Demographics of Lebanon

Demographics of Lebanon
Population pyramid of Lebanon in 2020
Population	5,469,612 (July 2020 est.), [1] including 910,256 Syrians, 170,000 Palestinians, and 5,700 Iraqis (110th)
Density	741 people per.sq.km (2017 est.)
Growth rate	-6.68% (2020 est.)
Birth rate	13.6 births/1,000 population (2020 est.)
Death rate	5.4 deaths/1,000 population (2020 est.)
Life expectancy	78.3 years (2020 est.)
• male	77.8 years (2020 est.)
• female	79.8 years (2020 est.)
Fertility rate	1.72 children born/woman (SRS 2015)
Infant mortality rate	0.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2020 est.)
Net migration rate	-0.9 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)
Age structure
0–14 years	23.32% (male 728,025/female 694,453) (2018 est.)
15–64 years	69.65% (male 2,139,885/female 2,108,917) (2018 est.)
65 and over	7.03% (male 185,780/female 243,015) (2018 est.)
Sex ratio
Total	1 male/female (2017 est.)
At birth	1.05 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
Under 15	1.05 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
15–64 years	1.03 male(s)/female (2014 est.)
65 and over	0.79 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
Nationality
Nationality	Lebanese
Major ethnic	Arab (95%) [2]
Minor ethnic	Armenian (4%) other (1%)
Language
Official	Arabic [3]
Spoken	Lebanese Arabic, English, French [3]
Minority languages include Armenian and Aramaic

Demographics of Lebanon
Indicator	Rank	Measure
Economy
GDP (PPP) per capita	66th	$19,500
Unemployment rate	↓ 21st	20.89%*
CO2 emissions	78th	3.05t †
Electricity consumption	77th	49.72GWh
Economic Freedom	95th	2.98
Politics
Human Development Index	80th	0.757
Political freedom	Partly	4
Corruption (A higher score means less (perceived) corruption.)	↓ 134th	2.5
Press freedom	45th	74.00
Society
Literacy Rate	43rd	96.7%
Number of Internet users	59th	4,545,007 users
E-readiness	14th	7.16±
Ease of Doing Business	24th	Unknown
Health
Life Expectancy	59th	77.0
Birth rate	113th	15.6‡
Fertility rate	157th	1.77††
Infant mortality	127th	14.39‡‡
Death rate	157th	7.5‡
HIV/AIDS rate	127th	0.10%
Notes
* including several non-sovereign entities ↓ indicates rank is in reverse order (e.g. 1st is lowest) † per capita ± score out of 10 ‡ per 1000 people †† per woman ‡‡ per 1000 live births

This is a demography of the population of Lebanon including population density, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.

About 95% of the population of Lebanon is either Muslim or Christian, split across various sects and denominations. Because religious balance is a sensitive political issue, a national census has not been conducted since 1932, before the founding of the modern Lebanese state. Consequently, there is an absence of accurate data on the relative percentages of the population of the major religions and groups. ^[4]

The absence of data and comprehensive statistics also concerns all other demographic studies unrelated to religious balance, due to the all but total inactivity of the concerned public agencies. The only recent (post-war) statistics available are estimates based on studies made by private organizations.^{[ citation needed ]}

The biggest study made after the independence on the Lebanese Population was made by the Central Administration of Statistics (in French: "Administration Centrale de la Statistique") under the direction of Robert Kasparian and Grégoire Haddad's Social Movement: "L'enquête par sondage sur la population active au Liban en 1970" (in English: "The survey on the active population in Lebanon in 1970"). It was conducted on a sample of 130,000 individuals. ^[5]

There are between 10 and 15 million ^{[6] [7] [8]} Lebanese and descendants of Lebanese worldwide, mostly Christians, compared with the internal population of Lebanon of around 4.6 million citizens, in 2020. ^[9]

Ethnic groups

Main article: Lebanese people

Ethnic groups in Lebanon by share of population (%) (1950–2020)

Year	Lebanese Arab	Armenians	Syrian Arab	Iraqis	Palestinians	Assyrians	Circassians	Levantine	Syrian Turkmen	Greek	Kurds	Persians	Ethiopians	Filipinos	South Asians	Other Africans	Other
1950	84.55%	4.87%	0.53%	0.33%	7.05%	0.21%	0.60%	0.51%	0.10%	0.33%	0.21%	0.15%	0.10%	0.05%	0.05%	0.03%	0.33%
1960	83.70%	4.92%	0.63%	0.35%	7.62%	0.24%	0.61%	0.52%	0.11%	0.32%	0.22%	0.16%	0.11%	0.05%	0.05%	0.04%	0.35%
1970	82.84%	4.97%	0.71%	0.41%	8.13%	0.27%	0.62%	0.54%	0.12%	0.34%	0.24%	0.17%	0.11%	0.06%	0.06%	0.04%	0.37%
1980	81.30%	5.03%	0.81%	0.54%	8.98%	0.30%	0.65%	0.56%	0.15%	0.34%	0.25%	0.18%	0.12%	0.07%	0.07%	0.05%	0.60%
1990	79.97%	5.07%	0.92%	0.63%	9.84%	0.31%	0.70%	0.58%	0.20%	0.36%	0.27%	0.19%	0.12%	0.08%	0.08%	0.06%	0.62%
2000	75.80%	5.11%	1.57%	0.89%	10.13%	0.35%	0.85%	0.60%	0.50%	0.38%	0.29%	0.20%	0.13%	0.10%	0.10%	0.10%	2.90%
2010	71.38%	5.15%	3.56%	1.49%	10.09%	0.36%	1.00%	0.63%	1.00%	0.40%	0.50%	0.21%	0.14%	0.15%	0.15%	0.15%	3.64%
2020	50.30%	5.19%	22.06%	2.01%	10.02%	0.50%	1.50%	0.65%	1.25%	0.42%	0.75%	0.22%	0.15%	0.25%	0.25%	0.20%	4.28%

