Lebanese diaspora

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Lebanese diaspora
Map of the Lebanese Diaspora in the World svg..svg
World map of the Lebanese diaspora
Total population
1.2 million Lebanese citizens residing abroad, [1] from a total of 4 [2] [3] [4] to possibly 14 million of Lebanese origin [5] [6]
Languages
Brazilian Portuguese, Spanish, French, English, Arabic, Armenian
Religion
Christianity (mainly Maronite, Greek Orthodox, Melkite, Roman Catholic, Protestant), Islam (mainly Shia, Sunni, Sufi in addition to Alawite), Druze, and Judaism

Lebanese diaspora refers to Lebanese migrants and their descendants who emigrated from Lebanon and now reside in other countries. There are more people of Lebanese origin living outside Lebanon than within the country (5.3 million citizens). The diaspora population consists of Christians, Muslims, Druze, and Jews. The Christians trace their origin to several waves of emigration, starting with the exodus that followed the 1860 Lebanon conflict in Ottoman empire.

Contents

Under the current Lebanese nationality law, the Lebanese diaspora do not have an automatic right to return to Lebanon. Varying degrees of assimilation and a high degree of inter-ethnic marriages in the Lebanese diaspora communities, regardless of religious affiliation, have caused many of the Lebanese diaspora not to have passed fluency in Arabic to their children, although most still maintain a Lebanese national identity. Several factors have caused Lebanese emigration, including civil wars, attacks on Lebanese sovereignty and land by Israel and Syria, and political and economic crises.

The largest diaspora by far resides in Brazil, with between 5 and 7 million, followed by Colombia and Argentina, with about 1 to 3 million each.

Demographics

Although there are no reliable figures, the diaspora is estimated to be around 4 [7] [8] [9] to 14 million people, [10] [6] [11] far more than the internal population of Lebanon of around 4.6 million citizens in 2020. [6] [12] According to other estimates, the number of Lebanese living outside the country is thought to at least double the number of citizens living inside, [10] which means at least 8 million people. Of the diaspora, 1.2 million are Lebanese citizens. [1]

History

The Lebanese diaspora has always been a target to the Lebanese state to create institutional connection. In 1960 the World Lebanese Cultural Union was established under the authority of the President Fouad Chehab. [13]

France has always been an important destination for the Lebanese diaspora, because Lebanon used to be a French colony and because French language is massively spoken in Lebanon. [14] [15] [16]

The Lebanese diaspora, while historically trade-related, has more recently been linked to the Lebanese Civil War, with many Lebanese emigrating to Western countries. Because of the economic opportunities, many Lebanese have also worked in the Arab World, most notably Arab states of the Persian Gulf such as Saudi Arabia and Kuwait.

The Americas have long been a destination for Lebanese migration, with Lebanese arriving in some countries at least as early as the nineteenth century. The largest concentration of Lebanese outside the Middle East is in Brazil, which has, according to some sources, at least 6 million Brazilians of Lebanese ancestry, making Brazil's population of Lebanese greater than the entire population of Lebanon. [17] According to a research conducted by IBGE in 2008, covering only the states of Amazonas, Paraíba, São Paulo, Rio Grande do Sul, Mato Grosso and Distrito Federal, 0.9% of white Brazilian respondents said they had family origins in the Middle East. [18]

There are also other large Lebanese communities elsewhere in Latin America, including Argentina, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Paraguay and Venezuela. Many Lebanese have also been settled for quite some time in the United States, Australia, France, Canada, the United Kingdom, South Africa and in the European Union member states. In addition, sizable populations exist in the United Arab Emirates and Singapore, as well as West Africa, particularly Ivory Coast and Ghana.

