Foreign relations of Lebanon

The foreign policy of Lebanon reflects its geographic location, the composition of its population, and its reliance on commerce and trade. As'ad AbuKhalil argues that foreign intervention has been a mainstay of Lebanon's domestic politics throughout its history as a nation-state, with British, French and American influence predominating from the declaration of independence in 1943 until the 1956 Suez Crisis and 1958 Lebanon crisis. From then until the Lebanese Civil War, the country became an arena for struggle between players in the Cold War, including Egypt, the United States and the Soviet Union. During the Civil War regional powers in the Middle East strove for influence, including Syria, Saudi Arabia and Israel, with Syria gaining the upper hand at the tail end of the war. ^[1] Until 2005, Lebanon's foreign policy had been heavily influenced by Syria, however beginning with the formation of Hezbollah in 1982, Iran had gradually grown to heavily influence Lebanon. ^{[2] [3]}

The framework for relations was first codified in May 1991, when Lebanon and Syria signed a treaty of mutual cooperation. This treaty came out of the Taif Agreement, which stipulated that "Lebanon is linked to Syria by distinctive ties deriving strength from kinship, history, and common interests." The Lebanese-Syria treaty calls for "coordination and cooperation between the two countries" that would serve the "interests of the two countries within the framework of sovereignty and independence of each." Numerous agreements on political, economic, and security. After Syria's military withdrawal in 2005, Lebanon's foreign policy charted a more independent course.

Diplomatic relations

List of countries which Lebanon maintains diplomatic relations with:

