Demographics of Vietnam [1] | |
---|---|
Population | 100.300.000 (December 31, 2023) [2] |
Density | 300/km² [3] |
Growth rate | 0.97% (2021 est.) [4] |
Birth rate | 15.2 births/1000 population (2022 est.) [4] |
Death rate | 6.1 deaths/1000 population (2022 est.) [4] |
Life expectancy | 73.6 years (2022 est.) [4] |
• male | 71.1 years (2022 est.) |
• female | 76.4 years (2022 est.) |
Fertility rate | 1.91 births/woman (2024) [5] |
Infant mortality rate | 12.1 deaths/1000 live births (2022 est.) [4] |
Age structure | |
0–14 years | 24% (2019) [6] |
15–64 years | 68.4% (2019) |
65 and over | 7.6% (2019) |
Sex ratio | |
Total | 0.995 male(s)/female (2022) [4] |
At birth | 1.116 male(s)/female (2022) [2] |
Under 15 | 1.1 male(s)/female |
15–64 years | 1 male (s)/female |
65 and over | 0.62 male(s)/female |
Nationality | |
Nationality | noun: Vietnamese (singular and plural) adjective: Vietnamese |
Major ethnic | Kinh (85.32%) |
Minor ethnic | Tay (1.92%), Thái (1.89%), Muong (1.51%), Hmong (1.45%), Khmer (1.37%), Nung (1.13%), Other (5.41%) |
Language | |
Official | Vietnamese language |
Spoken | Vietnamese and many minority and mountain area languages |
Demographic features of the population of Vietnam include population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.
Originating in northern Vietnam, the Vietnamese people pushed southward over two millennia to occupy the entire eastern seacoast of the Indochinese Peninsula. Ethnic Vietnamese, or Viet (known officially as Kinh), live in the lowlands and speak the Vietnamese language, as opposed to the many ethnic groups of Vietnam who are known to occupy the mountainous regions. The Kinh group does represent much of the cultural and political landscape of Vietnam.
Vietnam's population may be expected to approach to 100 million by the end of 2023, making it the 15th largest country by population in the world. [7] [8] It is predicted that by 2035, Vietnam will become an aged society. [9] [10]
Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
---|---|---|
1950 | 28,264,000 | — |
1960 | 35,173,000 | +2.21% |
1970 | 44,928,000 | +2.48% |
1980 | 54,023,000 | +1.86% |
1989 | 64,411,713 | +1.97% |
1999 | 76,323,173 | +1.71% |
2009 | 85,846,997 | +1.18% |
2019 | 96,208,984 | +1.15% |
Source: UN / Central Statistics Office |
[11] | Total population (1,000's) |
---|---|
0 | ca. 800 |
500 | ca. 550 |
1000 | ca. 800 |
1500 | 2 000 |
1700 | 3 000 |
1850 | 6 110 |
1900 | 11 700 |
1930 | 17 500 |
[12] [13] | Total population (Excluding Champa and Khmer polities) |
---|---|
1000 | ca. 1.2 million |
1100 | ca. 1.5 million |
1200 | ca. 2 million |
1300 | ca. 2.4 million |
1400 | 1.8 million |
1500 | 4.4 million |
1600 | 5 million |
1700 | 6.3 million |
1800 | 7.5 million |
Year [14] | Total population (000's) | Population in age bracket | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
aged 0–14 | aged 15–64 | aged 65+ | ||
1950 | 28 000 | |||
1955 | 31 329 | |||
1960 | 35 173 | |||
1965 | 39 885 | |||
1970 | 44 928 | |||
1975 | 49 896 | |||
1980 | 54 023 | |||
1985 | 60 307 | |||
1990 | 67 102 | |||
1995 | 74 008 | |||
2000 | 79 910 | |||
2005 | 83 833 | |||
2010 | 87 968 | |||
2015 | 92 677 | |||
2020 | 97 339 |
Age group | Male | Female | Total | % |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 42 413 143 | 43 433 854 | 85 846 997 | 100 |
0–4 | 3 662 889 | 3 371 255 | 7 034 144 | 7.97 |
5–9 | 3 458 159 | 3 252 578 | 6 710 737 | 7.82 |
10–14 | 3 725 369 | 3 523 009 | 7 248 378 | 8.44 |
15–19 | 4 577 914 | 4 385 988 | 8 963 902 | 10.44 |
20–24 | 4 253 618 | 4 179 249 | 8 432 867 | 9.82 |
25–29 | 3 904 730 | 3 885 273 | 7 790 003 | 9.07 |
30–34 | 3 462 905 | 3 405 253 | 6 868 158 | 8.00 |
35–39 | 3 298 266 | 3 233 341 | 6 531 607 | 7.61 |
40–44 | 2 967 934 | 2 998 922 | 5 966 856 | 6.95 |
45–49 | 2 642 466 | 2 808 462 | 5 450 928 | 6.35 |
50–54 | 2 082 098 | 2 329 953 | 4 412 051 | 5.14 |