A law passed in 2008 permitted Lebanese abroad to vote in Lebanese elections, starting in 2013. [19]

Business networks and economic impacts

Many Lebanese entrepreneurs and business people worldwide have proved very successful in all kinds of sectors and contexts. Lebanese abroad are considered "rich, educated and influential." [20] Remittances from Lebanese abroad to family members within the country were estimated at $8.9 billion in 2014 and accounted for 18% of the country's economy. [21] However, there remains a great untapped potential for further collaboration and cooperation between the diaspora and the Lebanese in their home country. Foreign direct investment is below 7% of the GDP, and almost half the Lebanese population is in tertiary education.

Throughout its history, the Lebanese diaspora used the Lebanese identity to create strong networks to help its members out. Over the course of time, immigration has indeed yielded Lebanese "commercial networks" throughout the world. [22] Lebanese migrants play an important role in assisting Lebanon and its people through financial support, touristic visits, starting businesses and trades. [23]

Lebanese populations in the diaspora

Number of Lebanese people (including descendants) per country.

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Lebanon
+ 1,000,000
+ 100,000
+ 10,000
+ 1,000 Map of the Lebanese Diaspora in the World svg..svg
Number of Lebanese people (including descendants) per country.
  Lebanon
  + 1,000,000
  + 100,000
  + 10,000
  + 1,000
Lebanese residents as a percentage of country's total population Lebanese residents as a percentage of country's total population.png
Lebanese residents as a percentage of country's total population

The list below contains approximate figures for people of full or partial Lebanese descent by country of residence, largely taken from the iLoubnan diaspora map. [24] Additional reliable cites have been provided where possible. Additional estimates have been included where they can be cited; where applicable, these are used in place of the iLoubnan figures. The figure below uses the data from the list and calculates the amount of Lebanese residents as a percentage of the total population of the respective country.

CountryEstimateUpper EstimateRegionCountry article in English WikipediaList of personalities of Lebanese origin
Flag of Brazil.svg  Brazil 2,000,000 according to a research conducted by IBGE in 2008, covering only the states of Amazonas, Paraíba, São Paulo, Rio Grande do Sul, Mato Grosso and Distrito Federal, 0.9% of white Brazilian respondents said they had family origins in the Middle East [18] 5,800,000 [24] -7,000,000 [25] (Brazilian/Lebanese governments) [26] Latin America Lebanese Brazilian Brazil
Flag of Argentina.svg  Argentina 3,000,000 [24] 3,200,000 [27] [28]

[29]