#	Country	Date
1	United Kingdom	9 February 1942 [4] [ failed verification ]
2	Iraq	24 February 1944 [5]
3	Saudi Arabia	9 April 1944 [6]
4	Poland	1 August 1944 [7]
5	Russia	3 August 1944 [8]
6	Iran	21 September 1944 [9]
7	United States	16 November 1944 [10]
8	France	25 November 1944 [11]
9	Belgium	25 November 1944 [12]
10	Egypt	30 November 1944 [13]
11	Mexico	12 June 1945 [14]
12	Chile	28 June 1945 [15] [16]
13	Uruguay	25 October 1945 [17]
14	Brazil	13 November 1945 [18]
15	Argentina	22 November 1946 [19]
16	Sweden	7 February 1946 [20]
17	Switzerland	27 February 1946 [21]
18	Turkey	8 March 1946 [22]
19	Panama	30 April 1946 [23]
20	Serbia	18 May 1946 [24]
21	Venezuela	10 July 1946 [25]
22	Czech Republic	21 September 1946 [26]
23	Jordan	1 October 1946 [27]
24	Philippines	24 October 1946 [28]
25	Italy	20 November 1946 [29]
—	Holy See	17 March 1947 [30]
26	Greece	17 June 1947 [31]
27	Spain	5 March 1948 [32]
28	Norway	10 August 1948 [33]
29	Afghanistan	August 1948 [34]
30	Ecuador	15 September 1948 [35]
31	India	15 September 1948 [36]
32	Pakistan	15 September 1948 [37]
33	Colombia	29 October 1948 [38]
34	Bolivia	21 February 1949 [39]
35	Ethiopia	31 July 1949 [40]
36	Peru	1949 [41]
37	Indonesia	27 February 1950 [42]
38	Paraguay	12 May 1950 [43]
39	Netherlands	12 October 1950 [44]
40	Luxembourg	21 November 1950 [45]
41	Liberia	1 January 1951 [46]
42	Honduras	16 January 1951 [47]
43	Austria	6 December 1951 [48]
44	Nicaragua	29 July 1952
45	Germany	20 May 1953 [49]
46	Denmark	6 October 1953 [50]
47	Yemen	1953 [51]
48	Finland	21 June 1954 [52]
49	Canada	26 August 1954 [53]
50	Japan	November 1954 [54]
—	Sovereign Military Order of Malta	1955 [55]
51	Portugal	1955 [56]
52	Morocco	1956 [57]
53	Sudan	1956 [58]
54	Tunisia	October 1957 [59]
55	Thailand	3 February 1958 [60]
56	Ghana	30 March 1959 [61] [62]
57	Haiti	21 May 1959 [63]
58	Guinea	3 June 1960 [64]
59	Cuba	15 June 1960 [65]
60	Cyprus	20 September 1960 [66]
61	Dominican Republic	1960 [67]
62	Nigeria	8 January 1961 [68]
63	Senegal	22 April 1961 [69]
64	Sierra Leone	27 April 1961 [70]
65	Kuwait	27 September 1961 [71]
66	Ivory Coast	4 October 1961 [72]
67	Somalia	6 October 1961 [73]
68	Mali	9 October 1961 [74]
69	Niger	11 March 1962 [75]
70	Togo	7 June 1962 [76]
71	Benin	27 June 1962 [77]
72	Gabon	24 September 1962 [78]
73	Algeria	18 December 1962 [79]
74	Burkina Faso	1962 [80]
75	Cameroon	1962 [81]
76	Trinidad and Tobago	1962 [82]
77	Jamaica	7 May 1963 [83]
78	Laos	15 July 1963 [84]
79	Malaysia	16 July 1963 [85]
80	Nepal	18 August 1963 [86]
81	Chad	1963 [87]
82	Romania	6 January 1965 [88]
83	Gambia	24 May 1965 [89]
84	Hungary	30 November 1965 [90]
85	Bulgaria	19 September 1966 [91]
86	Central African Republic	1966 [92]
87	Zambia	3 February 1967 [93]
88	Australia	5 February 1967 [94]
89	Kenya	16 August 1967 [95]
90	Singapore	3 May 1969 [96]
91	Mauritania	10 June 1971 [97]
92	China	9 November 1971 [98]
93	United Arab Emirates	8 January 1972 [99]
94	Qatar	11 April 1972 [100]
95	Bahrain	29 May 1972 [101]
96	Democratic Republic of the Congo	June 1972 [102]
97	Oman	2 January 1973 [103]
98	Bangladesh	28 March 1973 [104]
99	Iceland	28 March 1973 [105]
100	Albania	28 May 1974 [106]
101	Ireland	12 December 1974 [107]
102	Malta	1 July 1975 [108]
103	New Zealand	25 November 1980 [109]
104	North Korea	12 February 1981 [110]
105	South Korea	12 February 1981 [111]
106	Vietnam	12 February 1981 [112]
107	Djibouti	11 March 1981 [113]
108	Maldives	25 February 1988 [114]
109	Guatemala	31 January 1990 [115]
110	Armenia	4 March 1992 [116]
111	Azerbaijan	28 September 1992 [117]
112	Ukraine	14 December 1992 [118]
113	Slovakia	1 January 1993 [119]
114	Lithuania	18 March 1993 [120]
115	Georgia	1 April 1993 [121]
116	Kazakhstan	20 April 1993 [122]
117	Turkmenistan	6 May 1993 [123]
118	Slovenia	29 July 1993 [124]
119	Eritrea	3 September 1993 [125]
120	Brunei	18 May 1994 [126]
121	Moldova	8 June 1994 [127]
122	Croatia	5 December 1994 [128]
123	Guyana	2 March 1995 [114]
124	Suriname	26 April 1995 [114]
125	Bosnia and Herzegovina	22 June 1995 [129]
126	South Africa	18 November 1995 [130]
127	Belarus	21 March 1996 [131]
128	Tajikistan	21 June 1996 [132]
129	Angola	3 July 1996 [114]
130	Sri Lanka	7 May 1997 [133]
131	Latvia	16 January 1998 [134]
132	Mongolia	5 February 1998 [135]
133	Mozambique	20 April 1998 [114]
134	Uzbekistan	22 October 1998 [136]
135	Andorra	24 March 1999 [114]
136	Liechtenstein	9 June 2000 [137]
137	Republic of the Congo	12 April 2001 [138]
138	Belize	29 June 2001 [114]
139	Estonia	3 September 2001 [139]
140	Lesotho	28 May 2002 [140]
141	Timor-Leste	April 2005 [141]
142	Costa Rica	24 August 2007 [114]
143	El Salvador	25 September 2007 [114]
144	Syria	15 October 2008 [142] [143]
145	Equatorial Guinea	21 November 2008 [114]
146	Montenegro	4 December 2008 [144]
147	San Marino	13 November 2009 [114]
148	Fiji	10 October 2010 [114]
—	State of Palestine	17 August 2011 [145]
149	South Sudan	23 May 2014 [146]
150	Rwanda	21 April 2017 [147]
151	Antigua and Barbuda	April 2017 [148]
152	Madagascar	5 May 2017 [149]
153	Kyrgyzstan	29 June 2017 [114]
154	Malawi	18 October 2017 [150]
155	Monaco	22 January 2019 [151]
156	Uganda	5 March 2019 [152]
157	Vanuatu	25 September 2019 [153]
158	Marshall Islands	26 September 2019 [114]
159	Guinea-Bissau	20 October 2020 [154]
160	Cape Verde	20 May 2021 [114]
161	Zimbabwe	29 March 2022 [114]
162	Saint Kitts and Nevis	24 July 2024 [114]
163	Seychelles	25 June 2025 [114]
164	North Macedonia	26 September 2025 [155]
165	Libya	Unknown
166	Tanzania	Unknown

