Judicial system
The court system in Oman is regulated by Royal Decree 90/99. There are three court levels in Oman, the Elementary Court is the lowest court, followed by the Court of Appeal, and then the Supreme Court as the highest court in the country.
In addition to this there is an Administrative Court that looks into cases made against the government.
Administrative divisions
Administratively, the populated regions are divided into 11 regions (Governorates), presided over by governors appointed by the Sultan and therefore represent the Government in administering the region and head the local Municipal Council which include the heads of regional administrative departments as well as elected members from the public. Each Governorate is sub-divided into townships (Wilayats) and each Wilayat is presided over by a Wali who reports to the Governor and their responsibilities include maintaining public order within the geographical boundaries of the wilaya, working to resolve tribal disputes and conflicts, organizing and supervising the electoral process for members of the Shura Council and municipal councils as well as chairing local and developmental committees in the wilaya. The Governors of Muscat, Dhofar and Musandam are an important government figures, holding cabinet rank, while other Governors operate under the guidance of the Ministry of Interior. [2]
The Shura Council
In November 1991, Sultan Qaboos replaced the 10-year-old State Consultative Council with the Consultative Assembly (Majlis al-Shura) to systematize and broaden public participation in government. The Assembly has 94 elected members and exercises some legislative powers. The Shura Council consists of elected members representing all the wilayas of the Sultanate. The members are determined so that each wilaya is represented by one member if its population does not exceed thirty thousand at the time of the opening of nominations, and by two members if the population exceeds this limit at the same time. [3]
The election of the Shura Council members is conducted through general, secret, and direct voting as specified by the election law. A higher committee, which is independent and impartial and chaired by one of the Deputy Chief Justices of the Supreme Court, oversees the elections and adjudicates electoral appeals.
The Consultative Assembly serves as a conduit of information between the people and the government ministries. It is empowered to review drafts of economic and social legislation prepared by service ministries, such as communications and housing, and provide recommendations. Service ministers also may be summoned before the Majlis to respond to representatives' questions. It has no authority in the areas of foreign affairs, defense and security.
The State Council (Majlis A’Dawla) was established after the issuance of the Royal Decree No. 86/97 on the establishment of Oman Council, which consists of the State Council (Majlis A’ Dawla )and A’Shura Council(Majlis A’Shura ) . It enjoys a legal personality and financial and administrative independence. It is composed of a number of members not exceeding the number of members of the Shura Council. The Members of the State Council are appointed by a royal decree. Amongst their responsibilities of the State Council are proposing draft laws, approval or amendment of the draft laws referred by A’Shura Council and submit them to His Majesty for promulgation. Review draft development plans and the Annual Budget of the State referred by A’Shura Council , make recommendations, and send them back to the Council of Ministers.
Political parties and elections
Oman does not allow political parties and only holds elections with expanding suffrage for the Shura Council and the local Municipal councils. The previously influential opposition movement, the Popular Front for the Liberation of Oman, is dormant today. The last elections were held on 2023.
International organization participation
Oman participates in ABEDA, AFESD, AL, AMF, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, NAM, OIC, OPCW, United Nations, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTrO.
Oman is a site of pre-historic human habitation, stretching back over 100,000 years. The region was impacted by powerful invaders, including other Arab tribes, Portugal and Britain. Oman, at its height, held holdings that ranged from the Persian Gulf all the way south to the island of Madagascar, some notable holdings include; the island of Zanzibar and the city of Gwadar.
Qaboos bin Said Al Said was Sultan of Oman from 23 July 1970 until his death in 2020. A fifteenth-generation descendant of the founder of the House of Al Said, he was the longest-serving leader in the Middle East and Arab world at the time of his death, having ruled for almost half a century.
The Council of State is the upper house of the Council of Oman. It has 83 members all of whom are appointed by the Sultan. The other house is the Consultative Assembly.
The Consultative Assembly is the lower house of the Council of Oman. It is the only legislative body in Oman of which all members are democratically elected. The other chamber of the parliament is the Council of State.
This page list topics related to Oman.
Sayyida Mazoon bint Ahmad bin Ali Al Mashani was a member of the Omani royal family. She was the second wife of Sultan Said bin Taimur and the mother of Sultan Qaboos bin Said.
The House of Al Bu Said, is the current ruling royal family of Oman, and former ruling house of the Omani Empire (1744–1856), Sultanate of Muscat and Oman (1856–1970) and the Sultanate of Zanzibar (1856–1964). It was founded by Ahmad bin Said Al Busaidi in 1744 and is currently headed by Haitham bin Tariq Al Said.
The Council of Oman is a bicameral parliament, made up of the members of the State Council and the Consultation Council, as stipulated in Article 58 of the Basic Law of the State. It is considered to be the main Parliament in Oman. It assists the government in drawing up the general policies of the state. The Council meets at the request of the sultan to study and discuss matters raised by him, taking all its decisions on the basis of a majority vote. The sultan addresses all the members of this council on an annual basis. There are 15 women members among the 169 members of the parliament.
The Foreign Ministry is the government body in the Sultanate of Oman responsible for organising and directing Oman's relations with other countries and with regional and international organisations.
The Ministry of Defence (MOD) is the governmental body in the Sultanate of Oman responsible for all matters relating to the defence of the state.
Haitham bin Tariq Al Said is Sultan and Prime Minister of Oman.
General elections for the Consultative Assembly were held in Oman on 25 October 2015.
General elections were held in Oman for the first time in 1991.
Sayyid Asa'ad bin Tariq Al Said is a member of the Omani royal family and the Deputy Prime Minister for Relations and International Cooperation Affairs.
Sayyid Tariq bin Taimur Al Said was a member of the Omani royal family and the first prime minister of the Cabinet of Oman. Tariq was the son of Sultan Taimur bin Feisal, brother of Sultan Said bin Taimur, uncle of Sultan Qaboos bin Said, and father of Sultan Haitham bin Tariq.
Sayyida Ahad bint Abdullah bin Hamad Al Busaidiyah is the wife of the Sultan of Oman, Haitham bin Tariq.
Sayyid Theyazin bin Haitham Al Said is the Crown Prince of Oman and the Minister of Culture, Sports and Youth.
The succession to the Omani throne constitutes those individuals eligible to succeed to the throne of the Sultanate of Oman.
Sayyid Shihab bin Tariq bin Taimur Al Said is a member of the Omani royal family and the Deputy Prime Minister for Defense Affairs.
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