Lebanese diaspora

Last updated
Lebanese diaspora
Map of the Lebanese Diaspora in the World svg..svg
World map of the Lebanese diaspora
Total population
From 4 [1] [2] [3] to possibly 14 million [4] [5]
Languages
Brazilian Portuguese, Spanish, French, English, Arabic, Armenian
Religion
Christianity (mainly Maronite, Greek Orthodox, Melkite, Roman Catholic, Protestant), Islam (mainly Shia, Sunni, Sufi in addition to Alawite), Druze, and Judaism

Lebanese diaspora refers to Lebanese migrants and their descendants who emigrated from Lebanon and now reside in other countries. There are more Lebanese living outside Lebanon than within the country (5.3 million citizens). The diaspora population consists of Christians, Muslims, Druze, and Jews. The Christians trace their origin to several waves of emigration, starting with the exodus that followed the 1860 Lebanon conflict in Ottoman empire.

Contents

Under the current Lebanese nationality law, the Lebanese diaspora do not have an automatic right to return to Lebanon. Varying degrees of assimilation and a high degree of inter-ethnic marriages in the Lebanese diaspora communities, regardless of religious affiliation, have caused many of the Lebanese diaspora not to have passed fluency in Arabic to their children, although most still maintain a Lebanese national identity. Several factors have caused Lebanese emigration, including civil wars, attacks on Lebanese sovereignty and land by Israel and Syria, and political and economic crises.

The largest diaspora by far resides in Brazil, with between 5 and 7 million, followed by Colombia and Argentina, with about 1 to 3 million each.

Demographics

Although there are no reliable figures, the diaspora is estimated to be around 4 [6] [7] [8] to 14 million people, [9] [5] [10] far more than the internal population of Lebanon of around 4.6 million citizens in 2020. [5] [11] According to other estimates, the number of Lebanese living outside the country is thought to at least double the number of citizens living inside, [9] which means at least 8 million people. Of the diaspora, 1.2 million are Lebanese citizens. [12]

History

The Lebanese diaspora has always been a target to the Lebanese state to create institutional connection. In 1960 the World Lebanese Cultural Union was established under the authority of the President Fouad Chehab. [13]

France has always been an important destination for the Lebanese diaspora, because Lebanon used to be a French colony and because French language is massively spoken in Lebanon. [14] [15] [16]

The Lebanese diaspora, while historically trade-related, has more recently been linked to the Lebanese Civil War, with many Lebanese emigrating to Western countries. Because of the economic opportunities, many Lebanese have also worked in the Arab World, most notably Arab states of the Persian Gulf such as Saudi Arabia and Kuwait.

The Americas have long been a destination for Lebanese migration, with Lebanese arriving in some countries at least as early as the nineteenth century. The largest concentration of Lebanese outside the Middle East is in Brazil, which has, according to some sources, at least 6 million Brazilians of Lebanese ancestry, making Brazil's population of Lebanese greater than the entire population of Lebanon. [17] According to a research conducted by IBGE in 2008, covering only the states of Amazonas, Paraíba, São Paulo, Rio Grande do Sul, Mato Grosso and Distrito Federal, 0.9% of white Brazilian respondents said they had family origins in the Middle East. [18]

There are also other large Lebanese communities elsewhere in Latin America, including Argentina, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Paraguay and Venezuela. Many Lebanese have also been settled for quite some time in the United States, Australia, France, Canada, the United Kingdom, South Africa and in the European Union member states. In addition, sizable populations exist in the United Arab Emirates and Singapore, as well as West Africa, particularly Ivory Coast and Ghana.

A law passed in 2008 permitted Lebanese abroad to vote in Lebanese elections, starting in 2013. [19]

Business networks and economic impacts

Many Lebanese entrepreneurs and business people worldwide have proved very successful in all kinds of sectors and contexts. Lebanese abroad are considered "rich, educated and influential." [20] Remittances from Lebanese abroad to family members within the country were estimated at $8.9 billion in 2014 and accounted for 18% of the country's economy. [21] However, there remains a great untapped potential for further collaboration and cooperation between the diaspora and the Lebanese in their home country. Foreign direct investment is below 7% of the GDP, and almost half the Lebanese population is in tertiary education.