^[10]

Ethnic groups in Lebanon (1950)

  Lebanese Arab (84.55%)

  Armenians (4.87%)

  Syrian Arab (0.53%)

  Iraqis (0.33%)

  Palestinians (7.05%)

  Assyrians (0.21%)

  Circassians (0.60%)

  Levantine (0.51%)

  Syrian Turkmen (0.10%)

  Greek (0.33%)

  Kurds (0.21%)

  Persians (0.15%)

  Ethiopians (0.10%)

  Filipinos (0.05%)

  South Asians (0.05%)

  Other Africans (0.03%)

  Other (0.33%)

Ethnic groups in Lebanon (1960)

  Lebanese Arab (83.70%)

  Armenians (4.92%)

  Syrian Arab (0.63%)

  Iraqis (0.35%)

  Palestinians (7.62%)

  Assyrians (0.24%)

  Circassians (0.61%)

  Levantine (0.52%)

  Syrian Turkmen (0.11%)

  Greek (0.32%)

  Kurds (0.22%)

  Persians (0.16%)

  Ethiopians (0.11%)

  Filipinos (0.05%)

  South Asians (0.05%)

  Other Africans (0.04%)

  Other (0.35%)

Ethnic groups in Lebanon (1970)

  Lebanese Arab (82.84%)

  Armenians (4.97%)

  Syrian Arab (0.71%)

  Iraqis (0.41%)

  Palestinians (8.13%)

  Assyrians (0.27%)

  Circassians (0.62%)

  Levantine (0.54%)

  Syrian Turkmen (0.12%)

  Greek (0.34%)

  Kurds (0.24%)

  Persians (0.17%)

  Ethiopians (0.11%)

  Filipinos (0.06%)

  South Asians (0.06%)

  Other Africans (0.04%)

  Other (0.37%)

Ethnic groups in Lebanon (1980)

  Lebanese Arab (81.30%)

  Armenians (5.03%)

  Syrian Arab (0.81%)

  Iraqis (0.54%)

  Palestinians (8.98%)

  Assyrians (0.30%)

  Circassians (0.65%)

  Levantine (0.56%)

  Syrian Turkmen (0.15%)

  Greek (0.34%)

  Kurds (0.25%)

  Persians (0.18%)

  Ethiopians (0.12%)

  Filipinos (0.07%)

  South Asians (0.07%)

  Other Africans (0.05%)

  Other (0.60%)

Ethnic groups in Lebanon (1990)

  Lebanese Arab (79.97%)

  Armenians (5.07%)

  Syrian Arab (0.92%)

  Iraqis (0.63%)

  Palestinians (9.84%)

  Assyrians (0.31%)

  Circassians (0.70%)

  Levantine (0.58%)

  Syrian Turkmen (0.20%)

  Greek (0.36%)

  Kurds (0.27%)

  Persians (0.19%)

  Ethiopians (0.12%)

  Filipinos (0.08%)

  South Asians (0.08%)

  Other Africans (0.06%)

  Other (0.62%)

Ethnic groups in Lebanon (2000)

  Lebanese Arab (75.80%)

  Armenians (5.11%)

  Syrian Arab (1.57%)

  Iraqis (0.89%)

  Palestinians (10.13%)

  Assyrians (0.35%)

  Circassians (0.85%)

  Levantine (0.60%)

  Syrian Turkmen (0.50%)

  Greek (0.38%)

  Kurds (0.29%)

  Persians (0.20%)

  Ethiopians (0.13%)

  Filipinos (0.10%)

  South Asians (0.10%)

  Other Africans (0.10%)

  Other (2.90%)

Ethnic groups in Lebanon (2010)

  Lebanese Arab (71.38%)

  Armenians (5.15%)

  Syrian Arab (3.56%)

  Iraqis (1.49%)

  Palestinians (10.09%)

  Assyrians (0.36%)

  Circassians (1.00%)

  Levantine (0.63%)

  Syrian Turkmen (1.00%)

  Greek (0.40%)

  Kurds (0.50%)

  Persians (0.21%)

  Ethiopians (0.14%)

  Filipinos (0.15%)

  South Asians (0.15%)

  Other Africans (0.15%)

  Other (3.64%)

Ethnic groups in Lebanon (2020)

  Lebanese Arab (50.30%)

  Armenians (5.19%)

  Syrian Arab (22.06%)

  Iraqis (2.01%)

  Palestinians (10.02%)

  Assyrians (0.50%)

  Circassians (1.50%)

  Levantine (0.65%)

  Syrian Turkmen (1.25%)

  Greek (0.42%)

  Kurds (0.75%)

  Persians (0.22%)

  Ethiopians (0.15%)

  Filipinos (0.25%)

  South Asians (0.25%)

  Other Africans (0.20%)

  Other (4.28%)

Ethnic identity revolves increasingly around aspects of cultural self-identification more than descent. To an extent, religious affiliation has also become a substitute in some respects for ethnic affiliation. ^[11] Generally, the cultural and linguistic heritage of the People of Lebanon is a blend of both indigenous elements and the foreign cultures that have come to rule the land and its people over the course of thousands of years. Moreover, in a 2013 interview, the lead investigator, Pierre Zalloua, pointed out that genetic variation preceded religious variation and divisions: "Lebanon already had well-differentiated communities with their own genetic peculiarities, but not significant differences, and religions came as layers of paint on top. There is no distinct pattern that shows that one community carries significantly more Phoenician than another". ^[12]

Religious groups

Main article: Religion in Lebanon

See also: Freedom of religion in Lebanon

Three Lebanese women in 1873.