55–59 | 1 364 319 | 1 620 300 | 2 984 619 | 3.48 |
60–64 | 861 897 | 1 076 051 | 1 937 948 | 2.26 |
65–69 | 653 287 | 901 391 | 1 554 678 | 1.81 |
70–74 | 568 312 | 844 226 | 1 412 538 | 1.65 |
75–79 | 480 088 | 718 805 | 1 198 893 | 1.40 |
80–84 | 264 997 | 460 988 | 725 985 | 0.85 |
85+ | 183 895 | 438 810 | 622 705 | 0.73 |
Age group | Male | Female | Total | Percent |
0–4 | 10 846 417 | 10 146 842 | 20 993 259 | 24.45 |
15–64 | 29 416 147 | 29 922 792 | 59 338 939 | 69.12 |
65+ | 2 150 579 | 3 364 220 | 5 514 799 | 6.42 |
Age group | Male | Female | Total | % |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 44 758 132 | 45 970 809 | 90 728 941 | 100 |
0–4 | 3 806 055 | 3 423 520 | 7 229 575 | 7.97 |
5–9 | 3 730 617 | 3 431 843 | 7 162 460 | 7.89 |
10–14 | 3 555 440 | 3 344 659 | 6 900 099 | 7.61 |
15–19 | 3 580 322 | 3 413 183 | 6 993 505 | 7.71 |
20–24 | 4 058 691 | 3 959 579 | 8 018 270 | 8.84 |
25–29 | 3 951 220 | 3 888 697 | 7 839 917 | 8.64 |
30–34 | 3 689 395 | 3 769 601 | 7 458 996 | 8.22 |
35–39 | 3 390 462 | 3 439 787 | 6 830 249 | 7.53 |
40–44 | 3 292 933 | 3 295 012 | 6 587 945 | 7.26 |
45–49 | 2 980 442 | 3 068 389 | 6 048 831 | 6.67 |
50–54 | 2 699 165 | 2 971 459 | 5 670 624 | 6.25 |
55–59 | 2 096 032 | 2 405 568 | 4 501 600 | 4.96 |
60–64 | 1 376 861 | 1 671 621 | 3 048 482 | 3.36 |
65–69 | 832 090 | 1 084 870 | 1 916 960 | 2.11 |
70–74 | 600 732 | 862 104 | 1 462 836 | 1.61 |
75–79 | 477 293 | 757 242 | 1 234 535 | 1.36 |
80+ | 640 382 | 1 183 675 | 1 824 057 | 2.01 |
Age group | Male | Female | Total | Percent |
0–14 | 11 092 112 | 10 200 022 | 21 292 134 | 23.47 |
15–64 | 31 115 523 | 31 882 896 | 62 998 419 | 69.44 |
65+ | 2 550 497 | 3 887 891 | 6 438 388 | 7.10 |
Age group | Male | Female | Total | % |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 47 881 061 | 48 327 923 | 96 208 984 | 100 |
0–4 | 4 100 479 | 3 718 847 | 7 819 326 | 8.13 |
5–9 | 4 354 887 | 3 977 832 | 8 332 719 | 8.66 |
10–14 | 3 737 030 | 3 482 807 | 7 219 837 | 7.50 |
15–19 | 3 352 386 | 3 153 831 | 6 506 217 | 6.76 |
20–24 | 3 417 149 | 3 258 554 | 6 675 703 | 6.94 |
25–29 | 4 301 210 | 4 146 767 | 8 447 977 | 8.78 |
30–34 | 4 276 404 | 4 117 406 | 8 393 810 | 8.72 |
35–39 | 3 891 950 | 3 800 436 | 7 692 386 | 8.00 |
40–44 | 3 366 147 | 3 317 972 | 6 684 119 | 6.95 |
45–49 | 3 132 172 | 3 125 299 | 6 257 471 | 6.50 |
50–54 | 2 772 157 | 2 889 853 | 5 662 010 | 5.89 |
55–59 | 2 402 096 | 2 706 628 | 5 108 724 | 5.31 |
60–64 | 1 810 497 | 2 181 537 | 3 992 034 | 4.15 |
65–69 | 1 167 214 | 1 518 057 | 2 685 271 | 2.79 |
70–74 | 687 339 | 953 511 | 1 640 850 | 1.71 |
75–79 | 453 972 | 717 839 | 1 171 811 | 1.22 |
80–84 | 327 330 | 580 402 | 907 732 | 0.94 |
85+ | 330 642 | 680 345 | 1 010 987 | 1.05 |
Age group | Male | Female | Total | Percent |
0–14 | 12 192 396 | 11 179 486 | 23 371 882 | 24.29 |
15–64 | 32 722 168 | 32 698 283 | 65 420 451 | 68.00 |
65+ | 2 966 497 | 4 350 211 | 7 416 651 | 7.71 |
Source: [15]
Period [14] | Live births per year | Deaths per year | Natural change per year | CBR1 | CDR1 | NC1 | TFR1 | IMR1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1950–1955 | 1 335 000 | 722 000 | 613 000 | 44.8 | 24.2 | 20.6 | 6.20 | 157.9 |
1955–1960 | 1 533 000 | 764 000 | 769 000 | 46.1 | 23.0 | 23.1 | 6.76 | 143.7 |
1960–1965 | 1 732 000 | 790 000 | 942 000 | 46.2 | 21.0 | 25.2 | 7.33 | 130.3 |
1965–1970 | 1 798 000 | 790 000 | 1 009 000 | 42.4 | 18.6 | 23.8 | 7.38 | 117.8 |
1970–1975 | 1 853 000 | 859 000 | 994 000 | 39.1 | 18.1 | 21.0 | 7.15 | 118.4 |
1975–1980 | 1 797 000 | 760 000 | 1 036 000 | 34.6 | 14.6 | 20.0 | 5.89 | 97.6 |
1980–1985 | 1 952 000 | 630 000 | 1 322 000 | 34.1 | 11.0 | 23.1 | 4.93 | 70.0 |
1985–1990 | 2 000 000 | 574 000 | 1 425 000 | 31.4 | 9.0 | 22.4 | 3.96 | 54.8 |
1990–1995 | 1 929 000 | 484 000 | 1 444 000 | 27.3 | 6.9 | 20.4 | 3.23 | 37.9 |
1995–2000 | 1 448 000 | 441 000 | 1 007 000 | 19.0 | 5.8 | 13.2 | 2.18 | 29.2 |