Throughout its history, the Lebanese diaspora used the Lebanese identity to create strong networks to help its members out. Over the course of time, immigration has indeed yielded Lebanese "commercial networks" throughout the world. [22] Lebanese migrants play an important role in assisting Lebanon and its people through financial support, touristic visits, starting businesses and trades. [23]


Lebanese populations in the diaspora

Number of Lebanese people (including descendants) per country. .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} Lebanon + 1,000,000 + 100,000 + 10,000 + 1,000 Map of the Lebanese Diaspora in the World svg..svg
Number of Lebanese people (including descendants) per country.
  Lebanon
  + 1,000,000
  + 100,000
  + 10,000
  + 1,000
Lebanese residents as a percentage of country's total population Lebanese residents as a percentage of country's total population.png
Lebanese residents as a percentage of country's total population

The list below contains approximate figures for people of full or partial Lebanese descent by country of residence, largely taken from the iLoubnan diaspora map. [24] Additional reliable cites have been provided where possible. Additional estimates have been included where they can be cited; where applicable, these are used in place of the iLoubnan figures. The figure below uses the data from the list and calculates the amount of Lebanese residents as a percentage of the total population of the respective country.

CountryEstimateUpper EstimateRegionCountry article in English WikipediaList of personalities of Lebanese origin
Flag of Brazil.svg  Brazil 2,000,000 according to a research conducted by IBGE in 2008, covering only the states of Amazonas, Paraíba, São Paulo, Rio Grande do Sul, Mato Grosso and Distrito Federal, 0.9% of white Brazilian respondents said they had family origins in the Middle East [18] 5,800,000 [24] -7,000,000 [25] (Brazilian/Lebanese governments) [26] Latin America Lebanese Brazilian Brazil
Flag of Colombia.svg  Colombia 1,000,000 [24] 3,200,000 [27] [28]

[29]

Latin America Lebanese Colombian Colombia
Flag of Argentina.svg  Argentina 1,200,000 [24] [30] 1,500,000 [30] Latin America Lebanese Argentine Argentina
Flag of Venezuela.svg  Venezuela 340,000 [24] 500,000 [31] Latin America Lebanese Venezuelan Venezuela
Flag of the United States.svg  United States 500,000 [32] 900,000 [33] North America Lebanese American United States
Flag of France.svg  France 300,000 [14] [34] [15] 375,000 [35] European Union Lebanese French France
Flag of Australia (converted).svg  Australia 271,000 [36] [37] 350,000 [38] Oceania Lebanese Australian Australia
Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Canada 190,275 [39] 250,000 [40] – 270,000 [24] North America Lebanese Canadian Canada
Flag of Germany.svg  Germany 147,000 [41] ca. 200,000 European Union Lebanese German Germany
Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg  Saudi Arabia 120,000 [24] 299,000[ citation needed ]Arab World Lebanese people in Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia
Flag of Syria.svg  Syria 114,000[ citation needed ]Middle-East Lebanese people in Syria Syria
Flag of Ecuador.svg  Ecuador 100,000 [24] 250,000Latin America Lebanese Ecuadorian Ecuador
Flag of Cote d'Ivoire.svg  Ivory Coast 100,000 [42] 300,000 [43] [44] Sub-Saharan Africa Lebanese people in Ivory Coast
Flag of Mexico.svg  Mexico 100,000 [24] 120,000 [45] – 150,000[ citation needed ]North America Lebanese Mexican Mexico
Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg  Dominican Republic 80,000 [46] Latin America Lebanese Dominican
Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg  United Arab Emirates 80,000 [11] 156,000[ citation needed ]Arab World Lebanese people in the United Arab Emirates United Arab Emirates
Flag of Uruguay.svg  Uruguay 53,000 [24] 70,000 [47] Latin America Lebanese Uruguayan Uruguay
Flag of Senegal.svg  Senegal 50,000 [48] [49] [50] 150,000 [51] Sub-Saharan Africa Lebanese Senegalese
Flag of Kuwait.svg  Kuwait 41,775 [52] 106,000 [53] Arab World Lebanese people in Kuwait
Flag of Nigeria.svg  Nigeria 30,000 [54] 30,000Sub-Saharan Africa Lebanese Nigerian
Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden 26,906 [55] European Union Lebanese people in Sweden Sweden
Flag of Denmark.svg  Denmark 26,705 [56] European Union Lebanese people in Denmark Denmark
Flag of Qatar.svg  Qatar 25,000 [57] 191,000[ citation needed ]Arab World Lebanese people in Qatar
Flag of Spain.svg  Spain 11,820 [24] European Union Lebanese People in Spain Spain
Flag of New Zealand.svg  New Zealand 8,500 [24] Oceania Lebanese New Zealander
Flag of South Africa.svg  South Africa 5,100[ citation needed ]20,000 [58] Sub-Saharan Africa Lebanese people in South Africa South Africa
Flag of Israel.svg  Israel 3,500 (2021) [note 1] [59] Middle East Lebanese in Israel
Flag of Sierra Leone.svg  Sierra Leone 3,000 [60] 17,000 [60] Sub-Saharan Africa Lebanese people in Sierra Leone
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Belgium 2,4005,000 European Union Lebanese people in Belgium Belgium
Caribbean [note 2] 545,200 [24] Latin America Lebanese Jamaican Caribbean  · Cuba  · Haiti  · Jamaica
Rest of Latin America, ex. Caribbean [note 3] 181,800 [24] Latin America Lebanese Chileans Chile  · Guatemala  · Dutch Antilles
Rest of GCC [note 4] 105,000 [24] Arab World
Rest of European Union [note 5] 96,780 [24] European Union Lebanese British  · Lebanese Bulgarian** · Lebanese Greek Bulgaria  · Cyprus  · Germany  · Italy  · Monaco  · Netherlands  · Switzerland  · UK
Scandinavia 108,220 [24] European Union Lebanese Swedish Sweden  · Denmark
Rest of Sub-Saharan Africa [note 6] 42,510 [24] Sub-Saharan Africa Lebanese Sierra Leonean Ghana  · Sierra Leone
North Africa [note 7] 14,000 [24] North Africa Lebanese Egyptian Egypt
Asia [note 8] 2,600 [24] Asia

