Politics of Vietnam

This article is about the political system in Vietnam. For governing body, see Government of Vietnam.

Politics of Vietnam Chính trị Việt Nam
Polity type	Unitary one-party socialist republic
Constitution	Constitution of Vietnam
Legislative branch
Name	National Assembly
Type	Unicameral
Meeting place	National Assembly House
Presiding officer	Trần Thanh Mẫn, Chairman of the National Assembly.
Executive branch
Supreme leader
Title	General Secretary
Currently	Tô Lâm
Appointer	Central Committee
Head of state
Title	President
Currently	Lương Cường
Appointer	National Assembly
Head of government
Title	Prime Minister
Currently	Phạm Minh Chính
Appointer	National Assembly
Cabinet
Name	Government of Vietnam
Current cabinet	Chính government
Leader	Prime Minister
Deputy leader	First Deputy Prime Minister
Appointer	National Assembly
Headquarters	Presidential Palace
Ministries	18
Judicial branch
Name	Judicial system
Supreme People's Court
Chief judge	Nguyễn Hòa Bình
Supreme People's Procuracy
Chief judge	Lê Minh Trí

The politics of Vietnam is dominated by a single party, the Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV), under an authoritarian system. The President of Vietnam (Vietnamese : Chủ tịch nước) is the nominal head of state, and the Prime Minister of Vietnam is the head of government. Both of these offices are often separate from the General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam, who leads the CPV and is head of the Politburo and the Central Military Commission. The General Secretary is thus the highest position in Vietnamese politics. ^{[1] [2]}

The Vietnamese constitution and legislation provides for regular elections for the office of the President of the Socialist Republic, the National Assembly and the People's Councils. In practice, there are no freely elected national leaders, and the CPV suppresses political opposition, controls all religious activity, prohibits dissent, and curtails civil rights. Elections in Vietnam occur under a single-party authoritarian political system. Vietnam is among the few contemporary party-led dictatorships to not hold any direct multiparty elections at the national level. The competitive nature of the elections is highly constrained by the Communist Party's monopoly on power in Vietnam, limitations on free speech, and government interference with the elections. ^{[3] [4]}

The National Assembly is a rubber stamp unicameral legislative body (although many scholars say it has asserted more authority in recent decades). ^[5] The National Assembly has 500 members, indirectly elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms. Through the legislature and by controlling it, the party enacts and amends the constitution and laws, such as the current Constitution of Vietnam, the country's fifth, adopted 28 November 2013 and amended in 2025; adopts the government budget; supervises the government of Vietnam and other public officials; and appoints members of the judiciary.

Public officials supervised by the National Assembly include those holding executive power. The government (Chính phủ), the main executive state power of Vietnam, is headed by the Prime Minister, who has several Deputy Prime Ministers and ministers in charge of particular ministries that implement political, economic, cultural, and social public policies. The executive branch is also responsible for national defence, security and external activities of the state through a President elected by National Assembly for a five-year term. They act as the de jure commander-in-chief of the Vietnam People's Armed Forces and Chairman of the National Defense and Security Council because the de facto commander-in-chief is the Secretary of the Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of Vietnam.

Vietnam has a judicial system whose members are appointed by the CPV-controlled National Assembly. The Supreme People's Court (Tòa án Nhân dân Tối cao) is the highest court of appeal in Vietnam. There are other specialised courts in Vietnam, including the Central Military Court, the Criminal Court, the Civil Court, the Appeal Court, and the Supreme People's Procuracy.

Framework

Legal framework

This section is an excerpt from Constitution of Vietnam.[ edit ]

The Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (Vietnamese: Hiến pháp nước Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam) is the communist state constitution of Vietnam. It functions as the fundamental and supreme law of the state. The current constitution, commonly known as the 2013 Constitution (Hiến pháp năm 2013), was adopted on November 28, 2013, by the 13th National Assembly of Vietnam and took effect on January 1, 2014, being the third constitution adopted by the Vietnamese state since the political reunification of the country in 1976. It was amended in 2025. ^[6]

State ideology

See also: Communism in Vietnam and Socialism in Vietnam

A Communist Party poster in Hanoi in 2006

Vietnam is a socialist republic with a one-party system led by the Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV). According to Pierre Brocheux, the author of Ho Chi Minh: a Biography, the state ideology is Hồ Chí Minh Thought, with Marxism–Leninism playing a secondary role. ^[7]

