List of presidents of Lebanon

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This is a list of presidents of Lebanon since the creation of the office in 1926.

Contents

Constitutionally (de jure), the president's post carries significant responsibilities and influence. In practice, the president is largely a ceremonial and symbolic post due to external pressure or the formation of "consensus" cabinets, forcing the president to compromise. In theory, however, the president is responsible for appointing the entire government, therefore the ministers should work to his pleasure. Nevertheless, the president is still able to exercise influence on policy-making and has the role, in conjunction with the prime minister, of choosing ministers in the Government and safeguarding the Constitution of Lebanon.

National Pact

Though it is not specifically stated in the constitution, an unwritten understanding known as the National Pact, agreed in 1943, has resulted in the holder of the post being a Maronite Christian in every electoral cycle since that time.

List of officeholders

State of Greater Lebanon, part of the French Mandate (1926–1943)

No.PortraitName
(Birth–Death)
Term of officePolitical partyNotes
Took officeLeft officeTime in office
1 Charles Debbas portrait.jpg Charles Debbas
شارل دباس
(1884–1935)
1 September 19262 January 19347 years, 123 days Independent During the period of the French mandate in Lebanon, he was appointed Minister of Justice, then president of the National Assembly, and finally first President of the Republic of Lebanon he was elected president in 1926, then re-elected in 1929 by 42 votes out of 44, he was kept at his post until January 1934 by the French mandate. Under his presidency, the disarmament of Greater Lebanon was decided, and he instituted the compulsory baccalaureate for the exercise of liberal professions. He was also Minister of Justice and President of the Chamber of Deputies in 1934. [1]
1926, 1929
Privat-Antoine Aubouard
أنطوان أوبوار
(1874–1934)
2 January 193430 January 193428 days Independent He was a member of the French High Commission.
2 Habib Pasha Saad - Official portrait.png Habib Pacha Saad
حبيب باشا السعد
(1867–1942)
30 January 193420 January 19361 year, 355 days Independent He was also speaker of the Representative Council of Greater Lebanon 10 years prior to taking office.
3 Emile Edde Official portrait.jpg Émile Eddé
إميل أده
(1886–1949)
20 January 19364 April 19415 years, 74 days National Bloc Eddé served as the speaker of the Parliament from October 1924 to January 1925, [2] prime minister of Lebanon from 11 October 1929 to 25 March 1930.
1936
Arlabosse.png Pierre-Georges Arlabosse
بيار جورج أرلابوس
(1891–1950)
4 April 19419 April 19415 days Independent Arlabosse was a French politician who became acting President of Lebanon for 5 days for the interim period in transfer of presidency from Émile Eddé.
4 Alfred Naqqache Portrait.jpg Alfred Georges Naccache
ألفرد جورج النقاش
(1887–1978)
9 April 194118 March 19431 year, 343 days Kataeb Party Served as the prime minister of Lebanon (1941) and later as foreign minister of Lebanon (1953–1955).
1922 Ayoub Tabet.jpg Ayoub Tabet
أيوب تابت
(1884–1951)
19 March 194321 July 1943124 days Independent Acting. Served as Prime Minister of Lebanon for the same period.
5 Petro Trad (cropped).jpg Petro Trad
بيترو طراد
(1876–1947)
22 July 194321 September 194361 days Independent Trad was elected deputy from Beirut in 1925 serving in the Lebanese Parliament for much of the 1920s and 1930s, either elected or appointed by the French authorities. He was a member of the parliamentary committee that worked on the French-Lebanese Treaty of 1936. The French supported him as the Speaker of the Parliament of Lebanon from November 1934 to October 1935 and from October 1937 to September 1939.
6 Bechara elkhoury.jpg Bechara Khoury
بشارة الخوري
(1890–1964)
21 September 194311 November 194351 days Constitutional Bloc Served as prime minister from 1927 until 1928 and again in 1929 prior to his election as president on 21 September 1943. He was a strong nationalist who opposed the French Mandate, and on 11 November 1943, he was arrested by Free French troops and imprisoned in the Rashaya Tower for eleven days along with other prominent politicians.

Lebanese Republic (1943–present)