Note: An important percentage of Middle-Easterners in Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, Venezuela, Bulgaria, Romania, Italy, Portugal and Spain are of Lebanese ancestry. They are denoted ** for this purpose.

Outreach to the Lebanese diaspora by the Lebanese government

The Lebanese government increasingly sees the diaspora as a critical resource for investment and new immigrants. A 2016 television ad tried to entice Lebanese in the United States to move to Lebanon to help improve the standard of living. [61]

The Lebanese government launched the DiasporaID program in August 2017 to better connect Lebanese abroad to Lebanon itself. Funding for the project was provided by USAID with an objective of improving foreign investment in Lebanon. [62] [63]

On August 8, 2017, Lebanese President Michel Aoun advocated children of Lebanese in the diaspora take on Lebanese citizenship during a speech to the Maronite Diaspora Institution at Baabda Palace. [64]

Notable persons of Lebanese descent

Prominent Lebanese Figures
وجوه من لبنان
StJhonMaron.jpg

Charbel.jpg Estephane-Douaihi.jpg Peter Hoayek.JPG
Camille chamoun.jpg Fairuz in btd concert 2001.jpg Kahlil Gibran 1913.jpg


Carlos Slim Helu.jpg Sabah - Al Mawed.jpg Carlos Ghosn - India Economic Summit 2009.jpg Elie Saab in Beirut 2005.jpg
CharlesElachi.jpg John Abizaid.jpg
Donna Shalala - Knight Foundation.jpg Ray LaHood official DOT portrait.jpg Michel Temer.jpg Naderspeak.JPG Miss USA 2010 Rima Fakih.jpg Amal Alamuddin Cannes 2016.jpg
Cardinal Nasrallah Peter Sfeir.jpg Bechara-Rai.jpg

Cristina Kirchner con Michel Sleiman 03.jpg
Top row (left to right)
Some of the figures are of Lebanese Descent, while others are Lebanese Citizens

John Maron • Charbel Makhluf • Estephan El Douaihy • Elias Peter Hoayek • Youssef Bey Karam [65] • Former Lebanese President Camille Chamoun • Fairuz • Khalil Gibran • Former Lebanese President Bachir Gemayel • Carlos Slim • Sabah • Carlos Ghosn • Elie Saab • Charles Elachi • John Abizaid • Etienne Saqr • Donna Shalala • Ray LaHood • Michel Temer • U.S. Presidency Candidate Ralph Nader • Miss USA 2010 Rima Fakih • Amal Clooney • Nasrallah Boutros Sfeir • Bechara Boutros al-Rahi • Lebanese President Michel Suleiman

Notable persons of Lebanese Christian descent

Famous scientists of Lebanese descent include: Peter Medawar (Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine), [66] [67] Elias Corey (Nobel Prize in Chemistry), [68] Michael Atiyah (Fields Medalist, Mathematics), [69] Michael DeBakey (medical innovator), [70] Mona Nemer (Canada's Chief Science Advisor) and geneticists Huda Zoghbi, Anthony Atala and Joanne Chory. Famous writers include William Peter Blatty, film director Alex Garland, Nassim Nicholas Taleb and screenwriters and film producers Geoff Johns, Tony Thomas, Ronald Schwary, Tomas Langmann, Mario Kassar and Michael Tadross.