The thoughts of Hồ Chí Minh were not systematised until 1989, under the leadership of Nguyễn Văn Linh. ^[8] Hồ Chí Minh Thought, alongside Marxism–Leninism, became the official ideology of the CPV and the state in 1991. ^[9] The CPV's claim to legitimacy was retained following the collapse of communism in 1989 and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 by its commitment to the thoughts of Hồ Chí Minh, according to Sophie Quinn-Judge. ^[10] Some^{[ who? ]} claim that the Party leadership has stopped believing in communism and uses Hồ Chí Minh Thought as a veil. Some^{[ who? ]} disagree on the basis that Hồ Chí Minh was an avid supporter of the dictatorship of the proletariat. Others^{[ who? ]} see Hồ Chí Minh Thought as a political umbrella term that mainly serves to smuggle in non-socialist ideas and policies without challenging socialist legality. ^[9]

Since the introduction of a mixed economy in the 1980s and 1990s, Marxism–Leninism has lost its monopolistic ideological and moral legitimacy. ^[11] The Đổi Mới reforms demonstrate that the Party could not base its rule on defending only the workers and the peasants (officially: the "working class-peasant alliance"). ^[12] In the constitution introduced in 1992, the State represented the "workers, peasants and intellectuals". ^[11] The Party has thus stopped representing a specific class in favour of the "interests of the entire people", which includes entrepreneurs. ^[11] The final class barrier was removed in 2002, when party members were allowed to engage in private activities. In the face of de-emphasising the role of Marxism–Leninism, the Party has acquired a broader ideology, placing more emphasis on nationalism, developmentalism, and becoming the protector of tradition. ^[13]

Institutions

Communist Party of Vietnam

Main article: Communist Party of Vietnam

The flag of the Communist Party of Vietnam

The communist state which emerged in the 20th century has been described either as totalitarian ^{[14] [15]} or not totalitarian but autocratic; ^[16] the system established after the 1986 reforms has inherited some legacies of the past, with the freedom of assembly, association, expression, press and religion as well as civil society activism being restricted. ^{[14] [15]}

In 2021, General Secretary of the Communist Party, Nguyen Phu Trong, was re-elected for his third term in office. ^[17] In July 2024, General Secretary Nguyễn Phú Trọng died and was succeeded by Tô Lâm. In January 2026, Tô Lâm was re-elected as general secretary of the Vietnam's Communist Party for the next five years by the party congress. ^[18]

Congress

Main article: National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam

The National Congress is the party's highest organ. ^[19] The direction of the Party and the Government is decided at the National Congress, held every fifth year. The Central Committee is elected by the National Congress. ^[20] Delegates vote on policies and candidate posts within the central party leadership. Following ratification of the decisions taken at the National Congress, the National Congress dissolves itself. The Central Committee, which is elected by the National Congress every fifth year, implements the decisions of the National Congress in the five-year period. Since the Central Committee only meets twice a year, the Politburo implements the policies of the National Congress. ^[19]

Central Committee

Main article: Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam

Headquarters of the Communist Party of Vietnam Central Committee

The Central Committee (CC) is the CPV's "most powerful institution". ^[21] It delegates some of its powers to the Secretariat and the Politburo when it is not in session. ^[22] When the Vietnam War ended in 1975, the Vietnamese leadership, led by Lê Duẩn, began to centralise power. This policy continued until the 6th National Congress, when Nguyễn Văn Linh took power. Linh pursued a policy of economic and political decentralisation. ^[23] The party and state bureaucracy opposed Linh's reform initiatives; because of this, Linh tried to win the support of provincial leaders. This caused the powers of the provincial chapters of the CPV to increase in the 1990s. The CPV lost its power to appoint or dismiss provincial-level officials in the 1990s; this is proven by the fact that Võ Văn Kiệt tried to wrestle this power back to the centre during the 1990s without success. These developments led to the provincialisation of the Central Committee; for example, more and more CC members have a background in provincial party work. Because of these changes, power in Vietnam has become increasingly devolved. ^[23] The number of Central Committee members with a provincial background increased from 15.6% in 1982 to 41% in 2000. Trương Tấn Sang, the President of Vietnam from 2011 to 2016, was directly elected from the provinces at the 8th Party Congress, held in 1996. ^[23] Because of the devolution of power, the powers of the Central Committee have increased; for instance, when a two-thirds majority of the Politburo voted in favour of retaining Lê Khả Phiêu as General Secretary (the leader of Vietnam), the Central Committee voted against the Politburo's motion and voted unanimously in favour of removing Lê Khả Phiêu from his post of General Secretary. ^[23] The Central Committee did this because the majority of its members were of provincial background, or were working in the provinces; because of this, these members were the first to feel the pinch when the economy began to stagnate during Lê Khả Phiêu's rule. ^[23]