2000–2005 | 1 392 000 | 425 000 | 967 000 | 16.9 | 5.5 | 11.4 | 1.92 | 23.1 |
2005–2010 | 1 472 000 | 448 000 | 1 024 000 | 17.3 | 5.6 | 11.7 | 1.93 | 20.4 |
2010–2015 | 17.4 | 5.8 | 11.6 | 1.96 | ||||
2015–2020 | 16.2 | 5.8 | 10.4 | 1.95 | ||||
2020–2025 | 15.2 | 6.0 | 9.2 | 1.93 | ||||
2025–2030 | 13.4 | 6.3 | 7.1 | 1.92 | ||||
2030–2035 | 12.1 | 6.7 | 5.4 | 1.92 | ||||
2035–2040 | 11.7 | 7.3 | 4.4 | 1.91 | ||||
1CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births |
The total fertility rate of Vietnam has been influenced by the government's family planning policy, the two-child policy. [18]
Average population | Live births | Deaths | Natural change | Crude birth rate (per 1000) | Crude death rate (per 1000) | Natural change (per 1000) | Total fertility rate (children per woman) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1990 | 66,016,700 | |||||||
1991 | 67,242,400 | |||||||
1992 | 68,450,100 | |||||||
1993 | 69,644,500 | |||||||
1994 | 70,824,500 | |||||||
1995 | 71,995,500 | |||||||
1996 | 73,156,700 | |||||||
1997 | 74,306,900 | |||||||
1998 | 75,456,300 | |||||||
1999 | 76,596,700 | |||||||
2000 | 77,630,900 | |||||||
2001 | 78,620,500 | 1,462,300 | 401,000 | 1,061,300 | 18.6 | 5.1 | 13.5 | 2.25 |
2002 | 79,537,700 | 1,511,200 | 461,300 | 1,049,900 | 19.0 | 5.8 | 13.2 | 2.28 |
2003 | 80,467,400 | 1,408,200 | 466,700 | 941,500 | 17.5 | 5.8 | 11.7 | 2.12 |
2004 | 81,436,400 | 1,563,600 | 439,800 | 1,123,800 | 19.2 | 5.4 | 13.8 | 2.23 |
2005 | 82,392,100 | 1,532,500 | 436,700 | 1,095,800 | 18.6 | 5.3 | 13.3 | 2.11 |
2006 | 83,311,200 | 1,449,600 | 441,500 | 1,008,100 | 17.4 | 5.3 | 12.1 | 2.09 |
2007 | 84,218,500 | 1,423,300 | 446,400 | 976,900 | 16.9 | 5.3 | 11.6 | 2.07 |
2008 | 85,118,700 | 1,421,500 | 451,100 | 970,400 | 16.7 | 5.3 | 11.4 | 2.08 |
2009 | 86,025,000 | 1,514,000 | 585,000 | 929,000 | 17.6 | 6.8 | 10.8 | 2.03 |
2010 | 86,947,400 | 1,486,800 | 591,200 | 895,600 | 17.1 | 6.8 | 10.3 | 2.00 |
2011 | 87,860,400 | 1,458,500 | 606,200 | 852,300 | 16.6 | 6.9 | 9.7 | 1.99 |
2012 | 88,809,300 | 1,500,900 | 621,700 | 879,200 | 16.9 | 7.0 | 9.9 | 2.05 |
2013 | 89,759,500 | 1,525,900 | 637,300 | 888,600 | 17.0 | 7.1 | 9.9 | 2.10 |
2014 | 90,728,900 | 1,560,500 | 626,000 | 934,500 | 17.2 | 6.9 | 10.3 | 2.09 |
2015 | 91,709,800 | 1,485,700 | 623,600 | 862,100 | 16.2 | 6.8 | 9.4 | 2.10 |
2016 | 92,692,200 | 1,483,100 | 630,300 | 852,800 | 16.0 | 6.8 | 9.2 | 2.09 |
2017 | 93,671,600 | 1,395,700 | 637,000 | 758,700 | 14.9 | 6.8 | 8.1 | 2.04 |
2018 | 94,666,000 | 1,382,100 | 643,700 | 738,400 | 14.6 | 6.8 | 7.8 | 2.05 |
2019 | 96,484,000 | 1,572,700 | 607,800 | 964,900 | 16.3 | 6.3 | 10.0 | 2.09 |
2020 | 97,582,690 | 1,590,600 | 591,400 | 999,200 | 16.3 | 6.1 | 10.2 | 2.12 |
2021 | 98,506,190 | 1,550,500 | 628,700 | 922,000 | 15.7 | 6.4 | 9.3 | 2.11 |
2022 | 99,461,700 | 1,511,800 | 606,700 | 905,100 | 15.2 | 6.1 | 9.1 | 2.01 |
2023 | 100,309,200 | 1,394,300 | 551,700 | 842,600 | 13.9 | 5.5 | 8.4 | 1.96 |
2024 | 1.91 |
Source: General Statistics Office of Vietnam. [19] [20] [21]
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
Province | 2005 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vietnam | 2.11 | 2.07 | 2.08 | 2.03 | 2.00 | 1.99 | 2.05 | 2.10 | 2.09 | 2.10 | 2.09 | 2.04 | 2.05 | 2.09 | 2.12 | 2.11 |
Red River Delta | 2.06 | 2.11 | 2.13 | 2.11 | 2.04 | 2.06 | 2.11 | 2.11 | 2.30 | 2.23 | 2.23 | 2.16 | 2.29 | 2.35 | 2.34 | 2.37 |
Hà Nội | 1.83 | 1.91 | 2.06 | 2.08 | 2.00 | 2.02 | 2.06 | 2.03 | 2.18 | 2.04 | 2.06 | 2.00 | 2.07 | 2.24 | 2.25 | 2.18 |
Hà Tây | 2.29 | 2.23 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Vĩnh Phúc | 2.15 | 2.00 | 2.10 | 2.13 | 2.06 | 2.02 | 2.07 | 2.11 | 2.44 | 2.25 | 2.48 | 2.34 | 2.48 | 2.39 | 2.39 | 2.37 |
Bắc Ninh | 2.40 | 2.28 | 2.29 | 2.32 | 2.26 | 2.23 | 2.71 | 2.29 | 2.72 | 2.72 | 2.63 | 2.67 | 2.66 | 2.53 | 2.49 | 2.60 |