The Lebanese Christians make up one of the oldest groups of Christians in the world. The Maronite Christians belong to the West Syriac Rite. Their Liturgical language is the Syriac-Aramaic language. ^{[13] [14]}

The sectarian system

Lebanon's religious divisions are extremely complicated, and the country is made up by a multitude of religious groupings. The ecclesiastical and demographic patterns of the sects and denominations are complex. Divisions and rivalries between groups date back as far as 15 centuries, and still are a factor today. The pattern of settlement has changed little since the 7th century, but instances of civil strife and ethnic cleansing, most recently during the Lebanese Civil War, has brought some important changes to the religious map of the country. (See also History of Lebanon.)

Lebanon has by far the largest proportion of Christians of any Middle Eastern country, but both Christians and Muslims are sub-divided into many splinter sects and denominations. Population statistics are highly controversial. The various denominations and sects each have vested interests in inflating their own numbers. Shias, Sunnis, Maronites and Eastern Orthodox (the four largest denominations) all often claim that their particular religious affiliation holds a majority in the country, adding up to over 150% of the total population, even before counting the other denominations. One of the rare things that most Lebanese religious leaders will agree on is to avoid a new general census, for fear that it could trigger a new round of denominational conflict.^{[ citation needed ]} The last official census was performed in 1932.

Religion has traditionally been of overriding importance in defining the Lebanese population. Dividing state power between the religious denominations and sects, and granting religious authorities judicial power, dates back to Ottoman times (the millet system). The practice was reinforced during French mandate, when Christian groups were granted privileges. This system of government, while partly intended as a compromise between sectarian demands, has caused tensions that still dominate Lebanese politics to this day.

The Christian population majority is believed to have ended in the early 1970s, but government leaders would agree to no change in the political power balance. This led to Muslim demands for increased representation, and the constant sectarian tension slid into violent conflict in 1958 (prompting U.S. intervention) and again in the grueling Lebanese Civil War, in 1975–90.

Natural Growth Rate in Lebanon throughout years

The balance of power has been slightly adjusted in the 1943 National Pact, an informal agreement struck at independence, in which positions of power were divided according to the 1932 census. The Sunni elite was then accorded more power, but Maronites continued to dominate the system. The sectarian balance was again adjusted towards the Muslim side but simultaneously further reinforced and legitimized. Shia Muslims (by now the second largest sect) then gained additional representation in the state apparatus, and the obligatory Christian-Muslim representation in Parliament was downgraded from a 6:5 to a 1:1 ratio. Christians of various denominations were then generally thought to constitute about 40% of the population, although often Muslim leaders would cite lower numbers, and some Christians would claim that they still held a majority of the population.

18 recognized religious groups

An estimate of the area distribution of Lebanon's main religious groups

Distribution of Lebanon's religious groups according to 2009 municipal election data

The present Lebanese Constitution officially acknowledges 18 religious groups (see below). These have the right to handle family law according to their courts and traditions, and they are the basic players in Lebanon's complex sectarian politics.

• Alawite
• Armenian Catholic
• Armenian Orthodox
• Assyrian Church of the East
• Chaldean Catholic
• Copts
• Druze
• Greek Orthodox
• Isma'ili
• Jewish
• Latin Catholic
• Maronite Catholic
• Melkite Greek Catholic
• Protestant
• Sunni
• Shia
• Syriac Catholic Church
• Syriac Orthodox Church

Religious population statistics

Note: stateless Palestinians and Syrians are not included in the statistics below since they do not hold Lebanese citizenship. The numbers only include the present population of Lebanon, and not the Lebanese diaspora.

The 1932 census stated that Christians made up 50% of the resident population. Maronites, the largest among the Christian denomination and then largely in control of the state apparatus, accounted for 29% of the total resident population.

The total population of Lebanon was reported to be 1,411,000 in 1956. ^[15] The largest communities were Maronites (424,000), Sunni Muslims (286,000), Shiite Muslims (250,000), Greek Orthodox (149,000), Greek Catholics (91,000), Druzes (88,000), Armenian Orthodox (64,000), Armenian Catholics (15,000), Protestants (14,000), Jews (7,000), Syriac Catholics (6,000), Syriac Orthodox (5,000), Latins (4,000) and Nestorian Chaldeans (1,000). ^[15]

A 2010 study conducted by Statistics Lebanon, a Beirut-based research firm, cited by the United States Department of State found that Lebanon's population of approximately 4.3 million was estimated to be: ^[16]

• 40.5% Christian (21% Maronite, 8% Greek Orthodox, 5% Melkite Catholic, 6.5% belonging to smaller Christian groups (Protestant, Armenian Orthodox, Armenian Catholic, Syriac Orthodox, Syriac Catholic, Roman Catholic, Chaldean, Assyrian, and Copt)
• At least 54% Islam (27% Shia, 27% Sunni, Alawites, Ismaili)
• 5.6% Druze (included with the Muslim group in the Lebanese constitution)

There is also a very small number of other religious minorities such as, Baháʼís, Buddhists, Hindus, Jews, and Mormons. ^[16]