The Central Committee elects the Politburo in the aftermath of the Party Congress. Since the full Central Committee meets only once a year, the Politburo functions as the Party's leading collective decision-making body. ^[24]

This section is an excerpt from 14th Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam § Composition.[ edit ]

The 19 members of the 14th Politburo, as appointed by the 14th National Party Congress:

Ranking	Name	Image	Office by 14th Party Congress	Highest membership in 13th Central Committee
1	Tô Lâm		Party General Secretary of the 13th Central Committee Secretary of the Central Military Commission	Politburo
2	Trần Thanh Mẫn		Chairman of the 15th National Assembly	Politburo
3	Trần Cẩm Tú		Permanent Member of the 13th Secretariat	Politburo
4	Lê Minh Hưng		Chairman of the Party Central Committee’s Organisation Commission	Politburo
5	Đỗ Văn Chiến		Standing Vice Chairman of the National Assembly	Politburo
6	Bùi Thị Minh Hoài		President of the Vietnam Fatherland Front	Politburo
7	General Phan Văn Giang		Minister of National Defence Deputy Secretary of the Central Military Commission	Politburo
8	General Lương Tam Quang		Minister of Public Security Secretary of the Central Public Security Party Committee	Politburo
9	Nguyễn Duy Ngọc		Secretary of the Party Committee of Hanoi	Politburo
10	General Nguyễn Trọng Nghĩa		Chairman of Vietnam People’s Army General Political Department	Politburo
11	Trịnh Văn Quyết		Chairman of the Party Central Committee’s Commission for Information, Education and Mass Mobilisation	Central Committee
12	Lê Hoài Trung		Minister of Foreign Affairs	Central Committee
13	Lê Minh Trí		Party Central Committee’s Commission for Internal Affairs	Central Committee
14	Trần Lưu Quang		Secretary of the Party Committee of Ho Chi Minh City	Central Committee
15	Phạm Gia Túc		Chief of the Party Central Committee’s Office	Central Committee
16	Trần Sỹ Thanh		Chairman of the Party Central Committee’s Inspection Commission	Central Committee
17	Nguyễn Thanh Nghị		Chairman of the Party Central Committee’s Commission for Policies and Strategies	Central Committee
18	Đoàn Minh Huấn		Vice President of the Ho Chi Minh National Academy of Politics	Central Committee
19	Trần Đức Thắng		Minister of Agriculture and Environment	Central Committee

Fatherland Front

Main article: Vietnamese Fatherland Front

Headquarters of the Vietnam Fatherland Front

The Vietnam Fatherland Front (VFF) is an umbrella group of pro-communist movements. According to Article 9 of the Constitution, the VFF and its members constitute "the political base of people's power". ^[25] The state must create a favorable environment for the VFF and its member organisations. ^[25]

Main office-holders

Office	Name	Party	Since
Chairman of the Central Committee	Đỗ Văn Chiến	Communist Party	2021
Deputy Chairman of the Central Committee	Hầu A Lềnh	Communist Party	2017
General Secretary of the Central Committee		Communist Party

Elections

Main article: Elections in Vietnam

A billboard promoting the 2016 elections in Vietnam

The AFP reported in 2011 that though "even critics" believed that the National Assembly had grown "more vocal", the CVP retains control over elections. ^[26] In that year's elections, 15 out of the 182 candidates nominated by the central government and the central party leadership were defeated in the elections. Lê Thị Thu Ba, a member of the Party's Central Committee and Chairman of the Committee of Law during the 12th National Assembly (2007–2011), was not re-elected to the National Assembly. Some capitalists were elected to the assembly and then barred from sitting on the assembly's Committee on Economy and Budget. ^[27] State-sponsored media reported the elections as a success. ^[28] Nguyễn Sinh Hùng, the Chairman of the National Assembly, nominated Trương Tấn Sang for the Presidency. ^[29] VietnamPlus and Xinhua News Agency reported that 487 deputies of the National Assembly, ^[30] or 97.4%, voted in favour of Trương Tấn Sang. ^[31] According to the People's Daily , Trương Tấn Sang said in his victory speech, "I pledge to improve my moral quality and study the example of the late President Hồ Chí Minh to cooperate with the government to bring Vietnam to become a fully industrialized country by 2015". ^[32]

Structure of government

Executive

Main articles: President of Vietnam, Prime Minister of Vietnam, and Government of Vietnam

The Government Office as seen in 2019

The Prime Minister of the Government is the head of government and is elected or dismissed by the National Assembly, at the request of the president. ^[33]

