Otocephala

Otocephala Temporal range: Late Jurassic–present PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Clade:	Clupeocephala
Cohort:	Otocephala Johnson & Patterson, 1996
Subcohorts
Alepocephali Clupei Ostariophysi
Synonyms
Ostarioclupeomorpha Otomorpha

Otocephala is a clade of ray-finned fishes within the infraclass Teleostei that evolved some 230 million years ago. It is named for the presence of a hearing (otophysic) link from the swimbladder to the inner ear. Other names proposed for the group include Ostarioclupeomorpha and Otomorpha.

The clade contains Clupeiformes (herrings) and Ostariophysi, a group of other orders including Cypriniformes (minnows and allies), Gymnotiformes (knifefish), and Siluriformes (catfish). Otocephala may also contain Alepocephaliformes (slickheads), but as yet (2016) without morphological evidence.

The clade is sister to Euteleostei which contains the majority of bony fish alive today. ^{[1] [2] [3] [4]}

In 2015, Benton and colleagues set a "plausible minimum" date for the origin of crown Otocephala as about 228.4 million years ago. They argued that since the oldest locality for any diversity of stem teleosts is the Carnian of Polberg bei Lunz, Austria, whose base is 235 million years old, a rough estimate for Otocephala can be made. ^{[5] [6]} The earliest known fossil member of the group is Tischlingerichthys from the Late Jurassic of Germany. ^[7]

Taxonomy

The 5th edition of Fishes of the World classifies the Otocephala as a cohort and subdivides it above the level of order as set out below, the classification of extant taxa from the level of order and below follows Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes : ^{[8] [9] [10]}

• Cohort Otocephala
  • Superorder Clupeomorpha Greenwood et al. 1966
    • †Order Ellimmichthyiformes Grande, 1982
    • Order Clupeiformes Goodrich, 1909
  • Superorder Alepocephali Betancur-R, et al., 2017
    • Order Alepocephaliformes N. B. Marshall, 1962
  • Superorder Ostariophysi M. Sagemehl, 1885
    • Series Anotophysi Rosen and Greenwood, 1970
      • Order Gonorynchiformes Greenwood, Rosen, Weitzman, and Myers, 1966
    • Series Otophysi Garstang, 1931
      • Order Cypriniformes Goodrich, 1909
      • Order Gymnotiformes Regan, 1912
      • Order Characiformes Regan, 1911
      • Order Siluriformes Hay, 1929

Taxonomy based on: ^{[4] [11] [12]}

• Cohort OtocephalaJohnson & Patterson 1996 [Otomorpha Wiley & Johnson 2010; Ostarioclupeomorpha Arratia 1997]
  • Genus † Kermichthys Taverne 1993
  • Family †Lycoclupeidae Gowda 1968
  • Family †Clupavidae Bertin & Arambourg 1958
  • Subcohort ClupeiWiley & Johnson 2010 [Clupeomorpha Greenwood et al. 1966]
    • Order †Ellimmichthyiformes Grande 1982
    • Order Clupeiformes Goodrich 1859
  • Subcohort Alepocephali
    • Order Alepocephaliformes Marshall 1962
  • Subcohort OstariophysiSagemehl 1885
    • Genus † Tischlingerichthys Arratia 1997
    • Family †Ancylostylidae Jordan 1923
    • Family †Erythrinolepididae Cockerell 1919 corrig.
    • Section Anotophysa(Rosen & Greenwood 1970) Sagemehl 1885 [Anotophysi Rosen & Greenwood 1970]
      • Order †Sorbininardiformes Taverne 1999
      • Order Gonorynchiformes Regan 1909
    • Section Otophysa(Rosen & Greenwood 1970) Sagemehl 1885 [Otophysi Rosen & Greenwood 1970]
      • Genus † Nardonoides Mayrinck, Brito & Otero, 2014
      • Family †Acronichthyidae Liu et al., 2025 ^[13]
      • Family †Chanoididae Taverne 2005
      • Family †Salminopsidae Gayet 1985
      • Superorder Cypriniphysae [Cypriniphysi Woodward 1901]
        • Order Cypriniformes Bleeker 1859 sensu Goodrich 1909
      • Superorder Characiphysae(Fink & Fink 1981)
        • Order Characiformes Goodrich 1909
      • Superorder Siluriphysae [Siluriphysi]
        • Order Gymnotiformes Berg 1940 (Neotropical knifefishes)
        • Order Siluriformes Cuvier 1817 sensu Hay 1929 (catfishes)