Prominent members of the Lebanese diaspora include Presidents and Vice-Presidents, e.g. Michel Temer (Brazil), [71] Julio Teodoro Salem, Abdalá Bucaram, Alberto Dahik, Jamil Mahuad (all in Ecuador), Jacobo Majluta Azar, Luis Abinader (Dominican Republic), Julio Cesar Turbay (Colombia), Alberto Abdala (Uruguay) and Mario Abdo (current president of Paraguay). Other famous politicians include Ralph Nader, 2000, 2004 and 2008 US presidential candidate, Alex Azar current United States Secretary of Health, Spencer Abraham former United States Secretary of Energy, Mark Esper former United States Secretary of Defense, John Sununu former White House Chief of Staff, Darrell Issa US politician, George J. Mitchell US Politician and Peace Envoy, Charlie Crist Governor of Florida, Philip Habib US Politician and Peace Envoy, politician and author Jeanine Pirro, US Representative Donna Shalala, and Edward Seaga Prime Minister of Jamaica.

Notable military and astronauts include US army general John Abizaid, Navy Seal and Medal of Honor recipient Michael Monsoor as well as astronaut and Congressional Space Medal of Honor recipient Christa McAuliffe. Computer scientists include Richard Rashid, Tony Fadell [72] and Jean Paoli.

Famous businessmen of Lebanese descent include Carlos Slim Helú, [73] Carlos Ghosn, Nicolas Hayek, John J. Mack, Jacques Nasser, Debra Cafaro, Joseph J Jacobs, Lucie Salhany, Kevin O' Leary, Marcus Lemonis and famous names in entertainment like Danny Thomas, Marlo Thomas, Salma Hayek, Shakira, Jenna Dewan, Terrence Malick, Tom Shadyac, Tony Shalhoub, Tiffany, Jim Backus, Jane Wiedlin, Kristy McNichol, Zoe Saldana, James Stacy, Catherine Keener, Vince Vaughn, Amy Yasbeck, Khrystyne Haje, Skandar Keynes, Jace Norman, Morena Baccarin, Barbara Mori, Omar Sharif, Ricardo Darin, Xavier Dolan, Damian Bichir, Paul Anka, Emilio Stefan, Drake's long time producers and Grammy winners Noah "40" Shebib and Oliver El-Khatib, Alfredo Bojalil, Oscar-winning composer Gabriel Yared, guitarists Dick Dale, Tommy Bolin and G. E. Smith, Armand Van Helden, Tyler Joseph, Jack Barakat, Bazzi, Thomas Rhett, Patrick Gemayel, Mika, models Yamila Diaz-Rahi, Daniella Sarahyba and Zaira Nara; and sportsmen like Doug Flutie, Rony Seikaly, Marcos Bagdhatis, Patrick Maroon, Johnny Manziel, surfers Kelly Slater and Maya Gabeira, winner of the Indy 500 Bobby Rahal, FIFA World Cup record holder Mario Zagallo, chess Grandmaster Jennifer Shahade and Olympic medalists Jordyn Wieber, Florencia Habif, Matt Abood and Thaisa Daher.

Lebanese Food in the Diaspora

Lebanese cuisine has engrained itself as a staple in a multitude of cultures, wherever people from the Lebanese diaspora emigrated [74] . Examples include Brazil [75] , Canada [76] and the United States. [77] The language of food can contribute to feelings of cultural belonging, as shown through literary analysis [78] . It has served as both a source of identity and income for people of the Lebanese diaspora everywhere around the world [79] .

Hallab Baklava, Produced in Lebanon and offered everywhere around the world. Hallab.jpg
Hallab Baklava, Produced in Lebanon and offered everywhere around the world.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The Lebanese community in Israel mostly consists of members of Antoine Lahad's Militia who continued to live in and receive salaries from the state of Israel since their group was disbanded in 2000.
  2. ↑ Includes Cuba, Guadalupe & Haiti
  3. ↑ Belize, Bolivia, Chile, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru
  4. ↑ Excludes Saudi Arabia & Kuwait, includes Iraq & Jordan
  5. ↑ Belgium, Cyprus, Greece, Italy, Monaco, Switzerland, United Kingdom
  6. ↑ Burkina Faso, Gambia, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria & Sierra Leone
  7. ↑ Egypt, Libya & rest of North Africa
  8. ↑ Iran, Indonesia, and Philippines

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Diaspora</span> Widely scattered population from a single original territory

A diaspora is a population that is scattered across regions which are separate from its geographic place of origin. The word is used in reference to people who identify with a specific geographic location, but currently reside elsewhere.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Demographics of Lebanon</span> Aspect of human geography in Lebanon

This is a demography of the population of Lebanon including population density, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arab diaspora</span> Descendants of Arab migrants to other countries

Arab diaspora is a term that refers to descendants of the Arab emigrants who, voluntarily or as forcibly, migrated from their native lands to non-Arab countries, primarily in the Americas, Europe, Southeast Asia, and West Africa.

