Hexagrammidae

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Hexagrammidae
Temporal range: Late Miocene-Holocene
Hexagrammos stelleri.png
Whitespotted greenling Hexagrammos stelleri
Lingcod1.JPG
Lingcod, Ophiodon elongatus
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Scorpaeniformes
Suborder: Cottoidei
Superfamily: Hexagrammoidea
Shinohara, 1994 [1]
Family: Hexagrammidae
Jordan, 1888 [2]
Type species
Hexagrammus stelleri
Tilesius, 1810 [3]
Genera

see text

Okhotsk atka mackerel (Pleurogrammus azonus) Pleurogrammus azonus.jpg
Okhotsk atka mackerel (Pleurogrammus azonus)

Hexagrammidae, the greenlings, is a family of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the suborder Cottoidei in the order Perciformes. These fishes are found in the North Pacific Ocean.

Contents

Taxonomy

Hexagrammidae was first proposed as a family in 1888 by the American ichthyologist David Starr Jordan. [2] The 5th edition of Fishes of the World classifies this family as the only family in the monotypic superfamily Hexagrammoidea within the suborder Cottoidei of the diverse order Scorpaeniformes. [4] Other workers have found that if the Scorpaeniformes, as delimited in Fishes of the World, is not included in the Perciformes it renders the Perciformes paraphyletic. These workers retain the Cottoidei as a suborder within the Perciformes while reclassifying Hexagrammoidea as the infraorder Hexagrammales. [5] The family Zaniolepididae has been included within the Hexagrammidae, as the subfamilies Zaniolepidinae and Oxylebiinae, but Fishes of the World and Betancur et al classify these taxa as distinct from the Hexagrammidae. [4] [5] Placing these two families in their own monotypic superfamilies was originally proposed in 1994 by Gento Shinohara. [1]

Subfamilies and genera

Hexagrammidae contains the following subfamilies and genera: [4] [2] [3]

Characteristics

Hexagrammidae have cirri but do not have ridges or spines on their heads, They have between one and five lateral lines and may have cycloid or ctenoid scales. There is a single dorsal fin which is notched and contains between 16 and 28 spines and 11 and 30 soft rays. There is a single spine and 5 soft rays in the pelvic fin. The front nostril on each side of the snout is well developed but the rear nostril may be absent or if it is there it is merely a small pore. The anal fin may have upn to 3 spines, or there may be no spines, and 6 or 7 soft rays. There is no swimbladder. [4] The largest species is the lingcod (Ophiodon elongatus)which has a maximum published total length of 152 cm (60 in) but typically they are 50 cm (20 in) or less in length. [6]

Distribution and habitat

Hexagrammidae is endemic to the North Pacific Ocean where they are found in the subarctic and temperate regions, with a single species, the whitespotted greenling Hexagrammos stelleri , being found in the Arctic Ocean too. They occur from the intertidal zone to as deep as 600 m (2,000 ft) but most are found in waters of depths of less than 200 m (660 ft) on the continental shelf. [1]

Biology

Hexagrammidae greenlings are demersal fishes, except for the pelagic Pleurogrammus, and they feed on crustaceans, polychaetes, small fishes and fish eggs. [1]

Utilization

Hexagrammidae greenlings are fished for, the coastal species are fished for using hook and line and spears and in the late 20th and early 21st centuries the kelp greenling (Hexagrammas decagrammus) has become a target of a commercial fishery, while historically the lingcod (O. elongatus) and the atka mackerels of the genus Pleurogrammus have been the most targeted species. [1]

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anoplopomatidae</span> Family of ray-finned fishes

Anoplopomatidae, the sablefishes, are a small family of ray-finned fishes classified within the order Perciformes. These fishes are found in the North Pacific Ocean.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rhamphocottidae</span> Family of fish

Rhamphocottidae is a family of ray-finned fishes belonging to the superfamily Cottoidea, the sculpins. The species in this family occur in the North Pacific Ocean.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Congiopodidae</span> Family of ray-finned fishes

Congiopodidae, commonly known as pigfishes, horsefishes and racehorses, is a family of ray-finned fish classified with in the order Perciformes. These fishes are native to the Southern Hemisphere.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anarhichadidae</span> Family of ray-finned fishes

