vince (June 14, 2019). "The Opening of Cleveland's First White Castle in 1987 Was the Place to Be". Cleveland Scene .
  47. ↑ Jablonski, Ray (December 11, 2014). "White Castle closing five restaurants in Cleveland and Akron". The Plain Dealer . Retrieved May 24, 2015.
  48. ↑ Ma, Wayne & Lin, Liza (September 24, 2017). "White Castle Takes a Slider-Sized Bite Out of China'– Fast Food Market: The chain hopes curiosity about Western food, and Cherry Duck mini-burgers, will attract customers". Wall Street Journal . Overseas, the burger chain has had several false starts.
  49. ↑ Robehmed, Natalie (August 18, 2014). "White Castle: A Cult Classic Searching For New Sizzle". Forbes .
  50. 1 2 Hyun-jung, Kim (August 30, 2010). "화이트 캐슬 햄버거,누리꾼 관심 폭발" [White Castle Hamburger explodes with interest from netizens]. etoday (in Korean). Retrieved July 24, 2019. 한편 화이트캐슬은 미니 햄버거로 유명한 체인으로 우리나라에도 93년에 압구정동에 1호점을 만들었다가 없어졌다. 당시 우리나라 국민들의 입맛과 정서에 맞지 않았던 것으로 풀이된다. [Meanwhile, White Castle is a chain famous for its mini hamburgers. It opened its first branch in Apgujeong-dong in 1993, but then closed down. It is interpreted that it did not suit the tastes and sentiments of the Korean people at the time.]
  51. ↑ "White Castle in Japan" . New York Times . October 27, 1986. p. D13. ProQuest   426297466. The White Castle fast-food chain is entering the Japanese market, its first venture outside the United States. Bill Ingram, president and chief executive of White Castle System Inc., said a restaurant would open on Nov. 21 in Osaka.
  52. 1 2 Christopher A. Amatos (July 16, 1989). "Business Meaty In Far East – White Castle Pleased By Sales at 7 Restaurants" . Columbus Dispatch . p. 04H. They may not call them sliders in Malaysia – yet – but the Far East country apparently gave White Castle a warm response when seven restaurants opened there last month... White Castle's franchisee in Malaysia and Singapore is Innovest Bhd... Three more stores are expected to open by the end of the year. By the end of 1990 another 10 will have opened, giving the area 20 units in Malaysia and Singapore, Thomas said... White Castle's first experiment with franchising was in Japan, where it opened a little more than a year ago with five units. That market has six stores now.
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  54. ↑ "Empresas gringas que no funcionaron en México" [Gringo companies that didn't work in Mexico]. GoBizNext (in Spanish). September 30, 2019. Llegó a México en el año 1996, pero su estancia fue breve, pues no tuvo el éxito que esperaban. [It arrived in Mexico in 1996, but its stay was short, because it did not have the success they expected.]
  55. 1 2 Patterson, Jim (March 31, 2007). "One-time patron helped bring White Castle to Mexico City". Columbus Dispatch .
  56. ↑ "The Great List of Closed Venues". Smart Shanghai. October 2023.
  57. ↑ "White Castle Sliders Head To Walmart Grocery Aisles Across Canada". Business Insider . May 3, 2018. White Castle products have been available in Canadian convenience stores since 2015
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  73. ↑ "Belly bombers by mail". United Press International . March 25, 1983.
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  80. ↑ "Hamburgers in History". h2g2 . May 16, 2003. Archived from the original on February 19, 2006.
  81. ↑ "Big bite". The Economist . April 24, 2008.
  82. ↑ Bowen, Dana (September 2009). "Chain Reaction". Saveur .
  83. ↑ Hogan, David Gerard (1997). Selling 'em by the Sack: White Castle and the Creation of American Food (First ed.). NYU Press. p. 50. ISBN   0-8147-3567-3 . Retrieved June 4, 2008.
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