Latin Americans are the citizens of Latin American countries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Christian emigration</span> Large-scale migration of Christians

The phenomenon of large-scale migration of Christians is the main reason why Christians' share of the population has been declining in many countries. Many Muslim countries have witnessed disproportionately high emigration rates among their Christian minorities for several generations. Today, most Middle Eastern people in the United States are Christians, and the majority of Arabs living outside the Arab World are Arab Christians.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lebanese people</span> People inhabiting or originating from Lebanon; citizens or natives of Lebanon

The Lebanese people are the people inhabiting or originating from Lebanon. The term may also include those who had inhabited Mount Lebanon and the Anti-Lebanon Mountains prior to the creation of the modern Lebanese state. The major religious groups among the Lebanese people within Lebanon are Shia Muslims (27%), Sunni Muslims (27%), Maronite Christians (21%), Greek Orthodox Christians (8%), Melkite Christians (5%), Druze (5%), Protestant Christians (1%). The largest contingent of Lebanese, however, comprise a diaspora in North America, South America, Europe, Australia and Africa, which is predominantly Maronite Christian.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Islam in Argentina</span> Religion in Argentina

Argentina is a predominantly Christian country, with Islam being a minority religion. Due to secular nature of the Argentine constitution, Muslims are free to proselytize and build places of worship in the country.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Islam in Mexico</span> Religious Community

Mexico is a predominantly Christian country, with adherents of Islam representing a small minority. Due to the secular nature of the state established by Mexico's constitution, Muslims are free to proselytize and build places of worship in the country. The country has a population of around 126 million as of 2020 census and according to the Pew Research Center, the Muslim population was 60,000 in 1980, 111,000 in 2010, and is predicted to be 126,000 in 2030; however, according to the 2010 National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI) census, there were only 2,500 individuals who identified Islam as their religion. Most Muslims are foreign nationals and the majority are Sunni.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Islam in Chile</span> Religion in Chile

Chile is a predominantly Christian country, with adherents of Islam being a minuscule minority. Due to the secular nature of Chile's constitution, Muslims are free to proselytize and build places of worship in the country. The statistics for Islam in Chile estimate a total Muslim population of approximately 5,000, representing less than 0.02% of the population. There are a number of Islamic organizations in Chile, including the Muslim Society of Chile and As-Salam Mosque in Santiago, Bilal Mosque in Iquique, the Mohammed VI Cultural Center in Coquimbo, and Islamic Foundation of Chile in Santiago.

Emigration from Colombia is a migratory phenomenon that started in the early 20th century.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Immigration to Colombia</span> Overview of immigration to Colombia

Immigration to Colombia during the early 19th and late 20th Century, is what makes it one of the most diverse countries in the world, above other countries in the Latin region. Colombia inherited from the Spanish Empire harsh rules against immigration, first in the Viceroyalty of New Granada and later in the Colombian Republic. The Constituent Assembly of Colombia and the subsequent reforms to the national constitution were much more open to the immigrants and the economic aperture. However naturalization of foreigners, with the exception of those children of Colombians born abroad, it is still difficult to acquire due 'Jus soli' law is not allowed by the government, and only 'Jus sanguinis' law is accepted. Immigration in Colombia is managed by the "Migración Colombia" agency.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pakistani diaspora</span> Pakistani nationals and citizens who reside outside of Pakistan

Overseas Pakistanis, or the Pakistani diaspora, refers to Pakistanis who live outside of Pakistan. These include citizens that have migrated to another country as well as people born abroad of Pakistani descent. According to the Ministry of Overseas Pakistanis and Human Resource Development, approximately 8.8 million Pakistanis live abroad according to December 2017 estimates. According to the Ministry of Emigration and Overseas Employment, data released in 2023 states that more than 10.80 million people have moved abroad since 1990.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">European emigration</span> European-descended people living outside Europe

European emigration is the successive emigration waves from the European continent to other continents. The origins of the various European diasporas can be traced to the people who left the European nation states or stateless ethnic communities on the European continent.