Quảng Ninh | 2.24 | 2.12 | 2.12 | 2.20 | 1.99 | 2.07 | 2.27 | 2.18 | 2.49 | 2.20 | 2.02 | 2.25 | 2.22 | 2.24 | 2.22 | 2.14 |
Hải Dương | 2.10 | 2.04 | 2.13 | 1.99 | 1.98 | 2.01 | 2.07 | 1.99 | 2.06 | 2.00 | 2.30 | 1.95 | 2.59 | 2.48 | 2.57 | 2.44 |
Hải Phòng | 2.13 | 1.86 | 1.95 | 2.16 | 1.98 | 2.00 | 2.37 | 2.03 | 2.35 | 2.02 | 2.11 | 1.99 | 1.92 | 2.20 | 2.05 | 2.35 |
Hưng Yên | 2.32 | 2.08 | 2.25 | 2.11 | 2.13 | 2.19 | 2.10 | 2.46 | 2.29 | 2.40 | 2.37 | 2.10 | 2.39 | 2.40 | 2.40 | 2.43 |
Thái Bình | 2.19 | 2.21 | 2.14 | 2.08 | 2.10 | 2.15 | 1.78 | 2.07 | 1.87 | 2.39 | 2.25 | 2.21 | 2.51 | 2.43 | 2.42 | 2.58 |
Hà Nam | 2.30 | 2.18 | 2.12 | 2.07 | 2.09 | 2.16 | 1.83 | 1.87 | 1.99 | 2.22 | 2.11 | 1.97 | 2.39 | 2.44 | 2.36 | 2.35 |
Nam Định | 2.31 | 2.39 | 2.19 | 2.25 | 2.20 | 2.24 | 1.76 | 2.32 | 2.73 | 2.81 | 2.46 | 2.58 | 2.82 | 2.74 | 2.71 | 2.75 |
Ninh Bình | 2.37 | 2.26 | 2.36 | 2.04 | 1.88 | 1.86 | 2.66 | 2.28 | 2.87 | 2.76 | 2.94 | 2.39 | 2.53 | 2.46 | 2.42 | 2.41 |
Northern midlands and mountain areas | 2.33 | 2.23 | 2.30 | 2.24 | 2.22 | 2.21 | 2.31 | 2.18 | 2.56 | 2.69 | 2.63 | 2.53 | 2.48 | 2.43 | 2.41 | 2.43 |
Hà Giang | 3.06 | 2.89 | 2.86 | 3.08 | 3.05 | 2.57 | 2.78 | 2.70 | 2.51 | 2.93 | 2.42 | 2.49 | 2.74 | 2.47 | 2.57 | 2.62 |
Cao Bằng | 2.55 | 2.28 | 2.26 | 2.18 | 2.09 | 2.15 | 2.13 | 2.05 | 2.53 | 2.52 | 2.46 | 2.34 | 2.48 | 2.43 | 2.42 | 2.40 |
Bắc Kạn | 2.29 | 2.12 | 2.07 | 1.84 | 1.85 | 1.91 | 2.30 | 2.11 | 2.07 | 2.42 | 2.40 | 2.37 | 2.23 | 2.14 | 2.14 | 2.22 |
Tuyên Quang | 2.17 | 2.05 | 2.05 | 2.10 | 2.07 | 2.10 | 2.18 | 2.35 | 2.73 | 2.74 | 2.72 | 2.68 | 2.62 | 2.51 | 2.50 | 2.42 |
Lào Cai | 2.97 | 2.59 | 2.69 | 2.70 | 2.73 | 2.57 | 2.43 | 2.52 | 2.36 | 2.26 | 2.73 | 2.24 | 2.43 | 2.44 | 2.43 | 2.40 |
Yên Bái | 2.55 | 2.36 | 2.56 | 2.38 | 2.32 | 2.26 | 2.38 | 2.13 | 2.77 | 2.76 | 2.89 | 2.77 | 2.96 | 2.74 | 2.64 | 2.77 |
Thái Nguyên | 1.99 | 1.99 | 1.95 | 1.89 | 1.90 | 1.96 | 2.13 | 2.06 | 2.45 | 2.52 | 2.45 | 2.09 | 2.05 | 2.14 | 2.16 | 2.12 |
Lạng Sơn | 2.28 | 2.14 | 2.15 | 1.86 | 1.84 | 1.88 | 2.11 | 1.86 | 2.26 | 2.38 | 2.34 | 2.25 | 2.22 | 2.13 | 2.19 | 2.32 |
Bắc Giang | 2.21 | 2.07 | 2.22 | 1.94 | 1.86 | 1.94 | 2.09 | 1.77 | 2.57 | 2.77 | 2.64 | 2.73 | 2.38 | 2.31 | 2.30 | 2.32 |
Phú Thọ | 2.03 | 1.99 | 2.11 | 2.10 | 2.08 | 2.22 | 2.18 | 2.22 | 2.51 | 2.61 | 2.56 | 2.51 | 2.66 | 2.57 | 2.53 | 2.42 |
Điện Biên | 3.17 | 2.72 | 2.72 | 2.55 | 2.57 | 2.67 | 2.76 | 2.48 | 3.11 | 2.81 | 2.43 | 2.84 | 2.78 | 2.72 | 2.66 | 2.70 |
Lai Châu | 3.52 | 3.02 | 3.01 | 2.96 | 2.91 | 2.93 | 2.60 | 2.45 | 3.20 | 3.11 | 2.91 | 2.86 | 2.60 | 2.68 | 2.63 | 2.77 |
Sơn La | 2.76 | 2.36 | 2.29 | 2.61 | 2.58 | 2.43 | 2.52 | 2.25 | 2.57 | 2.82 | 2.90 | 2.77 | 2.36 | 2.44 | 2.36 | 2.36 |
Hòa Bình | 2.09 | 2.06 | 2.01 | 1.98 | 1.98 | 2.03 | 2.08 | 1.90 | 2.30 | 2.84 | 2.56 | 2.30 | 2.42 | 2.34 | 2.29 | 2.19 |
North Central and Central coastal areas | 2.37 | 2.27 | 2.30 | 2.21 | 2.21 | 2.21 | 2.32 | 2.37 | 2.31 | 2.34 | 2.37 | 2.31 | 2.30 | 2.32 | 2.31 | 2.32 |
Thanh Hóa | 2.39 | 2.12 | 2.17 | 1.89 | 1.89 | 2.01 | 2.22 | 2.11 | 2.43 | 2.75 | 2.70 | 2.45 | 2.69 | 2.54 | 2.51 | 2.22 |
Nghệ An | 2.75 | 2.49 | 2.52 | 2.55 | 2.56 | 2.49 | 2.59 | 2.68 | 2.70 | 2.69 | 2.76 | 2.87 | 2.82 | 2.75 | 2.68 | 2.63 |
Hà Tĩnh | 2.38 | 2.46 | 2.65 | 2.46 | 2.46 | 2.50 | 2.75 | 2.95 | 3.12 | 2.65 | 3.21 | 3.24 | 2.90 | 2.83 | 2.73 | 2.95 |
Quảng Bình | 2.58 | 2.57 | 2.57 | 2.37 | 2.39 | 2.41 | 2.61 | 2.22 | 2.49 | 2.52 | 2.38 | 2.34 | 2.41 | 2.43 | 2.40 | 2.52 |
Quảng Trị | 2.90 | 2.77 | 2.71 | 2.85 | 2.84 | 2.67 | 2.65 | 2.75 | 2.75 | 2.94 | 3.19 | 2.83 | 2.61 | 2.45 | 2.44 | 2.46 |
Thừa Thiên–Huế | 2.98 | 2.79 | 2.54 | 2.26 | 2.28 | 2.22 | 2.38 | 2.21 | 2.33 | 2.26 | 2.20 | 2.33 | 2.03 | 2.34 | 2.29 | 2.25 |
Đà Nẵng | 1.87 | 1.90 | 1.92 | 2.14 | 2.16 | 1.99 | 2.18 | 2.32 | 2.03 | 2.13 | 2.24 | 1.81 | 1.49 | 1.88 | 2.09 | 2.02 |