In 2022, the CIA World Factbook specified that of the citizen population (data do not include Lebanon's sizable Syrian and Palestinian refugee populations), 67.8% are Muslims (31.9% Sunni, 31.2% Shia, with smaller percentages of Alawites and Ismailis), 32.4% are Christians (mostly Maronites, and Greek Orthodox, Melkite Catholics, Protestant, Armenian Apostolic, Assyrian Church of the East, Syriac Orthodox, Chaldean Catholic, Syriac Catholic), and 4.5% are Druze. ^[17]

Census of 1932 ^[18]

	Residents	Emigrants before 30/08/1924		Emigrants after 30/08/1924
		paying taxes	does not pay	paying taxes	does not pay
Sunni	178,100	2,653	9,840	1,089	3,623
Shi'i	155,035	2,977	4,543	1,770	2,220
Druze	53,334	2,067	3,205	1,183	2,295
Maronite	227,800	31,697	58,457	11,434	21,809
Greek Catholic	46,709	7,190	16,544	1,855	4,038
Greek Orthodox	77,312	12,547	31,521	3,922	9,041
Protestant	6,869	607	1,575	174	575
Armenian Orthodox	26,102	1	60	191	1,718
Armenian Catholic	5,890	9	50	20	375
Syriac Orthodox	2,723	6	34	3	54
Syriac Catholic	2,803	9	196	6	101
Jews	3,588	6	214	7	188
Chaldean Orthodox	190	0	0	0	0
Chaldean Catholic	548	0	6	0	19
Miscellaneous	6,393	212	758	59	234
Total	793,396	59,981	127,003	21,713	46,290
Foreigners	61.297

Muslims

A map of religious and ethnic communities of Syria and Lebanon (1935)

According to the CIA World Factbook, ^[17] in 2021 the Muslim population was estimated at 60% within Lebanese territory and 20% of the over 4 million ^{[6] [7] [8]} Lebanese diaspora population. In 2012 a more detailed breakdown of the size of each Muslim sect in Lebanon was made:

• Shia Muslims are around 31.2% of the total population; the vast majority belong to the Twelver branch of Shi'ism. ^{[19] [20]} The Speaker of Parliament is always a Shia Muslim, as it is the only high post that Shias are eligible for. ^{[21] [22] [23] [24]} Shiites are largely concentrated in the Beqaa Valley, Southern Lebanon and in Dahieh (Greater Beirut). ^{[25] [26] [27]}
• Sunni Muslims constitute about 31.9% ^[19] of the total population. Sunnis are the only sect eligible for the post of Prime Minister ^[28] Sunnis are mainly concentrated in West Beirut, North Lebanon, Sidon, Central and Western Beqaa, and Akkar in the north. ^[25]
• Other Muslim sects have a small presence, with the Isma'ilis and Alawites combined comprising less than 1% of the population and are included among Lebanese Shia Muslims. Alawites are eligible for two seats in the Lebanese parliament, representing Alawites of Akkar and Tripoli.

Christians

Religion map of Lebanon by municipality according to municipal elections data.

According to the CIA World Factbook, ^[17] in 2021, the Christian population in Lebanon was estimated at 44%. In 2012 a more detailed breakdown of the size of each Christian sect in Lebanon was made:

• Maronite Christians are the largest of the Christian groups who in total account for about 32.4% of the total population of Lebanon. ^[19] They have had a long and continuous association with the Roman Catholic Church, but have their own patriarch, liturgy, and customs. Traditionally they had good relations with the Western world, especially France ^[29] and the Vatican. ^[30] After 1920 they traditionally dominated the Lebanese government and civil positions, although their influence significantly diminished following the Lebanese Civil War and Taif Agreement. Today the Maronites are believed to compose about 26% of the population, concentrated mainly in the province of Mount Lebanon and Eastern Beirut (Greater Beirut).
• The second largest Christian group is the Eastern Orthodox that constitute at least 9% ^[26] of the population. The Orthodox church is existent in other parts of the Arab world, especially in Syria and among Palestinian Christians. Orthodox Christians were often noted for their Pan-Arab and Pan-Syrian leanings, and have close relations with Eastern Orthodox European countries like Greece, Cyprus, Russia, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Serbia and Romania. The positions of Deputy Speaker of Parliament and Deputy Prime Minister are reserved for Eastern Orthodox Christians.
• The Melkite Catholics are thought to constitute about 6% ^[26] of the population.
• The Protestants are thought to constitute about 1% ^[26] of the population.
• The remaining Christian churches are thought to constitute another 5% ^[26] of the population (Roman Catholics, Armenian Apostolic, Armenian Catholic, Syriac Orthodox, Syriac Catholic, and Assyrians.)

Druze

The Druze constitute 5% ^[17] of the population and are almost entirely concentrated in Aley and Chouf in southern Mount Lebanon, and in the Hasbaya and Rashaya districts. ^[19] Even though the faith originally developed out of Isma'ili Shia Islam, most Druze do not identify as Muslims, ^{[31] [32]} and do not accept the five pillars of Islam. ^[33]

Other religions

Other religions account for only an estimated 0.3% of the population mainly foreign temporary workers, according to the CIA World Factbook. There was a large and vibrant Jewish population, traditionally centered in Beirut who fled to Israel in the 1940s and 1950s.

Diaspora

Prominent Lebanese Figures
وجوه من لبنان

Prominent Lebanese people and people of Lebanese descent.

Main article: Lebanese diaspora

Apart from the four and a half million citizens of Lebanon proper, there is a sizeable Lebanese diaspora. There are more Lebanese people living outside of Lebanon (over 4 million ^{[6] [7] [8]} ), than within (4.6 million citizens plus 1.5 million refugees). The majority of the diaspora population consists of Lebanese Christians; however, there are some who are Muslim. They trace their origin to several waves of Christian emigration, starting with the exodus that followed the 1860 Lebanon conflict in Ottoman Syria.

