In contrast to other autocracies in the Gulf region, Kuwaiti politics has historically been more liberal, as citizens have more substantial civic and political rights.[2] Kuwaitis vote in elections, criticize officials, and regularly organize protests.[2] Kuwaiti civil society criticizes the corruption and opulence of the royal government.[2] There is nominally elected parliament that frequently clashes with the royal government.[1][2] The parliament has frequently been dissolved by the royal government, most recently in 2024.[2][3]
Constitution
The Constitution of Kuwait was ratified in 1962 and has elements of a presidential and parliamentary system of government. The Emir is the head of state, whose powers are listed in the constitution.
The prime minister is appointed by the unelected head of state (Emir of Kuwait). The prime minister chooses the cabinet of ministers (government).
Emir
The Emir's powers are defined by the 1961 constitution. These powers include appointing the prime minister, who in turn chooses the cabinet (government). Upon the death of the Emir, the crown prince succeeds.
Power in Kuwait has traditionally been balanced between the Emir — particularly under Mubarak — and the merchant class. Mubarak effectively built the modern Kuwaiti state, establishing the tax system, trade levies, a customs administration, and the provision of social services.[1] Political institutions were built in Kuwait in large part due to exit vetoes exercised by merchants on Mubarak. The acquiescence of the merchants and the broader population to the rule of the Emir and the Sabah family was due to a division of monopoly rents: the Sabah family, through the state, to control the oil industry, and the merchants to dominate other industries.[1] The public at large was given social services from education to health care, funded by oil wealth. This arrangement has allowed the ruling family "to maintain power without making substantial political concessions."[1]
The judiciary in Kuwait is not independent of the government, the Emir appoints all the judges and many judges are foreign nationals from Egypt. In each administrative district of Kuwait, there is a Summary Court (also called Courts of First Instance which are composed of one or more divisions, like a Traffic Court or an Administrative Court); then there is Court of Appeals; Cassation Court, and lastly - a Constitutional Court which interprets the constitution and deals with disputes related to the constitutionality of laws. Kuwait has a civil law legal system.
Legislative branch
Legislative power is exercised by the Emir of Kuwait. It was formerly exercised by the National Assembly.[1][2]
Ministries
The Ministry of Interior is responsible for maintaining internal security, public safety, and law enforcement. This ministry oversees the police force, immigration, and citizenship services, and plays a significant role in managing issues related to national security. The ministry handles civil defense and emergency response services.[4]
The Ministry of Defense is responsible for the national defense and the armed forces of Kuwait. This ministry oversees military operations, strategic defense planning, and procurement of defense equipment. It ensures the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the state. The Ministry of Defense works with international allies and partners.[5]
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs manages Kuwait's international relations and diplomatic efforts, representing Kuwait in international organizations, negotiating treaties, and maintaining diplomatic missions. This ministry handles consular services for Kuwaiti citizens abroad and facilitates international cooperation.[6]
The Ministry of Finance is tasked with managing the state's finances, including budgeting, taxation, and fiscal policy. This ministry oversees the collection of revenues, management of public funds, and formulation of economic policies.[7]
The Ministry of Oil oversees the exploration, production, and export of oil and gas resources. It also works on diversifying the energy portfolio to include alternative sources.[8]
The Ministry of Health is responsible for providing healthcare services and ensuring public health in Kuwait. It manages hospitals, clinics, and public health campaigns. This ministry oversees medical research, health education, and the regulation of pharmaceuticals.[9]
The Ministry of Education oversees the education system in Kuwait, including primary, secondary, and higher education. It is responsible for curriculum development, teacher training, and the management of educational institutions. It coordinates with international educational organizations to enhance educational outcomes.[10]
The Ministry of Higher Education focuses on post-secondary education, including universities and vocational training institutions. It is responsible for accrediting higher education institutions, developing higher education policies, and supporting research and development. The ministry also provides scholarships and financial aid to students pursuing higher education abroad.[11]
The Ministry of Public Works is tasked with the development and maintenance of public infrastructure, including roads, bridges, and government buildings. This ministry oversees major construction projects, urban planning, and public utilities.[12]
The Ministry of Electricity and Water is responsible for the supply and management of electricity and water resources in Kuwait. It oversees the generation, distribution, and conservation of energy and water.[13]
The Ministry of Commerce and Industry manages the commercial and industrial sectors of the economy. It regulates trade practices, supports industrial development, and promotes investment opportunities. This ministry also oversees consumer protection, intellectual property rights, and the facilitation of business operations.[14]
The Ministry of Social Affairs and Labor is responsible for social welfare programs and labor market regulations. It manages social services, including support for vulnerable populations, and oversees labor laws and workers' rights. This ministry works on policies to enhance social protection and promote fair labor practices.[15]
The Ministry of Information oversees the media and communication sectors in Kuwait. It manages state-run media outlets, regulates broadcasting services, and ensures the dissemination of information to the public.[16]
The Ministry of Awqaf and Islamic Affairs manages religious affairs and endowments in Kuwait. It oversees the administration of mosques, religious education, and charitable activities. This ministry also works on promoting Islamic culture and values within the community.[17][18]
Foreign relations
Kuwait's foreign relations are characterized by a strategic balance of regional alliances and global partnerships. As a founding member of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), Kuwait collaborates closely with its Gulf neighbors, notably Saudi Arabia, to promote regional stability and economic integration. Relations with Iraq have been complex due to historical conflicts, but recent efforts have focused on reconciliation and cooperation. Kuwait maintains a cautious yet pragmatic relationship with Iran and often acts as a mediator in regional disputes. The country also enjoys a robust strategic partnership with the United States, underscored by defense cooperation and extensive economic ties. Additionally, Kuwait has developed strong relations with European countries, focusing on trade, investment, and cultural exchanges.[19][20][21][22][23]
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