Bilateral relations

Americas

Country	Formal Relations Began	Notes
Argentina	22 November 1945 [19]	See Argentina–Lebanon relations Argentina has an embassy in Beirut. [156] Lebanon has an embassy in Buenos Aires. [157] See also Lebanese Argentines.
Brazil	13 November 1945	See Brazil–Lebanon relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 November 1945 [18] Brazil has an embassy in Beirut. [158] Lebanon has an embassy in Brasília and consulates-general in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. [159] See also Lebanese Brazilians.
Canada	26 August 1954 [53]	See Canada–Lebanon relations Canada established diplomatic relations with Lebanon in 1954, when Canada deployed "Envoy Extraordinaire" to Beirut. In 1958, Canada sent its first Ambassador. The Embassy was closed in 1985 and reopened in January 1995. Lebanon opened a consulate in Canada in 1946. A Consulate-General replaced the Consulate in 1949, and an embassy was opened in Ottawa in 1958. Canada has an embassy in Beirut. [160] Lebanon has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate-general in Montreal. [161] See also Lebanese Canadians
Chile	28 June 1945	See Chile–Lebanon relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 June 1945. [15] [16] Chile has an embassy in Beirut. Lebanon has an embassy in Santiago. See Lebanese Chileans
Mexico	12 June 1945	See Lebanon–Mexico relations Mexico was among the first nations to recognize Lebanon's independence in 1943. Lebanon has an embassy in Mexico City. [162] Mexico has an embassy in Beirut. [163] The Centro Libanés and "Club Deportivo Libanés" in Mexico City are important symbols representing the historically cultural and social ties between both countries. See also Lebanese Mexicans.
United States	16 November 1944	See Lebanon–United States relations The United States' interaction with Lebanon extends back to events such as the 1958 Lebanon crisis, which it sent in troops to fortify the government's position. Lebanon's southern neighbor, Israel, has also sent troops on several occasions, and attacked into Lebanon in response to Hezbollah kidnapping two Israeli soldiers. A possible source of friction between the U.S. and Lebanon is that most of Israel's weaponry is US-made, arguing possible US complicity in Israel's attacks. Lebanon has an embassy in Washington, D.C. and consulates-general in Detroit, Los Angeles and New York City. [164] United States has an embassy in Beirut. [165] See also Lebanese Americans
Uruguay	25 October 1945	See Lebanon–Uruguay relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 October 1945 [17] Uruguay recognized Lebanon's independence on November 22, 1943. Lebanon has an embassy in Montevideo. Uruguay has an embassy in Beirut. [166] See also Lebanese Uruguayans