The Egyptian diaspora consists of citizens of Egypt abroad sharing a common culture and Egyptian Arabic language. The phenomenon of Egyptians emigrating from Egypt was rare until Gamal Abdel Nasser came to power after overthrowing the monarchy in 1952. Before then, Cleland's 1936 declaration remained valid, that "Egyptians have the reputation of preferring their own soil. Few ever leave except to study or travel; and they always return... Egyptians do not emigrate".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Venezuelans</span> Citizens or residents of Venezuela

Venezuelans are the citizens identified with the country of Venezuela. This connection may be through citizenship, descent or cultural. For most Venezuelans, many or all of these connections exist and are the source of their Venezuelan citizenship or their bond to Venezuela.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Emigration from the United States</span>

Emigration from the United States is the process where citizens from the United States move to live in countries other than the US, creating an American Diaspora. The process is the reverse of the immigration to the United States. The United States does not keep track of emigration and counts of Americans abroad are thus only available based on statistics kept by the destination countries.

Arab Venezuelans refers to Venezuelan citizens of Arab origin or descent. There are around 1,600,000 Venezuelans of Arab origin, mainly from Lebanon, Syria and Palestine. Most Arab Venezuelans are of Syrian descent with their number between 400,000 and 1 million inhabitants, and Lebanese descent with their number between 341,000 and 500,000.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Emigration from Africa</span> Overview of emigration from Africa

During the period of 1965 – 2021, an estimated 440,000 people per year emigrated from Africa; a total number of 17 million migrants within Africa was estimated for 2005. The figure of 0.44 million African emigrants per year pales in comparison to the annual population growth of about 2.6%, indicating that only about 2% of Africa's population growth is compensated for by emigration.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Palestinian diaspora</span> Part of the Arab diaspora

The Palestinian diaspora, part of the wider Arab diaspora, are Palestinian people living outside the region of Palestine.