Main office-holders

Office	Name	Party	Since
President	Lương Cường	Communist Party	2024
Vice President	Võ Thị Ánh Xuân	Communist Party	2021
Prime Minister	Phạm Minh Chính	Communist Party	2021
Senior Deputy Prime Minister	Nguyễn Hòa Bình	Communist Party
Deputy Prime Minister	Lê Minh Khái	Communist Party	2021
Deputy Prime Minister	Trần Lưu Quang	Communist Party	2023
Deputy Prime Minister	Trần Hồng Hà	Communist Party	2023

Legislative

This section is an excerpt from National Assembly of Vietnam.[ edit ]

Logo

The National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (N.A.; Vietnamese: Quốc hội nước Cộng hoà xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam) ^[a] is the unicameral parliament and highest organ of state power of Vietnam. The National Assembly is the only branch of government in Vietnam and, in accordance with the principle of unified power, all state organs are subservient to it.

The National Assembly is a 500-delegate unicameral body elected to a five-year term. It normally sits twice a year, or more frequently if called for by the National Assembly Standing Committee. The assembly appoints the president (head of state), the prime minister (head of government), the chief justice of the Supreme People's Court of Vietnam, the head of the Supreme People's Procuracy of Vietnam (or 'Supreme People's Office of Supervision and Inspection'), and the 21-member Government.

Constitutionally, the National Assembly is the highest government organization and the highest-level representative body of the people. It has the power to draw up, adopt, and amend the constitution and to make and amend laws. It also has the responsibility to legislate and implement state plans and budgets. Through its constitution-making powers it defines its own role and the roles of the Vietnamese State President, the Vietnamese Government, the local people's councils and people's committees, the Supreme People's Court, and the Supreme People's Procuracy. The assembly can replace and remove government ministers, the chief justice of the Supreme People's Court, and the procurator general of the Supreme People's Procuracy. Finally, it has the de jure power to initiate or conclude wars and to assume other duties and powers it deems necessary.

In practice, like its counterparts in other communist states, the National Assembly has been characterized as a rubber stamp body of the Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV) or only being able to affect issues of low sensitivity to the regime. The CPV controls nomination and election processes at every level. The CPV has great influence over the executive and exercises control through the 150-member Central Committee, which elects the 15-member Politburo at national party congresses held every five years. All senior government positions are held by members of the party. ^[34] While vested with great lawmaking and oversight powers on paper, in practice the National Assembly does little more than ratify decisions already made by the CPV and its Politburo and only opposes the party on rare occasions, such as a rejection of a high speed rail between Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City in 2010. ^[35]

Judiciary

Main article: Judiciary of Vietnam

The Supreme People's Court building

The Supreme People's Court (SPC) is the highest court for appeal and review, and reports to the National Assembly, which controls the judiciary's budget and confirms the president's nominees to the SPC and SPP. Below the SPC are district and provincial people's courts, military tribunals, and administrative, economic and labor courts. The people's courts are the courts of first instance. The Ministry of Defence (MOD) has military tribunals, which have the same rules as civil courts. Military judges and assessors are selected by the MOD and the SPC, and the SPC has supervisory responsibility. ^[36]

Main office-holders

Office	Name	Party	Since
Head of the Steering Committee of the Central Judicial Reform	Nguyễn Xuân Phúc	Communist Party	2021
Chief Justice of the Supreme People's Court	Nguyễn Hòa Bình	Communist Party	8 April 2016
Director of the Supreme People's Prosecutor	Lê Minh Trí	Communist Party	8 April 2016

Local government

Main article: Provinces of Vietnam

The Ho Chi Minh City Hall as seen in 2023.

Provinces and municipalities are subdivided into towns, districts and villages. Provinces and municipalities are centrally controlled by the national government. Towns, districts and villages are locally accountable to some degree through elected people's councils. ^[36]

Notes

1. also informally referred to as the Vietnamese National Assembly or National Assembly of Vietnam (Vietnamese: Quốc hội Việt Nam(Standard Vietnamese IPA: [kwǒkhôˀjvîəˀtnāːm] ; Southern Vietnamese IPA: [wǒkhôˀjjîəˀtnāːm] ) or QHVN), or simply the National Assembly (Vietnamese: Quốc hội or QH)