Anarhichadidae, the wolffishes, sea wolves or wolf eels, is a family of marine ray finned fishes belonging to the order Perciformes. These are predatory, eel shaped fishes which are native to the cold waters of the Arctic, North Pacific and North Atlantic Oceans.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pholidae</span> Family of fishes

Pholidae is a family of marine ray-finned fishes, known as gunnels, in the scorpaeniform suborder Zoarcoidei. These are fishes of the littoral zone and are mainly found in North Pacific Ocean, with two species found in the North Atlantic Ocean and Arctic Ocean.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stichaeidae</span> Family of fishes

Stichaeidae, the pricklebacks or shannies, are a family of marine ray-finned fishes in the suborder Zoarcoidei of the order Scorpaeniformes. Most species are found in the North Pacific Ocean with a few in the North Atlantic Ocean.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Quillfish</span> Species of fish

The quillfish,, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, it is the only species in the genus Ptilichthys and family Ptilichthyidae. This fish occurs in the northern North Pacific Ocean.

<i>Ophiodon</i> Genus of greenling

Ophiodon is a genus of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Hexagrammidae, the greenlings. It is found in the northeastern Pacific Ocean.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Painted greenling</span> Species of fish

The painted greenling is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Zaniolepididae, which includes this species and the combfishes. It is endemic to the northeast Pacific Ocean. It is the only species in the genus Oxylebius.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Trichodontidae</span> Family of fishes

The Trichodontidae, or sandfishes, are a small family of ray-finned fishes from the order Scorpaeniformes. The species in this family are found in the North Pacific Ocean.

<i>Zaniolepis</i> Genus of fishes

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bembridae</span> Family of fishes

Bembridae, the deep-water flatheads, are a family of bottom-dwelling ray-finned fishes. They are found in the Indian and western Pacific Oceans.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zaniolepididae</span> Family of ray-finned fishes

The Zaniolepididae is a family of marine ray-finned fishes classified within the suborder Cottoidei of the order Perciformes. They are found in the North Pacific Ocean.

<i>Cryptacanthodes</i> Genus of fishes

Cryptacanthodes is a genus of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the monogeneric family Cryptacanthodidae, commonly referred to as wrymouths. Three of the four species are found in the Pacific Ocean with one species native to the western Atlantic Ocean where they are benthic fishes, tunneling through soft substrates. It is currently the only known genus in its family.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Platycephaloidei</span> Suborder of fish

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<i>Eschmeyer nexus</i> Species of fish

Easchmeyer nexus is a species of marine ray-finned fish; it is the only species in the monotypic genus Eschmeyer and monogeneric family Eschmeyeridae. This fish is only known from the Pacific Ocean, near Fiji.

<i>Hexagrammos</i> Genus of fishes

Hexagrammos is a genus of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Hexagrammidae, the greenlings. These fishes are found in the north Pacific Ocean.

<i>Pleurogrammus</i> Genus of fishes

Pleurogrammus is a genus of ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Hexagrammidae, the greenlings, known as Atka mackerels. These fishes are found in the northwestern Pacific Ocean.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cottoidei</span> Suborder of ray-finned fishes

Cottoidei is a suborder of ray-finned fishes which, according to the 5th edition of Fishes of the World, is placed within the order Scorpaeniformes, alongside the scorpionfishes, flatheads, eelpouts, sticklebacks and related fishes.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Catherine W. Mecklenburg & William N. Eschmeyer (2003). "Family Hexagrammidae Gill 1889 Greenlings" (PDF). California Academy of Sciences Annotated Checklists of Fishes. 2.
  2. 1 2 3 Richard van der Laan; William N. Eschmeyer & Ronald Fricke (2014). "Family-group names of Recent fishes". Zootaxa. 3882 (2): 001–230. doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1 . PMID   25543675.
  3. 1 2 Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Hexagrammidae". Catalog of Fishes . California Academy of Sciences . Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  4. 1 2 3 4 J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Wiley. pp. 467–495. ISBN   978-1-118-34233-6. Archived from the original on 2019-04-08. Retrieved 2022-12-04.
  5. 1 2 Ricardo Betancur-R; Edward O. Wiley; Gloria Arratia; et al. (2017). "Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 17 (162): 162. Bibcode:2017BMCEE..17..162B. doi: 10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3 . PMC   5501477 . PMID   28683774.
  6. ↑ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Family Hexagrammidae". FishBase . August 2022 version.
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