Under the current Lebanese nationality law, diaspora Lebanese do not have an automatic right of return to Lebanon. Due to varying degrees of assimilation and high degree of interethnic marriages, most diaspora Lebanese have not passed on the Arabic language to their children, while still maintaining a Lebanese ethnic identity.

Many Lebanese families are economically and politically prominent in several Latin American countries (in 2007 Mexican Carlos Slim Helú, son of Lebanese immigrants, was determined to be the wealthiest man in the World by Fortune Magazine), and make up a substantial portion of the Lebanese American community in the United States. The largest Lebanese diaspora is located in Brazil, where about 6–7 million people have Lebanese descent (see Lebanese Brazilian). In Argentina, there is also a large Lebanese diaspora of approximately 1.5 million people having Lebanese descent. (see Lebanese Argentine). In Canada, there is also a large Lebanese diaspora of approximately 250,000-500,000 people having Lebanese descent. (see Lebanese Canadians).

There are also sizable populations in West Africa, particularly Ivory Coast, Sierra Leone and Senegal.

The large size of Lebanon's diaspora may be partly explained by the historical and cultural tradition of seafaring and traveling, which stretches back to Lebanon's ancient Phoenician origins and its role as a "gateway" of relations between Europe and the Middle East. It has been commonplace for Lebanese citizens to emigrate in search of economic prosperity. Furthermore, on several occasions in the last two centuries the Lebanese population has endured periods of ethnic cleansing and displacement (for example, 1840–60 and 1975–90). These factors have contributed to the geographical mobility of the Lebanese people.

While under Syrian occupation, Beirut passed legislation which prevented second-generation Lebanese of the diaspora from automatically obtaining Lebanese citizenship. This has reinforced the émigré status of many diaspora Lebanese. There is currently a campaign by those Lebanese of the diaspora who already have Lebanese citizenship to attain the vote from abroad, which has been successfully passed in the Lebanese parliament and will be effective as of 2013 which is the next parliamentary elections. If suffrage was to be extended to these 1.2^{[ citation needed ]} million Lebanese émigré citizens, it would have a significant political effect, since as many as 82% of them are believed to be Christian.^{[ citation needed ]}

Lebanese Civil War refugees and displaced persons

See also: Lebanese Civil War

With no official figures available, it is estimated that 600,000–900,000 persons fled the country during the Lebanese Civil War (1975–90). Although some have since returned, this permanently disturbed Lebanese population growth and greatly complicated demographic statistics.

Another result of the war was a large number of internally displaced persons. This especially affected the southern Shia community, as Israeli invasion of southern Lebanon in 1978, 1982, and 1996 prompted waves of mass emigration, in addition to the continual strain of occupation and fighting between Israel and Hezbollah (mainly 1982 to 2000).

Many Shias from Southern Lebanon resettled in the suburbs south of Beirut. After the war, the pace of Christian emigration accelerated, as many Christians felt discriminated against in a Lebanon under increasingly oppressive Syrian occupation.

According to a UNDP study, as much as 10% of the Lebanese had a disability in 1990. ^[34] Other studies have pointed to the fact that this portion of society is highly marginalized due to the lack of educational and governmental support of their advancement. ^[34]

Languages

Main article: Languages of Lebanon

Modern Standard Arabic is the official language of the country, but the Lebanese dialect of Levantine Arabic is used in conversations. French and English are taught in many schools from a young age. Among the Armenian ethnic minority in Lebanon, the Armenian language is taught and spoken within the Armenian community.

CIA World Factbook demographic statistics

US Census Statistics

Population, fertility rate and net reproduction rate, United Nations estimates

The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated.

• Population:

Total population: 6,100,075 (July 2018 est.)

Lebanese nationals: 4,680,212 (July 2018 est.)

Syrian refugees: 944,613 (April 2019 est.) registered at the UNHCR (down from 1,077,000 in June 2014)

Palestinian refugees: 175,555 (2018 est.)

Iraqi refugees: 5,695 (2017 est.)

Age structure:

• 0–14 years: 23.32% (male 728,025/female 694,453) 15–24 years: 16.04% (male 500,592/female 477,784) 25–54 years: 45.27% (male 1,398,087/female 1,363,386) 55–64 years: 8.34% (male 241,206/female 267,747) 65 years and over: 7.03% (male 185,780/female 243,015) (2018 est.)
• Median age:

Total: 31.3 years

Male: 30.7 years

Female: 31.9 years (2018 est.)

• Population growth rate:

1.04% (2005 est.)

0.96% (2011 est.)

−3.13% (2018 est.)

• Net migration rate:

−4.43 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2011 est.)

−40.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2018 est.)

Life expectancy at birth in Lebanon

• Sex ratio:

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

15–64 years: 0.92 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.83 male(s)/female

total population: 0.94 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

• Life expectancy at birth:

total population: 77.9 years

male: 76.6 years

female: 79.3 years (2018 est.)