References

  1. ↑ International Migration and the Lebanese Diaspora. Co-éditions. Presses de l’Ifpo. 3 October 2019. pp. 42–43. ISBN   9782351595497.
  2. ↑ "Methods of Finding Population Statistics of Lebanese Migration Throughout the World". 4 February 2015.
  3. ↑ "Annuario Pontificio 2017" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-10-24.
  4. ↑ Writer, Joseph A. Kechichian, Senior (17 November 2015). "Lebanon contemplates a new citizenship law". gulfnews.com. Retrieved 17 April 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. 1 2 3 "Country Profile: Lebanon". FCO . 3 April 2007. Archived from the original on 31 July 2003. Retrieved 14 September 2017.
  6. ↑ International Migration and the Lebanese Diaspora. Co-éditions. Presses de l’Ifpo. 3 October 2019. pp. 42–43. ISBN   9782351595497.{{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  7. ↑ "Methods of Finding Population Statistics of Lebanese Migration Throughout the World". Khayrallah Center for Lebanese Diaspora Studies News at North Carolina State University. 2015.
  8. ↑ "Annuario Pontificio- The Eastern Catholic Churches 2017" (PDF). Annuario Pontificio. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-10-24.
  9. 1 2 "Bassil promises to ease citizenship for expatriates".
  10. ↑ Fielding-Smith, Abigail (5 June 2009). "From Brazil to Byblos, Lebanese diaspora pours in for vote". thenational. Archived from the original on 9 October 2012. Retrieved 25 December 2009.
  11. 1 2 Lebanese Living in UAE Fear Deportation Archived 2014-10-16 at the Wayback Machine Al-Monitor, accessed December 2, 2013
  12. ↑ "Petition for expatriate voting officially launched". The Daily Star . 14 July 2012.
  13. ↑ Skulte-Ouaiss, Jennifer; Tabar, Paul (4 May 2015). "Strong in Their Weakness or Weak in Their Strength? The Case of Lebanese Diaspora Engagement with Lebanon". Immigrants & Minorities. 33 (2): 141–164. doi:10.1080/02619288.2013.877347. S2CID   145242533.
  14. 1 2 "Présentation du Liban".
  15. 1 2 "The Lebanese in the World: An Entrepreneurial Minority". RMIT University . February 2004.[ permanent dead link ]
  16. ↑ Rouchdy, Aleya (2002). Language Contact and Language Conflict in Arabic: Variations on a Sociolinguistic Theme. Psychology Press. p. 71. ISBN   978-0-7007-1379-0.
  17. ↑ ".:: Embaixada do Líbano no Brasil ::". Archived from the original on 2010-11-12. Retrieved 2011-07-04.
  18. 1 2 IBGE. IBGE: Características Étnico-Raciais da População.
  19. ↑ "Lebanon approves new election law". BBC News . 30 September 2008.
  20. ↑ "The invisible occupation of Lebanon". The Christian Science Monitor . 18 May 2005.
  21. ↑ "IMF lowers Lebanon growth forecast to sluggish 2 percent". The Daily Star. 22 April 2013.
  22. ↑ "Background Note: Lebanon". US Department of State . 1 December 2011. Retrieved 2017-06-24.
  23. ↑ "Schools". www.aucegypt.edu. Retrieved 2021-01-08.[ permanent dead link ]
  24. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 "Geographical Distribution of the Lebanese Diaspora". The Identity Chef.
  25. ↑ "Lebanese Republic". www.itamaraty.gov.br. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
  26. ↑ "Sleiman meets Brazilian counterpart, Lebanese community". The Daily Star. 23 April 2010.
  27. ↑ "Estimación de la mortalidad, 1985–2005" [Estimation of mortality, 1985–2005](PDF). Postcensal Studies (in Spanish). Bogotá, Colombia: DANE. March 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 November 2007. Retrieved 29 March 2016.
  28. ↑ Randa Achmawi (21 July 2009). "Colombia awakens to the Arab world". Brazi-Arab News Agency. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 22 September 2015.
  29. ↑ "Proyecciones nacionales y departamentales de población. 2006–2020" [National and departmental population projections. 2006–2020](PDF) (in Spanish). DANE National Statistical Service, Colombia. September 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 November 2007. Retrieved 22 September 2015.
  30. 1 2 "Argentinian President's visit to the Lebanese Parliament". The Lebanese Parliament . 7 June 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-06-07.
  31. ↑ https://www.reportero24.com/2019/03/09/migracion-venezolanos-de-origen-libanes-esperan-el-cambio-para-regresar/ (SPANISH)
  32. ↑ "Demographics". American FactFinder. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 15 February 2015. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
  33. ↑ "Demographics". Arab American Institute .
  34. ↑ "Painting a Picture of Exile". New York Times . 27 November 2009.
  35. ↑ "Henry Laurens : " la France et le Liban sont comme les membres d'une famille recomposée "". 7 October 2020.
  36. ↑ "Australian Population: Ethnic Origins". Monash University . 1999.
  37. ↑ "Lebanese in Australia: Facts & Figures". General Consulate of Lebanon in Melbourne. 21 January 2021.
  38. ↑ "Lebanon country brief". Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade . March 2013. Archived from the original on 2013-05-21. Retrieved 2013-05-28.
  39. ↑ Statistics Canada (2011). "2011 National Household Survey: Data tables".
  40. ↑ "Canada and Lebanon, a special tie". CBC News}. 1 August 2006.
  41. ↑ "Bevölkerung in Privathaushalten nach Migrationshintergrund im weiteren Sinn nach ausgewählten Geburtsstaaten". Statistisches Bundesamt (in German). Retrieved 2022-01-21.
  42. ↑ "Lebanese Émigré Enclaves in Africa Await Presidential Visit". Al-Akhbar . 6 Feb 2013. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 5 June 2013.
  43. ↑ "Côte d'Ivoire – World Directory of Minorities & Indigenous Peoples". 30 January 2018.
  44. ↑ "The Demographic Dimensions of the Conflict in Ivory Coast".