Asia

Country	Formal Relations Began	Notes
Armenia	4 March 1992	See Armenia–Lebanon relations The Embassy of Armenia to Lebanon was opened in June 1994. The Embassy of Lebanon was opened in Yerevan in September 1997. Lebanon is host to the eighth largest Armenian population in the world. During the 2006 Lebanon War, Armenia announced that it would send humanitarian aid to Lebanon. According to the Armenian government, an unspecified amount of medicines, tents and fire-fighting equipment was allocated to Lebanese authorities on July 27, 2006. [167] [168] On May 11, 2000, the Lebanese parliament voted to recognize the Armenian genocide. [169] Lebanon is the first Arab country and one of the few countries of the world to have done so. Armenia has embassy in Beirut. Lebanon has an embassy in Yerevan.
Azerbaijan	18 September 1992	See Azerbaijan–Lebanon relations Azerbaijan has an embassy in Beirut. Lebanon is accredited to Azerbaijan through its embassy in Tehran, Iran.
Bangladesh	28 March 1973	See Bangladesh–Lebanon relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 March 1973 [104] Bangladesh has an embassy in Beirut. Lebanon is accredited to Bangladesh through its embassy in Islamabad, Pakistan.
China	9 November 1971	See China–Lebanon relations China and Lebanon established diplomatic relations on November 1, 1954 and the embassy in Taipei opened in 1957. Lebanon shifted recognition from the Taipei-based Republic to the People's Republic on 9 November 1971. [98] China has an embassy in Beirut. Lebanon has an embassy in Beijing. In June 2020, Lebanon was one of 53 countries that backed the Hong Kong national security law at the United Nations. [170] China opened the first Confucius Institute in the Middle East in Lebanon in 2006. [171]
India	15 September 1948	See India-Lebanon relations India has an embassy in Beirut. Lebanon has an embassy in New Delhi.
Indonesia		See Indonesia–Lebanon relations Indonesia has an embassy in Beirut. Lebanon has an embassy in Jakarta.
Iran	21 September 1944	See Iran–Lebanon relations and Iranian influence in Lebanon Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 September 1944. [9] Iran has an embassy in Beirut. Lebanon has an embassy in Tehran.
Iraq	24 February 1944	See Iraq–Lebanon relations Both countries established diplomatic relatiobns on 24 February 1944 when first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Iraq to Lebanon Mr. Tahsin Kadri presented his credentials as first foreign diplomatic representatives, who presented his letters of credentials to President Lebanon Mr.Bechara Khoury. [5] Lebanon and Iraq share the same language and mutual support for each other in conflicts, Lebanon's relations with Iraq have at most times been cold. Issues include the Lebanese Government's strong material and political assistance of Hezbollah and ongoing clashes in Iraq between the Sunnis and Shias. Iraq has an embassy in Beirut. Lebanon has an embassy in Baghdad.
Israel		See Israel–Lebanon relations
Japan	November 1954	In 1954 Legation of Japan opened in Lebanon, in 1957 Legation of Lebanon opened in Tokyo. In 1959 both Legations was upgrades to Embassies Japan has an embassy in Beirut. Lebanon has an embassy in Tokyo.
Jordan	1 October 1946	See Jordan–Lebanon relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 October 1946 when has been accredited Minister of Transjordan to Lebanon Mr. Mohamed Ali Ajlouni. [27] Jordan has an embassy in Beirut. Lebanon has an embassy in Amman.
Malaysia	16 July 1963	See Lebanon–Malaysia relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 July 1963 [85] Lebanon has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur. [172] Malaysia has an embassy in Beirut. [173]
Pakistan	15 September 1948	See Lebanon–Pakistan relations Pakistan does not recognize Israel, which has hostile relations with Lebanon, as a legitimate country. [174] Lebanon has an embassy in Islamabad. Pakistan has an embassy in Beirut.
Saudi Arabia	9 April 1944	See Lebanon–Saudi Arabia relations Lebanon has an embassy in Riyadh and a consulate-general in Jeddah. Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Beirut.
Syria	15 October 2008 [143]	See Lebanon–Syria relations The relationship between these two neighboring countries in Western Asia is complex: Syria has had troops stationed in Lebanon and has exerted political influence in the nation for many years. [175] However, Syria has only officially recognised Lebanon's sovereignty recently. [176] Lebanon has an embassy in Damascus. Syria has an embassy in Beirut.
Turkey	8 March 1946	See Lebanon–Turkey relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 March 1946. [22] Lebanon has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate-general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Beirut.
United Arab Emirates	8 January 1972	See Lebanon–United Arab Emirates relations Lebanon has an embassy in Abu Dhabi and a consulate-general in Dubai. United Arab Emirates has an embassy in Beirut.