Quảng Nam | 2.40 | 2.32 | 2.12 | 2.30 | 2.27 | 2.16 | 2.35 | 2.65 | 2.27 | 2.17 | 2.16 | 2.26 | 2.28 | 2.27 | 2.23 | 2.25 |
Quảng Ngãi | 2.21 | 2.11 | 2.18 | 2.09 | 2.11 | 2.21 | 2.13 | 2.45 | 2.01 | 1.93 | 1.98 | 1.79 | 2.06 | 2.13 | 2.11 | 2.14 |
Bình Định | 2.25 | 2.17 | 2.09 | 2.22 | 2.17 | 2.28 | 2.26 | 2.55 | 2.29 | 2.14 | 2.00 | 2.09 | 2.30 | 2.20 | 2.24 | 2.22 |
Phú Yên | 2.25 | 2.18 | 2.32 | 1.96 | 1.98 | 2.11 | 2.07 | 2.04 | 2.15 | 2.05 | 2.26 | 2.04 | 2.16 | 2.11 | 2.09 | 2.07 |
Khánh Hòa | 2.12 | 2.14 | 2.18 | 2.04 | 2.06 | 1.93 | 2.04 | 2.04 | 1.65 | 1.75 | 1.75 | 1.64 | 1.40 | 1.77 | 1.81 | 1.82 |
Ninh Thuận | 2.53 | 2.28 | 2.24 | 2.40 | 2.42 | 2.38 | 2.25 | 2.37 | 2.18 | 2.23 | 2.28 | 2.34 | 2.05 | 2.09 | 2.07 | 2.36 |
Bình Thuận | 2.38 | 2.40 | 2.38 | 2.07 | 2.09 | 2.14 | 2.39 | 2.15 | 1.57 | 2.04 | 1.81 | 1.75 | 1.82 | 1.91 | 1.96 | 2.06 |
Central Highlands | 3.07 | 2.77 | 2.68 | 2.65 | 2.63 | 2.58 | 2.43 | 2.49 | 2.30 | 2.26 | 2.37 | 2.29 | 2.32 | 2.43 | 2.41 | 2.36 |
Kon Tum | 3.94 | 3.49 | 3.58 | 3.45 | 3.46 | 3.25 | 3.16 | 2.70 | 3.04 | 2.49 | 2.34 | 2.48 | 2.12 | 2.74 | 2.64 | 2.55 |
Gia Lai | 3.10 | 2.97 | 2.86 | 2.88 | 2.90 | 2.85 | 2.36 | 2.48 | 2.27 | 2.45 | 2.38 | 2.36 | 2.27 | 2.49 | 2.47 | 2.44 |
Đắk Lắk | 2.98 | 2.84 | 2.57 | 2.45 | 2.47 | 2.42 | 2.31 | 2.70 | 2.25 | 2.22 | 2.43 | 2.19 | 2.41 | 2.37 | 2.36 | 2.15 |
Đắk Nông | 3.38 | 3.05 | 2.87 | 2.72 | 2.68 | 2.57 | 2.65 | 2.31 | 2.46 | 2.36 | 2.28 | 2.21 | 3.05 | 2.68 | 2.61 | 2.68 |
Lâm Đồng | 2.67 | 2.37 | 2.31 | 2.43 | 2.28 | 2.32 | 2.36 | 2.24 | 2.09 | 1.98 | 2.34 | 2.29 | 1.99 | 2.20 | 2.19 | 2.15 |
South East | 1.85 | 1.74 | 1.73 | 1.69 | 1.68 | 1.59 | 1.57 | 1.83 | 1.56 | 1.63 | 1.46 | 1.55 | 1.50 | 1.56 | 1.62 | 1.61 |
Bình Phước | 2.61 | 2.47 | 2.38 | 2.45 | 2.43 | 2.31 | 2.22 | 2.43 | 2.30 | 2.05 | 1.92 | 2.02 | 1.99 | 2.27 | 2.25 | 2.21 |
Tây Ninh | 1.98 | 1.89 | 1.79 | 1.79 | 1.77 | 1.80 | 1.93 | 1.78 | 1.76 | 1.88 | 1.76 | 1.66 | 1.46 | 1.53 | 1.67 | 1.65 |
Bình Dương | 1.66 | 1.74 | 1.85 | 1.70 | 1.72 | 1.76 | 1.70 | 1.78 | 1.44 | 1.59 | 1.61 | 1.90 | 1.53 | 1.54 | 1.63 | 1.62 |
Đồng Nai | 1.92 | 1.91 | 1.83 | 2.07 | 2.09 | 1.99 | 1.80 | 2.09 | 1.75 | 2.02 | 1.67 | 1.61 | 1.80 | 1.90 | 1.97 | 1.86 |
Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu | 2.06 | 2.09 | 2.13 | 2.01 | 1.88 | 1.82 | 1.70 | 1.92 | 1.97 | 1.56 | 1.52 | 1.37 | 1.51 | 1.87 | 1.94 | 1.78 |
TP. Hồ Chí Minh | 1.52 | 1.49 | 1.63 | 1.45 | 1.45 | 1.30 | 1.33 | 1.68 | 1.39 | 1.45 | 1.24 | 1.36 | 1.33 | 1.39 | 1.53 | 1.48 |
Mekong River Delta | 2.00 | 1.87 | 1.87 | 1.84 | 1.80 | 1.80 | 1.92 | 1.92 | 1.84 | 1.76 | 1.84 | 1.74 | 1.74 | 1.80 | 1.82 | 1.82 |
Long An | 1.95 | 1.91 | 1.95 | 1.85 | 1.87 | 1.83 | 2.02 | 2.03 | 1.66 | 1.61 | 1.56 | 1.62 | 1.83 | 1.80 | 1.82 | 1.77 |
Tiền Giang | 2.02 | 1.98 | 1.97 | 1.94 | 1.93 | 1.92 | 1.79 | 1.78 | 1.75 | 1.62 | 2.00 | 1.99 | 1.68 | 1.82 | 1.85 | 1.83 |
Bến Tre | 1.76 | 1.70 | 1.71 | 1.81 | 1.79 | 1.71 | 2.20 | 1.98 | 1.89 | 1.97 | 1.90 | 1.88 | 1.88 | 1.86 | 1.87 | 1.64 |
Trà Vinh | 2.03 | 1.89 | 1.79 | 1.86 | 1.80 | 1.80 | 2.06 | 1.89 | 1.94 | 2.04 | 2.36 | 2.25 | 1.94 | 1.96 | 2.00 | 1.99 |
Vĩnh Long | 1.83 | 1.76 | 1.75 | 1.63 | 1.65 | 1.63 | 2.14 | 2.02 | 1.98 | 1.61 | 2.03 | 1.67 | 1.83 | 1.81 | 1.82 | 1.81 |
Đồng Tháp | 1.98 | 1.77 | 1.74 | 1.87 | 1.89 | 1.83 | 1.57 | 1.89 | 1.84 | 1.61 | 1.59 | 1.34 | 1.43 | 1.78 | 1.87 | 1.85 |
An Giang | 2.00 | 1.86 | 1.86 | 1.97 | 1.97 | 1.92 | 2.17 | 2.07 | 2.10 | 1.73 | 1.84 | 1.77 | 1.78 | 1.85 | 1.90 | 1.94 |
Kiên Giang | 2.22 | 2.10 | 2.09 | 1.84 | 1.80 | 1.86 | 2.16 | 1.98 | 1.96 | 2.05 | 1.94 | 1.87 | 1.96 | 1.85 | 1.98 | 1.91 |
Cần Thơ | 1.70 | 1.64 | 1.75 | 1.72 | 1.62 | 1.62 | 1.58 | 1.81 | 1.89 | 1.88 | 2.01 | 1.64 | 1.66 | 1.66 | 1.74 | 1.68 |
Hậu Giang | 1.95 | 1.94 | 1.89 | 1.96 | 1.75 | 1.77 | 1.78 | 1.78 | 1.61 | 1.64 | 1.48 | 1.53 | 1.64 | 1.83 | 1.84 | 1.83 |
Sóc Trăng | 2.02 | 1.90 | 2.06 | 1.79 | 1.81 | 1.83 | 1.85 | 2.08 | 1.65 | 1.72 | 1.83 | 1.69 | 1.75 | 1.79 | 1.80 | 1.78 |