Latin America Lebanese Argentine Argentina
Flag of Colombia.svg  Colombia 1,200,000 [24] [30] 2,500,000 [30] Latin America Lebanese Colombian Colombia
Flag of Venezuela.svg  Venezuela 340,000 [24] 500,000 [31] Latin America Lebanese Venezuelan Venezuela
Flag of the United States.svg  United States 500,000 [32] 900,000 [33] North America Lebanese American United States
Flag of France.svg  France 300,000 [14] [34] [15] 375,000 [35] European Union Lebanese French France
Flag of Australia (converted).svg  Australia 271,000 [36] [37] 350,000 [38] Oceania Lebanese Australian Australia
Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Canada 190,275 [39] 250,000 [40] – 270,000 [24] North America Lebanese Canadian Canada
Flag of Germany.svg  Germany 147,000 [41] ca. 200,000 European Union Lebanese German Germany
Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg  Saudi Arabia 120,000 [24] Arab World Lebanese people in Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia
Flag of Syria.svg  Syria 105,000 [42] Middle-East Lebanese people in Syria Syria
Flag of Ecuador.svg  Ecuador 100,000 [24] 250,000Latin America Lebanese Ecuadorian Ecuador
Flag of Cote d'Ivoire.svg  Ivory Coast 100,000 [43] 300,000 [44] [45] Sub-Saharan Africa Lebanese people in Ivory Coast
Flag of Mexico.svg  Mexico 100,000 [24] 120,000 [46] North America Lebanese Mexican Mexico
Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg  Dominican Republic 80,000 [47] 500,000 [48] [ circular reference ] Latin America Arab Dominicans
Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg  United Arab Emirates 80,000 [12] Arab World Lebanese people in the United Arab Emirates United Arab Emirates
Flag of Uruguay.svg  Uruguay 53,000 [24] 70,000 [49] Latin America Lebanese Uruguayan Uruguay
Flag of Senegal.svg  Senegal 50,000 [50] [51] [52] 150,000 [53] Sub-Saharan Africa Lebanese Senegalese
Flag of Kuwait.svg  Kuwait 41,775 [54] 106,000 [55] Arab World Lebanese people in Kuwait
Flag of Nigeria.svg  Nigeria 30,000 [56] 30,000Sub-Saharan Africa Lebanese Nigerian
Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden 26,906 [57] European Union Lebanese people in Sweden Sweden
Flag of Denmark.svg  Denmark 26,705 [58] European Union Lebanese people in Denmark Denmark
Flag of Qatar.svg  Qatar 25,000 [59] Arab World Lebanese people in Qatar
Flag of Spain.svg  Spain 11,820 [24] European Union Lebanese People in Spain Spain
Flag of New Zealand.svg  New Zealand 8,500 [24] Oceania Lebanese New Zealander
Flag of South Africa.svg  South Africa 5,800 [60] 20,000 [61] Sub-Saharan Africa Lebanese people in South Africa South Africa
Flag of Israel.svg  Israel 3,500 (2021) [note 1] [62] Middle East Lebanese in Israel
Flag of Sierra Leone.svg  Sierra Leone 3,000 [63] 17,000 [63] Sub-Saharan Africa Lebanese people in Sierra Leone
Flag of Liberia.svg  Liberia 3,000 [64]
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Belgium 2,4005,000 European Union Lebanese people in Belgium Belgium
Caribbean [note 2] 545,200 [24] Latin America Lebanese Jamaican Caribbean  · Cuba  · Haiti  · Jamaica
Rest of Latin America, ex. Caribbean [note 3] 181,800 [24] Latin America Lebanese Chileans Chile  · Dutch Antilles
Rest of GCC [note 4] 105,000 [24] Arab World
Rest of European Union [note 5] 96,780 [24] European Union Lebanese British  · Lebanese Bulgarian** · Lebanese Greek Bulgaria  · Cyprus  · Germany  · Italy  · Monaco  · Netherlands  · Switzerland  · UK
Scandinavia 108,220 [24] European Union Lebanese Swedish Sweden  · Denmark
Rest of Sub-Saharan Africa [note 6] 42,510 [24] Sub-Saharan Africa Lebanese Sierra Leonean Ghana  · Sierra Leone
North Africa [note 7] 14,000 [24] North Africa Lebanese Egyptian Egypt
Asia [note 8] 2,600 [24] Asia

Note: An important percentage of Middle-Easterners in Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, Venezuela, Bulgaria, Romania, Italy, Portugal and Spain are of Lebanese ancestry. They are denoted ** for this purpose.

Outreach to the Lebanese diaspora by the Lebanese government

The Lebanese government increasingly sees the diaspora as a critical resource for investment and new immigrants. A 2016 television ad tried to entice Lebanese in the United States to move to Lebanon to help improve the standard of living. [65]

The Lebanese government launched the DiasporaID program in August 2017 to better connect Lebanese abroad to Lebanon itself. Funding for the project was provided by USAID with an objective of improving foreign investment in Lebanon. [66] [67]

On August 8, 2017, Lebanese President Michel Aoun advocated children of Lebanese in the diaspora take on Lebanese citizenship during a speech to the Maronite Diaspora Institution at Baabda Palace. [68]

Notable persons of Lebanese descent

Prominent Lebanese Figures
وجوه من لبنان
StJohnMaron.jpg

Charbel.jpg Estephane-Douaihi.jpg Peter Hoayek.JPG
Camille chamoun.jpg Fairuz in btd concert 2001.jpg Kahlil Gibran 1913.jpg