Vital statistics

Notable events in demography of Lebanon:

• 1975- 1990 Lebanese Civil War
• 1982 Lebanon War
• 2006 Lebanon War
• 2011 Syrian revolution

UN estimates

The website Our World in Data prepared the following estimates based on statistics from the Population Department of the United Nations. ^[35]

	Mid-year population (thousands)	Live births (thousands)	Deaths (thousands)	Natural change (thousands)	Crude birth rate (per 1000)	Crude death rate (per 1000)	Natural change (per 1000)	Crude migration rate (per 1000)	Total fertility rate (TFR)	Infant mortality (per 1000 live births)	Life expectancy (in years)
1950	1 350	55	17	38	40.8	12.6	28.2		5.81	75.0	61.04
1951	1 388	57	17	39	40.8	12.6	28.2	-0.7	5.80	73.8	61.37
1952	1 428	58	18	41	40.7	12.3	28.4	-0.7	5.80	71.4	61.73
1953	1 469	60	18	42	40.6	12.0	28.6	-0.7	5.80	69.1	62.23
1954	1 512	61	18	44	40.5	11.7	28.8	-0.7	5.81	67.1	62.65
1955	1 556	63	18	45	40.3	11.7	28.6	-0.6	5.81	67.4	62.42
1956	1 602	64	18	46	40.1	11.0	29.0	0	5.81	63.2	63.38
1957	1 649	66	18	48	39.8	10.7	29.2	-0.6	5.81	61.4	63.90
1958	1 697	67	19	48	39.5	11.3	28.2	0	5.81	59.8	62.08
1959	1 747	69	18	51	39.2	10.1	29.2	-0.6	5.82	58.2	64.61
1960	1 798	70	18	52	38.8	9.8	29.0	-0.6	5.82	56.7	64.84
1961	1 853	71	18	53	38.3	9.5	28.8	1.1	5.81	55.4	65.29
1962	1 912	72	18	55	37.9	9.3	28.5	2,1	5.80	54.3	65.40
1963	1 972	74	18	56	37.4	9.1	28.3	2.0	5.78	53.0	65.67
1964	2 030	74	18	57	36.7	8.8	27.8	0.5	5.72	51.9	65.95
1965	2 087	75	18	57	35.9	8.6	27.3	0	5.65	50.9	66.07
1966	2 146	76	18	57	35.2	8.5	26.8	0.9	5.57	50.0	66.16
1967	2 203	76	18	58	34.7	8.2	26.4	-0.5	5.49	49.2	66.52
1968	2 262	77	18	59	34.1	8.1	26.0	0	5.38	48.6	66.61
1969	2 324	78	19	60	33.7	8.0	25.7	0.9	5.28	48.0	66.70
1970	2 382	79	19	61	33.3	7.9	25.5	-1.3	5.17	47.5	66.76
1971	2 442	80	19	61	33.0	7.8	25.2	-0.4	5.04	47.0	66.82
1972	2 506	82	19	63	32.8	7.7	25.1	0.4	4.93	46.5	66.91
1973	2 570	83	19	64	32.4	7.5	25.0	0	4.81	45.9	67.23
1974	2 633	85	20	65	32.2	7.4	24.8	-0.8	4.69	45.3	67.29
1975	2 692	86	30	56	31.9	11.1	20.8	1.1	4.56	45.2	58.13
1976	3 070	87	85	2	31.8	31.2	0.6	122.5	4.42	102.9	33.74
1977	3 458	110	37	73	31.7	10.7	21.0	91.1	4.31	52.8	59.28
1978	3 183	111	37	74	31.5	10.6	20.9	-109.6	4.20	51.7	59.38
1979	2 902	91	31	61	31.4	10.5	20.9	-117.8	4.09	50.6	59.47
1980	2 964	93	31	62	31.4	10.4	21.0	0	4.03	49.4	59.67
1981	3 027	95	31	64	31.5	10.2	21.3	-0.3	3.98	48.2g	59.92
1982	3 070	96	60	36	31.2	19.4	11.8	2.3	3.89	70.1	45.13
1983	3 107	96	31	65	30.8	9.9	20.9	-9.0	3.79	39.9	59.96
1984	3 164	96	31	65	30.4	9.8	20.7	-2.5	3.70	38.6	60.30
1985	3 227	96	31	65	29.8	9.7	20.1	-0.6	3.59	37.4	60.49
1986	3 308	96	31	65	29.3	9.4	19.8	4.8	3.50	35.8	60.97
1987	3 391	98	31	66	28.8	9.3	19.6	5.0	3.43	40.1	61.43
1988	3 457	99	32	68	28.7	9.1	19.5	-0.6	3.40	38.7	61.72
1989	3 526	101	28	73	28.6	8.0	20.7	-1,1	3.39	27.8	64.16
1990	3 594	100	28	72	27.8	7.8	20.0	-1.1	3.30	26.7	64.48
1991	3 667	99	19	80	26.9	5.2	21.7	-1.9	3.19	25.7	71.18
1992	3 745	97	20	78	25.9	5.2	20.7	0	3.08	24.8	71.19
1993	3 819	95	20	75	24.9	5.2	19.7	-0.3	2.97	23.7	71.38
1994	3 888	93	20	73	23.9	5.1	18.9	-1.0	2.87	22.5	71.68
1995	3 960	92	20	72	23.1	5.0	18.2	0	2.78	21.5	72.04
1996	4 034	91	20	72	22.7	4.9	17.7	0.5	2.74	20.6	72.29
1997	4 108	90	20	71	22.0	4.8	17.2	0.7	2.66	19.6	72.78
1998	4 179	90	20	70	21.4	4.8	16.6	0.2	2.60	18.7	72.94
1999	4 250	89	20	69	21.0	4.6	16.3	0.5	2.55	17.9	73.49
2000	4 321	89	20	69	20.5	4.6	15.9	0.5	2.50	17.0	73.93
2001	4 389	89	20	69	20.2	4.5	15.7	-0.2	2.46	15.9	74.37
2002	4 447	88	19	69	19.7	4.3	15.4	-2.5	2.41	14.9	75.06
2003	4 505	86	19	67	19.2	4.2	15.0	-2.0	2.35	13.9	75.59
2004	4 575	85	19	66	18.6	4.2	14.4	0.9	2.27	13.0	75.98
2005	4 643	84	19	64	18.0	4.2	13.9	0.9	2.20	12.0	76.27
2006	4 720	83	20	63	17.7	4.3	13.4	3.0	2.16	11.2	76.08
2007	4 810	83	20	64	17.3	4.1	13.2	5.4	2.11	10.4	77.08
2008	4 888	84	20	64	17.1	14.0	13.1	2.9	2.08	9.7	77.58
2009	4 951	85	20	65	17.2	4.0	13.2	-0.4	2.09	9.2	77.89
2010	4 996	88	20	68	17.6	4.1	13.5	-4.6	2.13	8.7	78.16
2011	5 045	90	21	69	17.9	4.1	13.8	-4.0	2.16	8.4	78.40
2012	5 178	92	21	70	17.9	4.1	13.8	12.2	2.17	8.0	78.63
2013	5 679	95	22	73	17.9	4.2	13.7	75.4	2.17	7.8	78.77
2014	6 274	110	26	84	17.9	4.2	13.7	81.4	2.18	7.5	78.97
2015	6 399	116	28	88	17.8	4.2	13.5	5.8	2.18	7.2	79.23
2016	6 259	111	28	83	17.4	4.3	13.1	-35.6	2.18	6.8	79.51
2017	6 109	105	28	77	16.9	4.5	12.4	-37.2	2.17	6.6	79.65
2018	5 951	99	29	70	16.3	4.7	11.6	-38.3	2.15	6.4	79.73
2019	5 782	93	31	63	15.8	5.2	10.6	-40.1	2.13	6.2	79.24
2020	5 663	88	36	52	15.3	6.3	9.1	-30.2	2.10	6.0	77.80
2021	5 593	84	47	38	14.9	8.3	6.7	-19.3	2.09	5.8	75.05