Bạc Liêu | 2.11 | 2.10 | 2.00 | 1.75 | 1.59 | 1.69 | 1.97 | 1.82 | 1.82 | 1.67 | 1.63 | 1.77 | 1.54 | 1.61 | 1.66 | 1.56 |
Cà Mau | 2.10 | 2.00 | 2.01 | 1.75 | 1.64 | 1.73 | 1.62 | 1.70 | 1.65 | 1.80 | 1.85 | 1.65 | 1.75 | 1.80 | 1.85 | 1.86 |
Source: General Statistics Office of Vietnam. [22]
Period | Life expectancy in Years | Period | Life expectancy in Years |
---|---|---|---|
1955–1960 | 57.3 | 1990–1995 | 71.2 |
1960–1965 | 60.5 | 1995–2000 | 72.7 |
1965–1970 | 62.3 | 2000–2005 | 73.8 |
1970–1975 | 57.8 | 2005–2010 | 74.7 |
1975–1980 | 66.1 | 2010–2015 | 75.6 |
1980–1985 | 68.1 |
Source: UN World Population Prospects [23]
The Vietnamese government recognizes 54 ethnic groups, of which the Viet (Kinh) is the largest; according to official Vietnamese figures (2019 census), ethnic Vietnamese account for 85.3% of the nation's population and the non-Vietnamese ethnic groups account for the remaining portion. The ethnic Vietnamese inhabit a little less than half of Vietnam, while the ethnic minorities inhabit the majority of Vietnam's land (albeit the least fertile parts of the country).
The relation between China and Vietnam also declined following reunification in 1976, with Vietnam siding with the Soviet Union against China in the Chinese-Soviet split. Tensions peaked when Vietnam and Cambodia started a war, Cambodia led by Pol Pot being a Chinese ally, resulting in a Chinese invasion of Vietnam in 1979. In 1978–79, some 450,000 ethnic Chinese left Vietnam by boat as refugees (many officially encouraged and assisted) or were expelled across the land border with China. In recent years the government has performed an about turn and is encouraging overseas Hoa to return and invest, but the ethnic Chinese population has been in continuous decline since the 1970s due to assimilation and low birth rates.
The central highland peoples commonly termed Degar or Montagnards (mountain people) comprise two main ethnolinguistic groups – Malayo-Polynesian and Mon–Khmer. About 30 groups of various cultures and dialects are spread over the highland territory.
Other minority groups include the Cham—remnants of the once-mighty Champa Kingdom, conquered by the Vietnamese in the 15th century, Hmong, and Thái.
Ethnic group | Language family | census 1989 [24] | census 1999 [25] | census 2009 [26] | census 2019 [27] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | ||
Kinh | Vietic | 56,101,583 | 87.1 | 65,795,748 | 86.2 | 73,594,427 | 85.7 | 82,085,826 | 85.32 |
Tày | Tai-Kadai | 1,145,235 | 1.8 | 1,477,514 | 1.9 | 1,626,392 | 1.9 | 1,845,492 | 1.92 |
Thai | Tai-Kadai | 992,809 | 1.5 | 1,328,725 | 1.7 | 1,550,423 | 1.8 | 1,820,950 | 1.89 |
Mường | Vietic | 874,195 | 1.4 | 1,137,515 | 1.5 | 1,268,963 | 1.5 | 1,452,095 | 1.51 |
Hmong | Hmong-Dao | 787,604 | 1.0 | 1,068,189 | 1.2 | 1,393,547 | 1.45 | ||
Khmer | Mon-Khmer | 872,382 | 1.4 | 1,055,174 | 1.4 | 1,260,640 | 1.5 | 1,319,652 | 1.37 |
Nùng | Tai-Kadai | 696,305 | 1.1 | 856,412 | 1.1 | 968,800 | 1.1 | 1,083,298 | 1.13 |
Dao | Hmong-Dao | 620,538 | 0.81 | 751,067 | 0.87 | 891,151 | 0.93 | ||
Hoa | Chinese | 961,702 | 1.5 | 862,371 | 1.1 | 823,071 | 1.0 | 749,466 | 0.78 |
Gia Rai | Malayo-Polynesian | 317,557 | 0.42 | 411,275 | 0.48 | 513,930 | 0.53 | ||
Ê Đê | Malayo-Polynesian | 270,348 | 0.35 | 331,194 | 0.39 | 398,671 | 0.41 | ||
Ba Na | Mon-Khmer | 174,456 | 0.23 | 227,716 | 0.27 | 286,910 | 0.30 | ||
Xơ Đăng | Mon-Khmer | 127,148 | 0.17 | 169,501 | 0.20 | 212,277 | 0.22 | ||
Sán Chay | Tai-Kadai | 147,315 | 0.19 | 169,410 | 0.20 | 201,398 | 0.21 | ||
Cờ Ho | Mon-Khmer | 128,723 | 0.17 | 166,112 | 0.19 | 200,800 | 0.21 | ||
Sán Dìu | Chinese | 126,237 | 0.17 | 146,821 | 0.17 | 183,004 | 0.19 | ||
Chăm | Malayo-Polynesian | 132,873 | 0.17 | 161,729 | 0.19 | 178,948 | 0.19 | ||
Hrê | Mon-Khmer | 113,111 | 0.15 | 63,012 | 0.07 | 149,460 | 0.16 | ||