Carlos Slim Helu.jpg Sabah - Al Mawed.jpg Carlos Ghosn - India Economic Summit 2009.jpg Elie Saab in Beirut 2005.jpg
CharlesElachi.jpg John Abizaid.jpg
Donna Shalala - Knight Foundation.jpg Ray LaHood official DOT portrait.jpg Michel Temer.jpg Naderspeak.JPG Miss USA 2010 Rima Fakih.jpg Amal Alamuddin Cannes 2016.jpg
Cardinal Nasrallah Peter Sfeir.jpg Bechara-Rai.jpg

Cristina Kirchner con Michel Sleiman 03.jpg

Notable persons of Lebanese descent

Famous scientists of Lebanese descent include: Peter Medawar (Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine), [70] [71] Elias Corey (Nobel Prize in Chemistry), [72] Ardem Patapoutian (Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine), Michael Atiyah (Fields Medalist, Mathematics), [73] Michael DeBakey (medical innovator), [74] Mona Nemer (Canada's Chief Science Advisor) and geneticists Huda Zoghbi, Anthony Atala and Joanne Chory. Famous writers include William Peter Blatty, Nelly Sfeir Gonzalez, film director Alex Garland, Nassim Nicholas Taleb and screenwriters and film producers Geoff Johns, Tony Thomas, Ronald Schwary, Tomas Langmann, Mario Kassar and Michael Tadross.

Prominent members of the Lebanese diaspora include Presidents and Vice-Presidents, e.g. Juan Lechin (Bolivia), Michel Temer (Brazil), [75] Julio Teodoro Salem, Abdalá Bucaram, Alberto Dahik, Jamil Mahuad (all in Ecuador), Jacobo Majluta Azar, Luis Abinader (Dominican Republic), Julio Cesar Turbay (Colombia), Alberto Abdala (Uruguay) and Mario Abdo (current president of Paraguay). Other famous politicians include Ralph Nader, 2000, 2004 and 2008 US presidential candidate, Alex Azar current United States Secretary of Health, Spencer Abraham former United States Secretary of Energy, Mark Esper former United States Secretary of Defense, John Sununu former White House Chief of Staff, Darrell Issa US politician, George J. Mitchell US Politician and Peace Envoy, Charlie Crist Governor of Florida, Philip Habib US Politician and Peace Envoy, Victoria Reggie Kennedy American lawyer and diplomat, politician and author Jeanine Pirro, US Representative Donna Shalala, US Representative Ray Lahood, Governor of Sao Paulo State in Brazil Paulo Maluf, Edward Seaga Prime Minister of Jamaica and Benjamin Miguel Harb Bolivian politician and lawyer.

Notable military and astronauts include US army general John Abizaid, Navy Seal and Medal of Honor recipient Michael Monsoor as well as astronaut and Congressional Space Medal of Honor recipient Christa McAuliffe. Computer scientists include Richard Rashid, Tony Fadell [76] and Jean Paoli.