Phylogeny

Phylogeny of living groups based on: ^[14]

Otocephala	Clupei Clupeiformes (herrings and relatives) Alepocephali Alepocephaliformes (slickheads and tubeshoulders) Ostariophysi Anotophysa Gonorynchiformes (milkfish and relatives) Otophysa Cypriniphysae Cypriniformes (minnow, carp, loach) Characiphysae Characiformes (tetras and piranhas) Siluriphysae Gymnotiformes (knifefish) Siluriformes (catfish)

References

1. Thomas J. Near; et al. (2012). "Resolution of ray-finned fish phylogeny and timing of diversification". PNAS. 109 (34): 13698–13703. Bibcode:2012PNAS..10913698N. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1206625109 . PMC   3427055 . PMID   22869754.
2. Betancur-R, Ricardo; et al. (2013). "The Tree of Life and a New Classification of Bony Fishes". PLOS Currents Tree of Life. 5 (Edition 1). doi: 10.1371/currents.tol.53ba26640df0ccaee75bb165c8c26288 . hdl:2027.42/150563. PMC   3644299 . PMID   23653398.
3. Laurin, M.; Reisz, R.R. (1995). "A reevaluation of early amniote phylogeny". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 113 (2): 165–223. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1995.tb00932.x.
4. Nelson, Joseph S.; Grande, Terry C.; Wilson, Mark V. H. (2016). Fishes of the World. Wiley. pp. 161–162 and passim. ISBN   978-1-119-22081-7.
5. "Otocephala". Palaeontologia Electronica. Retrieved 27 April 2016.
6. Benton, M.J.; Donoghue, P.C.J.; Asher, R.A.; Friedman, M.; Near, T.J. & Vinther, J. (2015). "Constraints on the timescale of animal evolutionary history". Palaeontologia Electronica. 18 (1): 18.1.1FC. doi: 10.26879/424 . Retrieved 27 April 2016.
7. Arratia, Gloria (2018-10-11). "Otomorphs (= otocephalans or ostarioclupeomorphs) revisited". Neotropical Ichthyology. 16 e180079. doi:10.1590/1982-0224-20180079. ISSN   1679-6225.
8. Nelson, J.S.; Grande, T.C.; Wilson, M.V.H. (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 162–163. doi:10.1002/9781119174844. ISBN   978-1-118-34233-6. LCCN   2015037522. OCLC   951899884. OL   25909650M.
9. "Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes Classification". California Academy of Sciences . Retrieved 5 November 2024.
10. Thomas J. Near; Christine E. Thacker. "Phylogenetic Classification of Living and Fossil Ray-Finned Fishes (Actinopterygii)". Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History. 65 (1): 3–302. doi:10.3374/014.065.0101.
11. Haaramo, Mikko (2007). "Euteleostei - advanced teleosteans". Mikko's Phylogeny Archive. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
12. van der Laan, Richard (2016). "Family-group names of fossil fishes".{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
13. Liu, Juan; Brinkman, Donald B.; Murray, Alison M.; Newbrey, Michael G.; Zhou, Zehua; Van Loon, Lisa L.; Banerjee, Neil R. (2025-10-02). "Marine origins and freshwater radiations of the otophysan fishes". Science. 390 (6768): 65–69. doi:10.1126/science.adr4494.
14. Betancur-Rodriguez, R.; et al. (2016). "Phylogenetic Classification of Bony Fishes Version 4". Deepfin . Retrieved 30 December 2016.

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   Data related to Otomorpha at Wikispecies