Ra Glai | Malayo-Polynesian | 96,931 | 0.13 | 122,245 | 0.14 | 146,613 | 0.15 | ||
M'Nông | Mon-Khmer | 92,451 | 0.12 | 102,741 | 0.12 | 127,334 | 0.13 | ||
Xtiêng | Mon-Khmer | 66,788 | 0.09 | 85,436 | 0.10 | 100,752 | 0.10 | ||
Bru-Vân Kiều | Mon-Khmer | 55,559 | 0.07 | 74,506 | 0.09 | 94,598 | 0.10 | ||
Thổ | Vietic | 68,394 | 0.09 | 74,458 | 0.09 | 91,430 | 0.10 | ||
Khơ Mú | Mon-Khmer | 56,542 | 0.07 | 72,929 | 0.08 | 90,612 | 0.09 | ||
Cơ Tu | Mon-Khmer | 50,458 | 0.07 | 61,588 | 0.07 | 74,173 | 0.08 | ||
Giáy | Tai-Kadai | 49,098 | 0.06 | 58,617 | 0.07 | 67,858 | 0.07 | ||
Giẻ Triêng | Mon-Khmer | 30,243 | 0.04 | 50,962 | 0.06 | 63,322 | 0.07 | ||
Tà Ôi | Mon-Khmer | 34,960 | 0.05 | 43,886 | 0.05 | 52,356 | 0.05 | ||
Mạ | Mon-Khmer | 33,338 | 0.04 | 41,405 | 0.05 | 50,322 | 0.05 | ||
Co | Mon-Khmer | 27,766 | 0.04 | 33,817 | 0.04 | 40,442 | 0.04 | ||
Chơ Ro | Mon-Khmer | 22,567 | 0.03 | 26,855 | 0.03 | 29,520 | 0.03 | ||
Xinh Mun | Mon-Khmer | 18,018 | 0.02 | 23,278 | 0.03 | 29,503 | 0.03 | ||
Hà Nhì | Tibeto-Burman | 17,535 | 0.02 | 10,923 | 0.01 | 25,539 | 0.03 | ||
Chu Ru | Malayo-Polynesian | 14,978 | 0.02 | 19,314 | 0.02 | 23,242 | 0.02 | ||
Lao | Tai-Kadai | 11,611 | 0.02 | 14,928 | 0.02 | 17,532 | 0.02 | ||
Kháng | Mon-Khmer | 10,272 | 0.01 | 13,840 | 0.02 | 16,180 | 0.02 | ||
La Chí | Tai-Kadai | 10,765 | 0.01 | 13,158 | 0.02 | 15,126 | 0.02 | ||
Phù Lá | Tibeto-Burman | 9,046 | 0.01 | 5,535 | 0.01 | 12,471 | 0.01 | ||
La Hủ | Tibeto-Burman | 6,874 | 0.01 | 9,651 | 0.01 | 12,113 | 0.01 | ||
La Ha | Tai-Kadai | 5,686 | 0.01 | 8,177 | 0.01 | 10,157 | 0.01 | ||
Pà Thẻn | Hmong-Dao | 5,569 | 0.01 | 6,811 | 0.01 | 8,248 | 0.01 | ||
Chứt | Vietic | 3,829 | 0.01 | 6,022 | 0.01 | 7,513 | 0.01 | ||
Lự | Tai-Kadai | 4,964 | 0.01 | 5,601 | 0.01 | 6,757 | 0.01 | ||
Lô Lô | Tibeto-Burman | 3,307 | 0.00 | 2,218 | 0.00 | 4,827 | 0.01 | ||
Mảng | Mon-Khmer | 2,663 | 0.00 | 3,700 | 0.00 | 4,650 | 0.00 | ||
Cờ Lao | Tai-Kadai | 1,865 | 0.00 | 2,636 | 0.00 | 4,003 | 0.00 | ||
Bố Y | Tai-Kadai | 1,864 | 0.00 | 2,273 | 0.00 | 3,232 | 0.00 | ||
Cống | Tibeto-Burman | 1,676 | 0.00 | 2,029 | 0.00 | 2,729 | 0.00 | ||
Ngái | Chinese | 4,841 | 0.01 | 1,035 | 0.00 | 1,649 | 0.00 | ||
Si La | Tibeto-Burman | 840 | 0.00 | 709 | 0.00 | 909 | 0.00 | ||
Pu Péo | Tai-Kadai | 705 | 0.00 | 687 | 0.00 | 903 | 0.00 | ||
Rơ Măm | Mon-Khmer | 352 | 0.00 | 436 | 0.00 | 639 | 0.00 | ||
Brâu | Mon-Khmer | 313 | 0.00 | 397 | 0.00 | 525 | 0.00 | ||
Ơ Đu | Mon-Khmer | 301 | 0.00 | 376 | 0.00 | 428 | 0.00 | ||
Foreigners | 39,532 | 0.05 | 2,134 | 0.00 | 3,553 | 0.00 | |||
Others | 2,767,512 | 4.3 | 1,333 | 0.0 | 82,942 | 0.0 | 349 | 0.00 | |
Total | 64,411,713 | 76,323,173 | 85,846,997 | 96,208,984 |
Vietnamese is the official language of the country. It belongs to the Austroasiatic language family, which also includes languages such as Khmer and Mon. Vietnamese was spoken by 85–90 million people in Vietnam at the 1999 census. In the early 21st century, around another four million Vietnamese speakers are found outside of Vietnam, mostly refugees from the Vietnam-American War. Thus Vietnamese is the most spoken language of the Austroasiatic family, being spoken by three times more people than the second most spoken language of the family, Khmer. Both languages, however, are extremely different: Vietnamese is a tonal, monosyllabic language while Khmer has remained non-tonal. Vietnamese was heavily influenced by Chinese, with up to around 50–70% words having Chinese origins, whilst Khmer was heavily influenced by Sanskrit and Pali, uses a abugida writing system, and has a great part of its vocabulary originating from Indian languages. Since the early 20th century, the Vietnamese have used a Romanized script introduced by the French, developed by Jesuit missionaries led by Alexandre de Rhodes and later on, refined by Vietnamese scholars to produce what is now known as the Vietnamese alphabet.