Famous businessmen of Lebanese descent include Carlos Slim Helú, [77] Carlos Ghosn, Nicolas Hayek, John J. Mack, Jacques Nasser, Debra Cafaro, Joseph J Jacobs, Joe Jamail, Swiss-Lebanese banker Salim Sfeir, Swiss-Brazilian banker Edmond Safra, Mauricio Gonzalez Sfeir, Lucie Salhany, Kevin O' Leary, Marcus Lemonis, Canadian industrial psychologist Gad Saad, and famous names in entertainment like Danny Thomas, Marlo Thomas, Salma Hayek, Shakira, Jenna Dewan, Terrence Malick, Tom Shadyac, Tony Shalhoub, Tiffany, Jim Backus, Jane Wiedlin, Kristy McNichol, Zoe Saldana, James Stacy, Catherine Keener, Vince Vaughn, Amy Yasbeck, Khrystyne Haje, Skandar Keynes, Jace Norman, Morena Baccarin, Barbara Mori, Omar Sharif, Ricardo Darin, Xavier Dolan, Damian Bichir, Paul Anka, Emilio Stefan, Drake's long time producers and Grammy winners Noah "40" Shebib and Oliver El-Khatib, Alfredo Bojalil, Oscar-winning composer Gabriel Yared, guitarists Dick Dale, Tommy Bolin and G. E. Smith, Armand Van Helden, Tyler Joseph, Jack Barakat, Bazzi, Thomas Rhett, Patrick Gemayel, comedian el Gran Sandy, Uruguayan actress Dahd Sfeir, Mika, models Yamila Diaz-Rahi, Daniella Sarahyba and Zaira Nara; Miss Universe Bolivia Lenka Nemer, and sportsmen like Doug Flutie, Rony Seikaly, Marcos Bagdhatis, Sammy Giammalva, professional tennis player and coach, Patrick Maroon, Johnny Manziel, surfers Kelly Slater and Maya Gabeira, winner of the Indy 500 Bobby Rahal, Carlos Alberto captain of Brazil 1970 world cup champion, FIFA World Cup record holder Mario Zagallo, Bolivian national goalkeeper Jose Issa, chess Grandmaster Jennifer Shahade and Olympic medalists Jordyn Wieber, Florencia Habif, Matt Abood, Thaisa Daher and Beatriz Haddad Maia, top-10 woman tennis professional.

Lebanese Food in the Diaspora

Lebanese cuisine has engrained itself as a staple in a multitude of cultures, wherever people from the Lebanese diaspora emigrated. [78] Examples include Brazil, [79] Canada [80] and the United States. [81] The language of food can contribute to feelings of cultural belonging, as shown through literary analysis. [82] It has served as both a source of identity and income for people of the Lebanese diaspora everywhere around the world. [83]

Hallab Baklava, Produced in Lebanon and offered everywhere around the world. Hallab.jpg
Hallab Baklava, Produced in Lebanon and offered everywhere around the world.

See also

Notes

  1. The Lebanese community in Israel mostly consists of members of Antoine Lahad's Militia who continued to live in and receive salaries from the state of Israel since their group was disbanded in 2000.
  2. Includes Cuba, Guadalupe & Haiti
  3. Belize, Bolivia, Chile, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru
  4. Excludes Saudi Arabia & Kuwait, includes Iraq & Jordan
  5. Belgium, Cyprus, Greece, Italy, Monaco, Switzerland, United Kingdom
  6. Burkina Faso, Gambia, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria & Sierra Leone
  7. Egypt, Libya & rest of North Africa
  8. Iran, Indonesia, and Philippines

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Demographics of Lebanon</span> Ethnic group

This is a demography of the population of Lebanon including population density, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arab diaspora</span> Descendants of Arab migrants to other countries

Arab diaspora is a term that refers to descendants of the Arab emigrants who, voluntarily or as forcibly, migrated from their native lands to non-Arab countries, primarily in the Americas, Europe, Southeast Asia, and West Africa.

Latin Americans are the citizens of Latin American countries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Christian emigration</span> Large-scale migration of Christians

The phenomenon of large-scale migration of Christians is the main reason why Christians' share of the population has been declining in many countries. Many Muslim countries have witnessed disproportionately high emigration rates among their Christian minorities for several generations. Today, most Middle Eastern people in the United States are Christians, and the majority of Arabs living outside the Arab World are Arab Christians.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lebanese people</span> Citizens or natives of Lebanon

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Islam in Argentina</span>

Argentina is a predominantly Christian country, with Islam being a minority religion. Due to secular nature of the Argentine constitution, Muslims are free to proselytize and build places of worship in the country.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Islam in Chile</span>

Chile is a predominantly Christian country, with adherents of Islam being a minuscule minority. Due to the secular nature of Chile's constitution, Muslims are free to proselytize and build places of worship in the country. The statistics for Islam in Chile estimate a total Muslim population of approximately 5,000, representing less than 0.02% of the population. There are a number of Islamic organizations in Chile, including the Muslim Society of Chile and As-Salam Mosque in Santiago, Bilal Mosque in Iquique, the Mohammed VI Cultural Center in Coquimbo, and Islamic Foundation of Chile in Santiago.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Demographics of South America</span>

As of 2017, South America has an estimated population of 418.76 million people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Syrian diaspora</span> People of Syrian origin living abroad

Syrian diaspora refers to Syrian people and their descendants who chose or were forced to emigrate from Syria and now reside in other countries as immigrants, or as refugees of the Syrian Civil War.