No.PortraitName
(Birth–Death)
Term of officePolitical partyNotes
Took officeLeft officeTime in office
Edde Portrait.jpg Émile Eddé
إميل أده
(1886–1949)
11 November 194322 November 194311 days National Bloc The High Commissioner installed Eddé as president. Ten days later, however, under pressure from France's other Allies in World War II, the French removed Eddé from office and restored the government of Bechara El Khoury on 21 November. He founded the National Bloc.
1 Bechara El Khoury - 1947.jpg Bechara Khoury
بشارة الخوري
(1890–1964)
22 November 194318 September 19528 years, 301 days Constitutional Bloc He was released 11 days after being arrested by Free French troops and imprisoned in the Rashaya Tower replacing Emile Edde during World War II.
1943, 1948
General Fouad Chehab.png Fouad Chehab
فؤاد شهاب
(1902–1973)
18 September 195222 September 19524 days Military Chehab refused to allow the army to interfere in the uprising that forced Lebanese President Bechara El Khoury to resign. Chehab became the Prime Minister of Lebanon in September 1952, and hold the additional portfolio of defense minister while also former a military cabinet. Chehab was then appointed acting president with the duty to ensure an emergency democratic presidential election.
2 Camille chamoun.jpg Camille Chamoun
كميل شمعون
(1900–1987)
23 September 195222 September 19585 years, 364 days Constitutional Bloc Served as Minister of the Interior, Post and Telegraph, 1943–1944, Minister of the Interior, Health and Public Aid, 1947–1948. Near the end of his term, Pan-Arabists and other groups backed by Gamal Abdel Nasser, with considerable support in Lebanon's Muslim community attempted to overthrow Chamoun's government in June 1958 after Chamoun tried to seek another term as president against the constitution. Numerous clashes erupted resulting in 1958 Lebanon crisis.
National Liberal Party
1952
3 Fouad Chehab 34.jpg Fouad Chehab
فؤاد شهاب
(1902–1973)
23 September 195822 September 19645 years, 365 days Independent Chehab was the Prime Minister of Lebanon in September 1952, and held the additional portfolio of defense minister while also forming a military cabinet. Chehab was appointed acting president with the duty to ensure an emergency democratic presidential election. Following a path of moderation and co-operating closely with the various religious groups, and with both secular and religious forces, Chehab was able to cool tensions and bring stability back to the nation. His ideology inspired the presidencies of 2 other presidents.
1958
4 Official portrait of Charles Helou.png Charles Helou
شارل حلو
(1913–2001)
23 September 196422 September 19705 years, 364 days Chehabist Helou was an Ambassador to the Vatican in 1947 minister of justice and health (1954–1955) and as minister of education (1964). The Six-Day War of 1967, strained sectarian relations in Lebanon. Many Muslims wanted Lebanon to join the Arab war effort, while many Christians wished to eschew participation. Helou managed to keep Lebanon from entanglement, apart from a brief air strike, but found it impossible to put the lid on the tensions that had been raised. Parliamentary elections in 1968 revealed an increasing polarization in the country, with two major coalitions, one pro-Arab Nationalism, led by Rashid Karami and the other pro-Western, led jointly by former President Camille Chamoun, Pierre Gemayel and Raymond Eddé, both made major gains and won 30 of the 99 seats each.
1964
5 Suleiman Frangieh official portrait.jpg Suleiman Frangieh
سليمان فرنجية
(1910–1992)
23 September 197022 September 19765 years, 365 days Marada Movement Frangieh formed and headed the Marada Movement. In the closest and possibly most controversial presidential election in Lebanese history, the National Assembly elected Frangieh to the Presidency of the Republic on 23 September 1970. He oversaw the beginning of the Lebanese Civil War in the fifth year of his tenure.
1970
6 Elias Sarkis.png Élias Sarkis
إلياس سركيس
(1924–1985)
23 September 197622 September 19825 years, 364 days Chehabist It was hoped that Sarkis would be able to unite the warring factions and end the emerging civil war; by September 1976, however, the situation had grown past the government's control as Syria and other countries began interfering and complicating the situation. On 5 March 1980, Sarkis developed his policy as part of his attempts to create national accord: unity, independence, parliamentarian democracy, rejecting the Camp David Accords between Egypt and Israel.
1976
7 Bashir Gemayel (cropped).png Bachir Gemayel
بشير الجميل
(1947–1982)
23 August 198214 September 198222 days Kataeb Party Was elected during the peak of the Lebanese Civil War. Soon after his election, fighters from the Lebanese Forces were prohibited from wearing their uniforms and also from carrying their weapons in the streets. He notably has close relations with Israel, which lead to his assassination in an explosion that killed more than thirty people by SSNP member Habib Shartouni. He was assassinated before officially taking office.
1982
8 Amine Gemayel.jpg Amine Gemayel
أمين الجميل
(born 1942)
23 September 198222 September 19885 years, 365 days Kataeb Party He left his post in the Kataeb Party after being elected president. Once elected, he refused to meet any Israeli official. With foreign armies occupying two-thirds of the country (Syria in the north and east, Israel in the south), and private armies independent of government control occupying most of the rest, Gemayel's government lacked any power. He re-organized the Lebanese Army, receiving support from the Multinational Force in Lebanon and despite fierce internal opposition, he reached the May 17 Agreement with Israel in 1983, which stipulated the withdrawal of the Israeli forces and ending the state of war between the two countries, but didn't ratify it.