According to the 2019 Census, the religious demographics of Vietnam are as follows: [27]
It is worth noting here that the data is highly skewed, as a large majority of Vietnamese may declare themselves atheist yet practice forms of traditional folk religion or Mahayana Buddhism. [28]
Estimates for the year 2010 published by the Pew Research Center: [29]
Hanoi is the capital and second-most populous city of Vietnam. The name "Hanoi" translates to "inside the river," – Hanoi is bordered by the Red and Black Rivers. As a municipality, Hanoi consists of 12 urban districts, 17 rural districts, and one district-level town. The city encompasses an area of 3,359.84 km2 (1,297.24 sq mi) and as of 2023, a population of 8,587,100. Hanoi had the second-highest gross regional domestic product of all Vietnamese provinces and municipalities at US$51.4 billion in 2022, behind Ho Chi Minh City.
Cần Thơ, anglicized as Can Tho or Cantho, is the fourth-largest city in Vietnam, and the largest city along the Mekong Delta region in Vietnam. It is noted for its floating markets, rice paper-making village, and picturesque rural canals. It has a population of around 1,507,187 as of 2024, and is located on the south bank of the Hậu River, a distributary of the Mekong River.
The Vietnamese people or the Kinh people, also recognized as the Viet people or the Viets, are a Southeast Asian ethnic group native to modern-day northern Vietnam and southern China who speak Vietnamese, the most widely spoken Austroasiatic language.
An Giang is a province of Vietnam. It is located in the Mekong Delta, in the southwestern part of the country.
Overseas Vietnamese refers to the Vietnamese diaspora living outside of Vietnam.
The Khmer people are an Austroasiatic ethnic group native to Cambodia. They comprise over 95% of Cambodia's population of 17 million. They speak the Khmer language, which is part of the larger Austroasiatic language family alongside Mon and Vietnamese.
The Mường are an ethnic group native to northern Vietnam. The Mường is the country's third largest of 53 minority groups, with an estimated population of 1.45 million. The Mường people inhabit a mountainous region of northern Vietnam centered in Hòa Bình Province and some districts of Phú Thọ province and Thanh Hóa Province. They speak the Mường language which is related to the Vietnamese language and the Thổ language and share ancient ethnic roots with the Vietnamese (Kinh) people.
Ninh Bình is a province of Vietnam in the Red River Delta region of the northern part of the country. The province is famous for a high density of natural and cultural attractions, including reserved parks in Cúc Phương National Park and Vân Long, grotto caves and rivers in Tràng An, Tam Cốc-Bích Động and Múa Caves, historic monuments in the Hoa Lư ancient capital, Vietnam's largest buddhist worshiping complex, and the Phát Diệm Cathedral with "eclectic architectural style". Thanks to its adjacency to Hanoi, day trips from the capital are easily manageable.
Buddhism in Vietnam, as practiced by the Vietnamese people, is a form of East Asian Mahayana Buddhism. It is the main religion in Vietnam. Vietnamese Buddhism is generally inclusive and syncretic, drawing on the main Chinese Buddhist traditions, such as Tiantai and Huayan, Zen (Thiền), and Pure Land.
Khánh Hòa is a southern coastal province in the South Central Coast region, the Central of Vietnam. It borders Phú Yên to the north, Ninh Thuận to the south, Đắk Lắk to the west, Lâm Đồng to the southwest and the South China Sea to the east.
Ninh Thuận, previously named Phan Rang, is a coastal province in the southernmost part of the South Central Coast region, the Central of Vietnam. It borders Khánh Hòa to the north, Bình Thuận to the south, Lâm Đồng to the west and the South China Sea to the east.
Gia Lai is a northern mountainous province in the Central Highlands region, the Central of Vietnam. It borders Kon Tum in the north, Quảng Ngãi in the northeast, Bình Định in the east, Phú Yên in the southeast, Đắk Lắk in the south and Ratanakiri of Cambodia in the west.
The majority of Vietnamese do not follow any organized religion, instead participating in one or more practices of folk religions, such as venerating ancestors, or praying to deities, especially during Tết and other festivals. Folk religions were founded on endemic cultural beliefs that were historically affected by Confucianism and Taoism from ancient China, as well as by various strands of Buddhism. These three teachings or tam giáo were later joined by Christianity which has become a significant presence. Vietnam is also home of two indigenous religions: syncretic Caodaism and quasi-Buddhist Hoahaoism.
Hòa Bình or Hoà Bình is a mountainous province of Vietnam, located in the nation's Northwest region. It borders Phú Thọ province and Sơn La province to the northwest, Hanoi to the northeast, Hà Nam province to the east, Ninh Bình province to the southeast and Thanh Hóa province to the south. The province covers an area of about 4,590 km2 (1,772 sq mi) and as of 2022 it had a population of 875,380 people. In 2020, the GDP per capita of the province was estimated to be $2625.
Tân Bình is an urban district of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. The city's international airport is situated in the district. It consists of 15 wards, from Ward 1 to Ward 15. It occupies 22.43 km2 (8.66 sq mi). In the 2019 census, Tân Bình district has a population of 474,792 people.
Southern Vietnam is one of the three geographical regions of Vietnam, the other two being Northern and Central Vietnam. It includes 2 administrative regions, which in turn are divided into 19 First Tier units, of which 17 are provinces and 2 are municipalities. Known as Nam Bộ today in Vietnamese since 1975, it was historically called as Gia Định (1779–1832), Nam Kỳ, Nam Bộ (1945), Bắc Việt (1949-1954), and Nam Phần (1954–1975). Cochinchina or "Nam Kỳ" is a historical exonym for this region, originating during the French colonial period.
Hai Bà Trưng is one of the four original urban districts (quận) of Hanoi, the capital city of Vietnam. The district currently has 18 wards, covering a total area of 10.26 square kilometres (3.96 sq mi). It is bordered by Long Biên district, Đống Đa district, Thanh Xuân district, Hoàng Mai district, Hoàn Kiếm district. As of 2019, there were 303,586 people residing in the district, the population density is 30,000 inhabitants per square kilometer.
Lai Châu is a mountainous province in the Northwest region of Vietnam. Lai Châu province is one of the most sparsely populated regions in Vietnam, and it shares a border with China. It was once a semi-independent White Tai confederation known as Sip Song Chau Tai, but was absorbed by France into French Indochina in the 1880s and subsequently became part of Vietnam following Vietnamese independence in 1954. It became part of the Northwest Autonomous Area of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam from 1955 to 1975, when Lai Châu province was formed. Điện Biên province was carved out of Lai Châu in 2004. The province covers an area of about 9,069 km2 (3,501 sq mi) and as of 2022 it had a population of 482,100 people.