Registered births and deaths

[36] [37]	Average population	Live births	Deaths	Natural change	Crude birth rate (per 1000)	Crude death rate (per 1000)	Natural change (per 1000)	Total fertility rate (TFR)
1990		70,903	13,263	57,640
1991		82,742	15,773	66,969
1992		94,607	18,042	76,565
1993		90,947	24,223	66,724
1994		90,712	18,421	72,291
1995		91,196	19,230	71,966
1996		86,997	19,962	67,035
1997		85,018	19,884	65,134
1998		84,250	20,097	64,153
1999		85,955	19,813	66,142
2000		87,795	19,435	68,360
2001		83,693	17,568	66,125
2002		76,405	17,294	59,111
2003		71,702	17,187	54,515
2004		73,900	17,774	56,126				1.75
2005		73,973	18,012	55,961
2006		72,790	18,787	54,003
2007	3,759,137	80,896	21,092	59,804	21.5	5.6	15.9
2008		84,823	21,048	63,775	22.3	5.5	16.8
2009		90,388	22,260	68,128	23.4	5.8	17.6
2010		95,218	22,926	72,292	23.2	5.4	17.8
2011		98,491	24,731	73,760	25.4	6.0	19.6	1.60
2012		94,826	25,731	69,095	23.3	5.8	17.5
2013		96,178	24,351	71,827	23.2	6.1	17.1
2014		104,851	25,625	79,226	23.0	6.5	16.5
2015		98,164	25,468	72,696	22.3	6.6	15.7
2016		97,372	25,600	71,772	23.1	6.4	16.7
2017		103,931	26,953	76,978	23.5	6.7	16.9	1.8
2018	3,864,000	115,229	26,829	88,400	23.2	6.5	16.7
2019	3,910,000	120,839	30,355	90,484	22.0	6.4	15.6
2020	3,944,000	93,520	29,097	64,423	18.9	6.8	12.1
2021	3,966,000	86,613	35,621	50,992
2022	3,989,000	80,616	30,062	50,554
2023		83,819	26,945	56,874

Immigrants and ethnic groups

There are substantial numbers of immigrants from other Arab countries (mainly Palestine, Syria, Iraq) and non-Arab-speaking Muslim countries. Also, recent years have seen an influx of people from Ethiopia ^[38] and South East Asian countries such as Indonesia, the Philippines, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, ^[39] as well as smaller numbers of other immigrant minorities, including Colombians and Brazilians (many of Lebanese descent themselves). Most of these are employed as guest workers in the same fashion as Syrians and Palestinians, and entered the country to search for employment in the post-war reconstruction of Lebanon. Apart from the Palestinians, there are approximately 180,000 stateless persons in Lebanon.

Armenians

Armenian Church in north Beirut

Main article: Armenians in Lebanon

Armenians have lived in Lebanon for centuries. According to Minority Rights Group International, there are 156,000 Armenians in Lebanon, around 4% of the population. Prior to the Lebanese Civil War, the number was higher, but the community lost a portion of its population to emigration.

French and Italians

Main articles: French people in Lebanon and Italians in Lebanon

See also: France–Lebanon relations

During the French Mandate of Lebanon, there was a fairly large French minority and a tiny Italian minority. Most of the French and Italian settlers left after Lebanese independence in 1943 and only 22,000 French Lebanese and 4,300 Italian Lebanese continue to live in Lebanon. The most important legacy of the French Mandate is the frequent use and knowledge of the French language by most of the educated Lebanese people, and Beirut is still known as the "Paris of the Middle East".