  45. ↑ "The biggest enchilada". The Sunday Telegraph . 8 July 2007. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 27 May 2013.
  46. ↑ "Instituto Dominicano de Genealogía, Inc" (in French).
  47. ↑ "INTERVIEW – L'ambassadeur Jorge Jure (Khoury) raconte son pays et ses propres origines" (PDF). Embassy of Uruguay (Lebanon) (in French). 19 February 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 May 2013. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
  48. ↑ "The most representative ethnic groups of Senegal" . Retrieved 25 December 2022. On estime la communauté libanaise recensée au Sénégal à plus de 50 000 personnes (non nés au Sénégal).
  49. ↑ "Lebanese Immigrants Boost West African Commerce". Voice of America . 1 November 2009.
  50. ↑ "Suleiman Tells Lebanese Expats in Senegal that he Rejects Sectarian Vote Law". Naharnet . 14 March 2013.
  51. ↑ Kaniki, Martin H. Y. (1973). "Attitudes and Reactions towards the Lebanese in Sierra Leone during the Colonial Period". Canadian Journal of African Studies. 7 (1): 97–113. doi:10.1080/00083968.1973.10803689. JSTOR   483752.
  52. ↑ "الصفحة غير موجودة - Alraimedia.com". www.alraimedia.com. Archived from the original on January 21, 2021. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
  53. ↑ "The Global Financial Crisis: Impact on Lebanese Expatriates in the Gulf" (PDF). LERC. December 2009.
  54. ↑ "The population of Lebanese in Nigeria at 30,000, many of whom are third generation Lebanese-Nigerians who now hold the Nigerian passport". thenationonlineng. Archived from the original on 3 January 2024. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
  55. ↑ "Utrikes födda efter födelseland, kön och år". www.scb.se. Statistiska Centralbyrån. Retrieved 25 May 2017.[ permanent dead link ]
  56. ↑ "FOLK1C: Population at the first day of the quarter by region, sex, age (5 years age groups), ancestry and country of origin". Statistics Denmark . Retrieved 2 December 2017.
  57. ↑ "Qatar´s population by nationality". bq magazine . 7 December 2014. Archived from the original on 22 December 2013.
  58. ↑ "The Struggle Of The Christian Lebanese For Land Ownership In South Africa". The Marionite Research Institute. Archived from the original on 2015-05-12.
  59. ↑ "These Young Israelis Were Born in Lebanon – but Don't Call Them Arabs". Haaretz. Retrieved 2021-10-15.
  60. 1 2 "At its height in the 1970s, Liberia's Lebanese community was 17,000 strong, according to BBC News Now, after Liberia's long civil war, it numbers around 3,000". liberianobserver. Archived from the original on 3 January 2024. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
  61. ↑ "Big fail for ad aimed at Lebanese diaspora". The National. Retrieved 2017-08-17.
  62. ↑ "Hariri launches project to connect Lebanese diaspora". The Daily Star Newspaper – Lebanon. 2017-08-10. Archived from the original on 2017-08-16. Retrieved 2017-08-17.
  63. ↑ "Reclaim Lebanese Nationality". Lebanese Embassy in the United Kingdom.
  64. ↑ "Aoun urges Lebanese diaspora to take citizenship". The Daily Star Newspaper – Lebanon. 2017-08-09. Retrieved 2017-08-17.
  65. ↑ Youssef Bey Karam on Ehden Family Tree website
  66. ↑ "Sir Peter Medawar". New Scientist . 12 April 1984. Archived from the original on 28 April 2021. Retrieved 27 February 2014.
  67. ↑ Manuel, Diana E. (2002). "Medawar, Peter Brian (1915–1987)". Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia. John Wiley & Sons. doi:10.1002/9780471743989.vse10031. ISBN   978-0-471-74398-9.
  68. ↑ Elias James Corey – Autobiography Archived 6 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine . nobelprize.org
  69. ↑ "ATIYAH, Sir Michael (Francis)" . Who's Who . Vol. 2014 (online edition via Oxford University Press  ed.). A & C Black.(Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  70. ↑ "Michael E. DeBakey, M.D." Academy of Achievement. Archived from the original on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
  71. ↑ Arias, Juan (10 April 2015). "O cardeal Temer". El País Brasil (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2 February 2017.
  72. ↑ Dilger, Daniel Eran (May 11, 2017). "iPod-Father Tony Fadell speaks at Computer History Museum's iPhone 360". AppleInsider. Archived from the original on 3 June 2019. Retrieved 3 June 2019.
  73. ↑ Estevez, Dolia (19 November 2013). "Mexican Billionaire Carlos Slim Is Quietly Transferring Assets To His Children". Forbes. Retrieved 8 February 2016.
  74. ↑ Hourani, Albert, Nadim Shehadi, and Centre for Lebanese Studies. 1992. The Lebanese in the World: A Century of Emigration. London, UK: Centre for Lebanese Studies in association with I.B. Tauris.
  75. ↑ Karam, John Tofik. 2007. Another Arabesque: Syrian-Lebanese Ethnicity in Neoliberal Brazil. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
  76. ↑ Lefort, Bruno. 2023. “Conflicted Identities: Negotiating Belonging among Young People from the Lebanese Diasporas in Montreal.” Ethnopolitics 22 (4): 435–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/17449057.2023.2199610.
  77. ↑ Rowe, Amy E. 2012. “Mint Grows Through the Cracks in the Foundation: Food Practices of the Assimilated Lebanese Diaspora in New England (USA).” Food and Foodways 20 (3–4): 211–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/07409710.2012.715964.
  78. ↑ Hout, Syrine. 2021. “Having the Cake and Eating It Too: The Secret Ingredients of Code-Switching in A Girl Made of Dust.” College Literature 48 (1): 83–110. https://doi.org/10.1353/lit.2021.0003
  79. ↑ Helou, Anissa. 2018. Feast: Food of the Islamic World. First edition. New York, NY: Ecco, an imprint of HarperCollinsPublishers.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.