Europe

See also: Lebanon–European Union relations

Lebanon concluded negotiations on an association agreement with the European Union in late 2001, and both sides initialed the accord in January 2002, the accord becoming known as the EU-Lebanon Association Agreement. The EU-Lebanon Action Plan from January 19, 2007, gave a new impetus to bilateral relations in the framework of the European Neighborhood Policy.

Lebanon is one of the main Mediterranean beneficiaries of community assistance and the EU through its various instruments is Lebanon's leading donor. Starting from 2007 financial support is channeled through the European Neighborhood Policy Instrument. A Lebanon Country Strategy Paper 2007–2013 and a National Indicative Program 2007–2010 have been adopted by the EU. The assistance provided was refocused after the Second Lebanon War to engage in real help for the government and the society in reconstruction and reform of the country. ^[177]

Country	Formal Relations Began	Notes
Bulgaria	19 September 1966	Since May 1967, Bulgaria has had an embassy in Beirut. [178] Since July 1983, Lebanon has had an embassy in Sofia. [91] Both countries are full members of the Francophonie and of the Union for the Mediterranean.
Croatia		Croatia is accredited to Lebanon from its embassy in Cairo, Egypt. Lebanon is accredited to Croatia from its embassy in Vienna, Austria.
Cyprus		See Cyprus–Lebanon relations Cyprus has an embassy in Beirut. Lebanon has an embassy in Nicosia.
Denmark	6 October 1953	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 October 1953 when was accredited first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Denmark to Lebanon (resident in Cairo) Mr. G. L. Host [50] Denmark has an embassy in Beirut. [179] Lebanon is accredited to Denmark from its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden. [180]
France	25 November 1944	See France–Lebanon relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 November 1944 when has been appointed Mr. Ahmad Daouk as Minister Plenipotentiary of Lebanon to France. And 25 December 1944 has been opened Lebanese Legation (Embassy) in Paris. [11] In 2007, French President Nicolas Sarkozy ordered ties with Syria to be suspended until proof Damascus was not interfering in the Lebanese political crisis was established. [181] A week after Sarkozy's statement in Cairo, Syrian Foreign Minister Walid al Muallem announced Syria was ceasing their ties with France. [182] "Syria has decided to cease cooperation with France on the Lebanese crisis" said Mouallem. In July 2008, France and Syria decided to open embassies in each other's countries. [183] In April 2009, French and Lebanese officials approved the framework of a security agreement that besides improving bilateral relations include drugs and arms trafficking, illegal immigration and cyber-crime. [184] France has an embassy in Beirut. Lebanon as an embassy in Paris and a consulate-general in Marseille.
Germany	20 May 1953	See Germany–Lebanon relations Germany has an embassy in Beirut. Lebanon has an embassy in Berlin.
Greece	17 June 1947	See Greece–Lebanon relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 June 1947, when first Minister of Greece to Lebanon with residence in Cairo M. Georges Triantaphyllidis presented his credentials [31] The relation between both people dates back to early antiquity, with the early trading activities between the ancient Greeks and the Phoenicians. In modern times, Greek-Lebanese bilateral relations are very good at all levels. Greece has an embassy in Beirut and Lebanon has an embassy in Athens. Both countries are members of the Union for the Mediterranean and the Francophonie. Greece has an embassy in Beirut. Lebanon has an embassy in Athens.
Holy See	17 March 1947	See Holy See–Lebanon relations The Holy See has played a major role in the peace negotiations of Lebanon. It has sought to unify Christian factions that were separated after the Lebanese civil war. At the same time, it sought to reduce Christian-Muslim tensions and to preserve Christian communities that have been declining in many parts of Lebanon and elsewhere in the Middle East. Holy See has a nunciature in Harissa. Lebanon has an embassy in Rome accredited to the Holy See.
Italy	20 November 1946	See Italy–Lebanon relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 November 1946 when has been accredited first Charge d'Affaires of Italy to Lebanon Mr. Adolfo Alessandrini. [29] Lebanon opened a legation in 1946, which was transformed into an embassy in 1955. [185] Both countries signed a Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Navigation in 1949.[ citation needed ] Rome supported the reconstruction of Lebanon after the Taef Agreement.[ citation needed ] Also, Italian companies, from almost all sectors, operate in Lebanon.[ citation needed ] Italy has an embassy in Beirut. Lebanon has an embassy in Rome.
Poland	20 October 1956	1 August 1944 Lebanon established diplomatic relations with Polish Government in exile in London. On October 20, 1956, the government of Lebanon accepted the initiative of the government of the Polish People's Republic regarding the establishment of diplomatic relations at the level of the deputies, which meant simultaneous withdrawal of the recognition of the Polish government in exile. [186] Lebanon has an embassy in Warsaw. Poland has an embassy in Beirut.
Romania	6 January 1965	See Lebanon–Romania relations Lebanon has an embassy in Bucharest and an honorary consulate in Constanța. [187] Romania has an embassy in Beirut an honorary consulate in Tripoli. [187] Both countries are full members of the Union for the Mediterranean and of the Francophonie
Russia	3 August 1944	See Lebanon–Russia relations Lebanon has an embassy in Moscow. Russia has an embassy in Beirut.
Spain	5 March 1948	See Lebanon–Spain relations Lebanon has an embassy in Madrid. Spain has an embassy in Beirut.
Ukraine	14 December 1992	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 December 1992 Embassy of Ukraine in Beirut was opened in August 1995 [188] Embassy of Lebanon was opened in Kyiv until February 2022. [189]
United Kingdom	9 February 1942	See Lebanon–United Kingdom relations Lebanese Prime Minister Najib Mikati with British Prime Minister Keir Starmer in 10 Downing Street, October 2024. The UK established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 9 February 1942. [4] [ failed verification ] Lebanon maintains an embassy in London. [190] The UK is accredited to Lebanon through its embassy in Beirut. [191] Both countries share common membership of the United Nations, the World Health Organization, the World Health Organization, and the World Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have an Association Agreement, [192] and a Development Partnership. [193]