Palestinians

Main article: Palestinians in Lebanon

Around 175,555 Palestinian refugees were registered in Lebanon with the UNRWA in 2014, who are refugees or descendants of refugees from the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. Some 53% live in 12 Palestine refugee camps, who "suffer from serious problems" such as poverty and overcrowding. ^[40] Some of these may have emigrated during the civil war, but there are no reliable figures available. There are also a number of Palestinians who are not registered as UNRWA refugees, because they left earlier than 1948 or were not in need of material assistance. The exact number of Palestinians remain a subject of great dispute and the Lebanese government will not provide an estimate. A figure of 400,000 Palestinian refugees would mean that Palestinians constitute less than 7% of the resident population of Lebanon.

Palestinians living in Lebanon are considered foreigners and are under the same restrictions on employment applied to other foreigners. Prior to 2010, they were under even more restrictive employment rules which permitted, other than work for the U.N., only the most menial employment. Palestinian refugees, who constitute nearly 6.6% of the country's population, have long been denied basic rights in Lebanon. They are not allowed to attend public schools, own property or pass on inheritances, measures Lebanon says it has adopted to preserve their right to return to their property in what constitutes Israel now. ^[41]

Their presence is controversial, and resisted by large segments of the Christian population, who argue that the primarily Sunni Muslim Palestinians dilute Christian numbers. Many Shia Muslims also look unfavorably upon the Palestinian presence since the refugee camps have tended to be concentrated in their home areas. The Lebanese Sunnis, however, would be happy to see these Palestinians given the Lebanese nationality, thus increasing the Lebanese Sunni population by well over 10% and tipping the fragile electoral balance much in favor of the Sunnis. Late prime minister Rafiq Hariri —himself a Sunni— had hinted on more than one occasion on the inevitability of granting these refugees Lebanese citizenship. Thus far the refugees lack Lebanese citizenship as well as many rights enjoyed by the rest of the population, and are confined to severely overcrowded refugee camps, in which construction rights are severely constricted.

Palestinians may not work in a large number of professions, such as lawyers and doctors. However, after negotiations between Lebanese authorities and ministers from the Palestinian National Authority some professions for Palestinians were allowed (such as taxi driver and construction worker). The material situation of the Palestinian refugees in Lebanon is difficult, and they are believed to constitute the poorest community in Lebanon, as well as the poorest Palestinian community with the possible exception of Gaza Strip refugees. Their primary sources of income are UNRWA aid and menial labor sought in competition with Syrian guest workers.

The Palestinians are majority Sunni Muslims with a Christian minority, though at some point Christians counted as high as 40% with Muslims at 60%. The numbers of Palestinian Christians has diminished in later years, as many have managed to leave Lebanon.

60,000 Palestinians have received Lebanese citizenship.

Syrians

Main article: Syrians in Lebanon

See also: Lebanon–Syria relations

In 1976, the then Syrian president Hafez al-Assad sent troops into Lebanon to fight PLO forces on behalf of Christian militias. This led to escalated fighting until a cease-fire agreement later that year that allowed for the stationing of Syrian troops within Lebanon. The Syrian presence in Lebanon quickly changed sides; soon after they entered Lebanon they had flip-flopped and began to fight the Christian nationalists in Lebanon they allegedly entered the country to protect. The Kateab Party and the Lebanese Forces under Bachir Gemayel strongly resisted the Syrians in Lebanon. In 1989, 40,000 Syrian troops remained in central and eastern Lebanon under the supervision of the Syrian government. Although, the Taif Accord, established in the same year, called for the removal of Syrian troops and transfer of arms to the Lebanese army, the Syrian Army remained in Lebanon until the Lebanese Cedar Revolution in 2005 ended the Syrian occupation of Lebanon.

In 1994, the Lebanese government under the pressure of the Syrian government, gave Lebanese passports to thousands of Syrians. ^[42]

After the start of the Syrian Civil War in 2011, Syrians began to flee the country, with many arriving in Lebanon. As of 2013, there were nearly 1.08 million registered ^[43] Syrian refugees in Lebanon ^[44] but is estimated that the figure is closer 1.5 million. ^[45]

Assyrians

Main article: Assyrians in Lebanon

There are an estimated 40,000 to 80,000 Iraqi Assyrian refugees in Lebanon. The vast majority of them are undocumented, with a large number having been deported or put in prison. ^[46] They belong to various denominations, including the Assyrian Church of the East, Chaldean Catholic Church, and Syriac Catholic Church.

Iraqis

Main article: Iraqis in Lebanon

Due to the US-led invasion of Iraq, Lebanon received a mass influx of Iraqi refugees numbering at around 100,000. The vast majority of them are undocumented, with a large number having been deported or put in prison. ^[46]

Kurds

Main article: Kurds in Lebanon

There are an estimated 60,000 to 100,000 Kurdish refugees from Turkey and Syria within Lebanese territory. Many of them are undocumented. As of 2012, around 40% of all Kurds in Lebanon do not have Lebanese citizenship. ^[47]

Turks

Main article: Turks in Lebanon

The Turkish people began to migrate to Lebanon once the Ottoman sultan Selim I conquered the region in 1516. Turks were encouraged to stay in Lebanon by being rewarded with land and money. ^[48] Today the Turkish minority numbers approximately 80,000. ^[49] Moreover, since the Syrian Civil War, approximately 125,000 to 150,000 Syrian Turkmen refugees arrived in Lebanon, and hence they now outnumber the long established Turkish minority who settled since the Ottoman era. ^{[50] [51]}

Circassians

The Circassians migrated to the Ottoman Empire including Lebanon and neighboring countries in the 18th and 19th century. However, they are mostly located in Akkar Governorate, in which they have come to Berkail since 1754. Today the Circassian minority numbers approximately 100,000. ^{[52] [53]}

See also

• Demographics of the Middle East
• Migrant domestic workers in Lebanon

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