1982
Selim el Hoss old.png Selim Hoss
سليم الحص
(1929–2024)
22 September 19885 November 19891 year, 44 days Independent Gemayel decided to appoint Maronite army commander Michel Aoun to the office, not withstanding the tradition of reserving it for a Sunni Muslim. Hoss refused to concede the prime minister's post to Aoun, so the two ended up heading rival administrations; with Aoun occupying the presidential palace at Baabda, Hoss established his own office in Muslim-dominated West Beirut.
Michel Aoun - 1988.jpg Michel Aoun
ميشال عون
(born 1933)
22 September 198813 October 19902 years, 21 days Military The outgoing president Amine Gemayel appointed Aoun as Prime Minister, heading a military government formed by six members of the Martial Court, three of which are Christian and three Muslim. He also dismissed the civilian administration of acting Prime Minister Selim Hoss. The Muslims refused to serve, and submitted their resignations on the next day. He controlled his own military faction which was heavily based in East Beirut.
Flag of Lebanon.svg Second Lebanese Republic
9 Rene Moawad - 1988.jpg René Moawad
رينيه معوض
(1925–1989)
5 November 198922 November 198917 days Independent Moawad served as the Minister of Posts and Telecommunications (1961–1964), Minister of Public Works (1969) and Minister of National Education and Fine Arts (1980–1982). His presidency was disputed by military general Michel Aoun. Seventeen days after being elected, as he was returning from Lebanon's Independence Day celebrations, a 250 kg car bomb was detonated next to Moawad's motorcade in West Beirut, killing him and 23 others. [3] [4]
1989
Vacant from 22 November 1989 until 24 November 1989
10 Elias Hraoui President.jpg Elias Hrawi
إلياس الهراوي
(1926–2006)
24 November 198924 November 19989 years Independent Hrawi served as minister of public works and was a member of the independent Maronite Catholic bloc in the Parliament. Hrawi was elected at the Park Hotel in Chtoura by 47 out of 53 members of two days after the murder of Lebanon's President René Mouawad. [5] [6] As President, Hrawi signed into law amendments to the Constitution that formalized the Taif Agreement reforms. He saw the end of the Lebanese Civil War. He signed the treaty of fraternity, co-ordination and co-operation with Syria, in which Lebanon promised not to allow its territory to be used against Syria's interests. [7]
1989
11 Lebanon.EmileLahoud.01.jpg Émile Lahoud
إميل لحود
(born 1936)
24 November 199824 November 20079 years Independent Lahoud ran for the presidency in 1998 after having the constitution amended to allow the army commander-in-chief to run for office. This amendment is believed to have been backed by Syria. [8] When he became Lebanon's president in 1998, he aligned himself with Hezbollah, and picked his own man as prime minister, Selim al-Hoss. [9] This led to heightened tensions between Rafiq Hariri and Lahoud. [10] During his term, he exerted more control over government decision-making than Prime Minister Rafiq Hariri or Parliament Speaker Nabih Berri. [11] In August 2001, he modified the limits on the executive authority of the presidency stipulated in the 1989 Ta'if Accord and ordered security forces to launch a massive arrest sweep against nationalist dissidents without informing Hariri and other cabinet ministers. [11]
1998
Vacant from 24 November 2007 until 25 May 2008 [12]
12 Michel Suleiman 2012.jpeg Michel Suleiman
ميشال سليمان
(born 1948)
25 May 200825 May 20146 years Independent Suleiman was the commander of the Lebanese Armed Forces (1998–2008). Lebanese political spectrum was deeply polarized, with virtually all parties being divided either in the government loyalists or the opposition which paved way for the non-partisan Michel Suleiman to be elected by parliament. Suleiman launched the table of national dialogue at the Presidential Palace in Baabda on 16 September 2008, in pursuance of the Doha Agreement's articles, and in view of consolidating National Reconciliation and Entente.
2008
Vacant from 25 May 2014 until 31 October 2016 [13]
13 Michel Aoun, February 2020 (cropped).jpg Michel Aoun
ميشال عون
(born 1933)
31 October 201631 October 20226 years Free Patriotic Movement Aoun was the commander of the Lebanese Armed Forces (1984–1989), held a disputed military presidency and premiership (1988–1990) and leader of the Free Patriotic Movement. From the expiration of the term of President Michel Suleiman in May 2014 until October 31, 2016, the parliament was unable to obtain the majority required to elect a president, and the office was vacant for almost two and a half years, despite more than 30 votes being held. On October 31, 2016, the parliament finally elected Michel Aoun as president after an agreement was signed between the leader of the Free Patriotic Movement Gebran Bassil, and the leader of the Lebanese Forces Samir Geagea [14] at the latter's headquarters in Maarab, which requires Geagea, who had withdrawn from the presidential race, to endorse Michel Aoun's candidacy for the 2016 presidential elections, years after a long rivalry that goes back to the Lebanese Civil War.
2014–2016
Vacant since 31 October 2022

Timeline

Michel SuleimanÉmile LahoudElias HrawiRené MoawadMichel AounSelim HossAmine GemayelBachir GemayelÉlias SarkisSuleiman FrangiehCharles HelouCamille ChamounFouad ChehabBechara El KhouryPetro TradAyoub TabetAlfred NaccachePierre-Georges ArlabosseÉmile EddéHabib Pacha SaadPrivat-Antoine AubouardCharles DebbasList of presidents of Lebanon

See also

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