Oceania

Country	Formal Relations Began	Notes
Australia	5 February 1967	20 February 1967 opened Australian Embassy in Beirut. It was closed in 1984 because of the security situation in Beirut. The Embassy was formally re-opened on 18 July 1995 [194] 74,000 Lebanese-born people live in Australia, mainly in Sydney, and there are more people of Lebanese descent including Marie Bashir, Steve Bracks and Hazem El Masri. Australia has a modest trade relationship with Lebanon and has also given foreign aid in the aftermath of the Lebanese civil war of 1975–1990. Australia has an embassy in Beirut. Lebanon has an embassy in Canberra and consulates-general in Melbourne and Sydney. See also Lebanese Australians.

See also

• Lebanon portal
• Politics portal

• Constitution of Lebanon
• Lebanese diaspora
• Lebanese identity card
• Lebanese nationality law
• Lebanese passport
• List of diplomatic missions in Lebanon
• List of diplomatic missions of Lebanon
• Politics of Lebanon
• Visa policy of Lebanon
• Visa requirements for Lebanese citizens

References and footnotes

• Eisenberg, Laura Zittrain; Caplan, Neil (1998). Negotiating Arab-Israeli Peace: Patterns, Problems, Possibilities. Indiana University Press. ISBN   0-253-21159-X.
• Schiff, Ze'ev; Ya'ari, Ehud (1984). Israel's Lebanon War. Simon & Schuster. ISBN   0-671-47991-1.
• Shlaim, Avi (2001). The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN   0-393-32112-6.

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External links

• 1983 Israel-Lebanon agreement
• Embassy of Lebanon in Washington DC
• Amb. Farid Abboud profile The Washington Diplomat serves the diplomatic community with columns focusing on international news and events.
• EU Neighbourhood Info Centre: Country profile of Jordan Archived January 26, 2017, at the Wayback Machine

Representations of foreign nations in Lebanon

• Delegation of the European Commission in Lebanon
• United States Embassy in Beirut, Lebanon
• Farid Abboud: Lebanese Ambassador to Tunisia Archived September 5, 2007, at the Wayback Machine