References

1. London, Jonathan D. (2014). Politics in Contemporary Vietnam: Party, State, and Authority Relations. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 2-3, 11-12. ISBN   978-1137347527.
2. Croissant, Aurel (2023). Comparative Politics of Southeast Asia: An Introduction to Governments and Political Regimes. Springer. p. 392. ISBN   978-3031051166.
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5. Lucius, Casey (2009). Vietnam's Political Process: How education shapes political decision making. Routledge. p. 11. ISBN   978-0415498128.
6. "Vietnam's 2025 Constitutional Reform: Reconstructing Local Governments".
7. Brocheux 2007, p. 186.
8. Quinn-Judge 2002, p. 2.
9. Gillespie 2006, p. 90.
10. Quinn-Judge 2002, p. 256.
11. Gillespie 2006, p. 91.
12. Gillespie 2006, p. 92.
13. Gillespie 2006, pp. 91–92.
14. Morris, Stephen J. (1 May 2005). "The War We Could Have Won". The New York Times. Retrieved 11 December 2024.
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16. Steven Saxonberg (2013). Transitions and Non-Transitions from Communism: Regime Survival in China, Cuba, North Korea, and Vietnam. Cambridge University Press. p. 97. ISBN   9781139619981. This make Vietnam rather similar to Poland as a country that never succeeded in establishing totalitarian rule.
17. "Vietnam's ruling Communist Party re-elects chief Trong for rare third term". France 24. 31 January 2021.
18. "Who is To Lam, the ex-cop who wants to revamp Vietnam's success story?". www.bbc.com. 23 January 2026.
19. Van & Cooper 1983, p. 56.
20. Ashwill & Thai 2005, p. 47.
21. East & Thomas 2003, p. 574.
22. Rowley 2008, p. 187.
23. Abuza, Zachary (April 2002). "The Lessons of Le Kha Phieu: Changing Rules in Vietnamese politics". Contemporary Southeast Asia. 24 (1). ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute: 121–145. JSTOR   25798583.
24. Van & Cooper 1983, p. 69.
25. Hasan & Onyx 2008, p. 42.
26. Timberlake, Ian (21 May 2011). "One-party Vietnam votes in national election". AFP. Archived from the original on 25 May 2011. Retrieved 11 April 2012.
27. Ruwitch, John (4 June 2011). "Party wins big in Vietnam, but with a few twists". Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 11 April 2012.
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31. Yang, Lina (25 July 2011). "Truong Tan Sang elected Vietnamese state president". Xinhua News Agency . Retrieved 11 April 2011.
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33. Chính, Phạm Minh; Hoàng, Vương Quân (2009). Kinh tế Việt Nam: Thăng trầm và đột phá. NXB Chính trị Quốc gia.
34. "Vietnam: Country Profile". Freedom House . Archived from the original on 27 June 2022. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
35. Hoare, James E., ed. (2024). "The Socialist Republic of Vietnam". East and Southeast Asia 2024-2025 (56th ed.). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 324, 325, 332. ISBN   9781538185827.
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Bibliography

• Ashwill, Mark; Thai, Ngoc Diep (2005). Vietnam Today: A Guide to a Nation at a Crossroads. Intercultural Press. ISBN   9781931930093.
• Brocheux, Pierre (2007). Ho Chi Minh: a Biography. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   9780521850629.
• East, Roger; Thomas, Richard (2003). Profiles of People in Power: The World's Government Leaders . Routledge. ISBN   9781857431261.
• Porter, Gareth (1993). Vietnam: The Politics of Bureaucratic Socialism. Cornell University Press. ISBN   9780801421686.
• Gillespie, John Stanley (2006). Transplanting Commercial Law Reform: Developing a 'Rule of Law' in Vietnam. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN   9780754647041.
• Hasan, Samiul; Onyx, Jenny (2008). Comparative Third Sector Governance in Asia: Structure, Process, and Political Economy. Springer. ISBN   9780387755663.
• Napier, Nancy K.; Vuong, Quan Hoang (2013). What We See, Why We Worry, Why We Hope: Vietnam Going Forward. Boise State University CCI Press. ISBN   9780985530587.
• Quinn-Judge, Sophie (2002). Ho Chi Minh: The Missing Years, 1919–1941. University of California Press. ISBN   9780520235335.
• Rowley, Chris (2008). The Changing Face of Management in South East Asia. Taylor & Francis. ISBN   9780415405447.
• Van, Canh Nguyen; Cooper, Earle (1983). Vietnam under Communism, 1975–1982. Hoover Press. ISBN   9780817978518.

External links

• Active Citizens under Political Wraps: Experiences from Myanmar/Burma and Vietnam pub. by the Heinrich Böll chinhphu.vn Vietnam Government Foundation, Chiang Mai, Thailand, November 2006, p. 201.
• VUFO-NGO, Directory of Vietnam government ministry and agency websites

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain . Vietnam: A Country Study. Federal Research Division.