Latin American migration to the United Kingdom dates back to the early 19th century. However, before the 1970s, when political and civil unrest became rife in many Latin American countries, the United Kingdom's Latin American community was not particularly large. Economic migration to the United Kingdom has since increased. Brazilian and Colombian-born residents are the two largest groups standing at a estimated 95,000 and 36,000 respectively as of 2019. A number of refugees and asylum seekers moved to the UK during the late 20th century, however, since the turn of the century, Latin Americans have been migrating to the UK for a wide range of reasons and at present the community consists of people from all walks of life. The UK is also home to British-born people of Latin American ancestry. During the 2008–2014 Spanish financial crisis, Britain also became one of the favourite European destinations for some of the roughly 1.4 million Latin Americans who had acquired Spanish citizenship.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Immigration to Colombia</span>

Immigration to Colombia during the early 19th and late 20th Century, is what makes it one of the most diverse countries in the world, above other countries in the Latin region. Colombia inherited from the Spanish Empire harsh rules against immigration, first in the Viceroyalty of New Granada and later in the Colombian Republic. The Constituent Assembly of Colombia and the subsequent reforms to the national constitution were much more open to the immigrants and the economic aperture. However naturalization of foreigners, with the exception of those children of Colombians born abroad, it is still difficult to acquire due 'Jus soli' law is not allowed by the government, and only 'Jus sanguinis' law is accepted. Immigration in Colombia is managed by the "Migración Colombia" agency.

Hispanic and Latin American Australians refers to Australians who are of Hispanic, and/or Latin American origin irrespective of their ancestral backgrounds, and their descendants. Brazilian Australians make up the largest proportion of Hispanic and/or Latin American Australians, followed by Chilean Australians and Salvadoran Australians. Most Hispanic and Latin American Australians speak English but many continue to use Spanish or Portuguese as well.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Iraqi diaspora</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Venezuelans</span> Citizens or residents of Venezuela

Venezuelans are the citizens identified with the country of Venezuela. This connection may be through citizenship, descent or cultural. For most Venezuelans, many or all of these connections exist and are the source of their Venezuelan citizenship or their bond to Venezuela.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lebanese Uruguayans</span> Ethnic group

There are about 53,000 to 75,000 Lebanese Uruguayans, or Uruguayans of Lebanese origin. The Lebanese are one of the larger non-European communities, though still not as large a group as most European groups. Relations between Uruguay and Lebanon have always been close.

Arab Venezuelans refers to Venezuelan citizens of Arab origin or descent. There are around 1,600,000 Venezuelans of Arab origin, mainly from Lebanon, Syria and Palestine. Most Arab Venezuelans are of Syrian descent with their number between 400,000 and 1 million inhabitants, and Lebanese descent with their number between 341,000 and 500,000.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Argentines</span> People of the country of Argentina or who identify as culturally Argentine

Argentines are the people identified with the country of Argentina. This connection may be residential, legal, historical or cultural. For most Argentines, several of these connections exist and are collectively the source of their being Argentine. In the past, the demonym for citizens of Argentina was translated as Argentinians, a term that is no longer considered accurate.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lebanese Mexicans</span> Mexican citizens of Lebanese origin

Lebanese Mexicans refers to Mexican citizens of Lebanese origin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Palestinian diaspora</span> Part of the Arab diaspora

The Palestinian diaspora, part of the wider Arab diaspora, are Palestinian people living outside the region of Palestine.

The Latin American diaspora refers to the dispersion of Latin Americans out of their homelands in Latin America and the communities subsequently established by them across the world.

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