Education in Vietnam

Last updated

Education in Vietnam
Ministry of Education and Training
Minister Nguyễn Kim Sơn
National education budget (2020)
BudgetEst. 4.1% of GDP [1]
General details
Primary languages Vietnamese
System typePublic, private
Literacy (2019)
Total95.8% [1]
Male97% [1]
Female94.6% [1]
Primary8.5 million [2]
Secondary5.45 million [2]
Post secondary2,563,431 [2]
Attainment (2014)
Secondary diploma 94% [3]
Post-secondary diploma 441,800 [4]

Education in Vietnam is a state-run system of public and private education run by the Ministry of Education and Training. It is divided into five levels: preschool, primary school, secondary school, high school, and higher education. Formal education consists of twelve years of basic education. Basic education consists of five years of primary education, four years of secondary education, and three years of high school education. The majority of basic education students are enrolled on a daily basis. The main goals are general knowledge improvement, human resources training and talent development. [5]

Contents

Vietnam has undergone major political upheaval and social inequality throughout its recent history and is attempting to modernise. Historically, education in Vietnam followed the Chinese Confucian model, using Chữ Hán (for the Vietnamese language and for Chinese) as the main mode of literature and governance. This system promoted those who were talented enough to be mandarins or royal courtiers in Vietnam and China. This system was then completely overhauled and replaced by a French model system during French colonial times, [6] which has since been replaced and overhauled again during the formation of independent Vietnam and the creation of Chữ Quốc Ngữ alphabet in the 1920s. [6]

Vietnam is known for its curriculum that is deemed highly competitive. High school education is one of the most significant social issues in the country: designated schools known as "High Schools for the Gifted" (Trường Trung học phổ thông chuyên) offer additional extensive courses, are generally regarded as prestigious, and demand high entrance examination test scores. Higher education is seen as fundamental in Vietnam. Entrance to university is determined through the National High School Examination (THPTQG) test. The higher the entrance test score, the more highly regarded the institution will be.

Currently experiencing a high GDP growth rate, Vietnam is attempting to expand its education system. In 2012, estimated national budget for education was 6.3%. [1] In the last decade, Vietnamese public reception of the country's education system has been mixed due to its inflexible nature and its tests. Citizens have been critical of the curriculum, which has led to social issues including depression, anxiety, and increasing suicide rates. [7] There have been comments from the public that schools should opt for a more flexible studying program, with less emphasis on tests and more focus on developing life skills. [8] In response to public opinion, the Ministry of Education and Training has implemented a number of education reforms. [9] [10] [11] Tertiary enrollment rates were only 3% in 1995 but increased to around 30% by 2019. [12] Regardless, more work is needed to be done to improve education at all levels, from pre-primary, to primary, to secondary, to post-secondary. [13] [14] [15] [16]

Establishments

Regarding ownership, as prescribed in Article 44 of Vietnam's Education Law, there are four types of educational establishments:

The semi-public, people-founded and private educational establishments are referred collectively to as non-public educational establishments. [17]

School grades

In Vietnam, a school year is divided into two semesters: the first begins in mid or late in August (although the admission day or opening ceremony is 5 September) and lasts until the end of December, while the second begins right after the first, which is about mid-January and ends in May.

Level/GradeTypical age
Preschool
Pre-school playgroup 3-4
Kindergarten 4-5
Primary school
First grade 6-7
Second grade 7-8
Third grade 8-9
Fourth grade 9-10
Fifth grade 10-11
Middle school (Junior high school)
Sixth grade 11-12
Seventh grade 12-13
Eighth grade 13-14
Ninth grade 14-15
High school
Tenth grade 15-16
Eleventh grade 16-17
Twelfth grade 17-18
Post-secondary education (Higher education)
Junior college [upper-alpha 1] Ages vary (2–3 years)
University [upper-alpha 1] Ages vary (usually 4 years)
Postgraduate education
MasterAges vary (usually 2 years)
Ph.D Ages vary (usually 4 years)

Academic grading

Preschool

Public kindergartens usually admit children ranging from 18 months to 5 years of age. Sometimes, four- or five-year-old children are taught the alphabet and basic arithmetic. This level of education is not compulsory but tends to be popular in cities such as Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Da Nang, Hai Phong, Can Tho and Vung Tau.

Primary

Primary students in Da Nang, Vietnam. Da Nang Girl's Smile.jpg
Primary students in Da Nang, Vietnam.

Children normally start primary education (tiểu học) at the age of six. Education at this level lasts for 5 years and is compulsory for all children. The country's literacy rate is over 90%. [18]

According to the Multiple Indicators Cluster Survey 2006 of Vietnam's General Statistics Office, 96% of six to 11-year-old children enrolled in primary school. There was still a disparity in the primary education completion rate among different ethnicity groups. While primary completion rate for Kinh students was 86%, the rate for ethnic minority children was only 61%. [19]

In the school year 2009–2010, Vietnam had 15,172 primary schools and 611 combined primary and lower secondary schools. The total enrollment was 7.02 million pupils, of whom 46% were girls. [20]

The renovated primary education curriculum in Vietnam is divided into two phases as follows:

Secondary

Secondary education (Vietnamese : trung học) consists of lower secondary education or junior high school (Vietnamese : trung học cơ sở) followed by high school or upper secondary high school (Vietnamese : trung học phổ thông).

Lower

Trung Vuong Lower Secondary School Trung Vuong Secondary School - 1.jpg
Trưng Vương Lower Secondary School

Lower secondary school (Vietnamese : trung học cơ sở) or Junior high school includes sixth, seventh, eighth and ninth grade. Until its abolition in 2006, students had to pass the Intermediate Graduation Examination (IGE) presented by the local Department of Education and Training to graduate. The IGE comprises Math, Literature, and Foreign Language tests. This educational level is homogeneous throughout most of the country, except in very remote provinces, which expect to popularize and standardize middle education within the next few years. Intermediate education is not compulsory in Vietnam.

The Lower Secondary Education's weekly schedule includes the following subjects and activities: Vietnamese Language (Literature), Mathematics, Natural Science (Biology, Physics, Chemistry), History and Geography, Civics, Foreign Language, Physical Education, Technology, Art, Music, Optional Subjects, Class Activities and School Activities, Vocational-oriented activities (3 periods per month in Grade 8 or in some cases, the summer between 7th and 8th Grade) and Extra-curricular activities (4 periods per month in all grades). Ιn the end of year 8, student will participate in secondary vocational exam to earn extra-mark for the 10th grade examination.

The Technology subject aims to show the link between theory and practice. It includes four parts: home economics (in Grade 6), agriculture-forestry and aquaculture (in Grade 7), Industry (in Grade 8) and optional modules (in Grade 9). [20]

Middle school

All subjects are compulsory for students.

  • Literature: mostly Vietnamese literature, occasionally combined with foreign literature including Chinese, French, American and Russian
  • Mathematics
    • Years 6: two separate subjects – Arithmetic and Geometry
    • Years 7–10: two separate subjects – Algebra and Geometry
    • Year 11: three separate subjects – Algebra, Calculus and Geometry
    • Year 12: two separate subjects – Calculus, and Geometry
  • Natural Science (Year 6–9, from 2021)
    • Physics (from year 10 onward since 2024)
    • Chemistry (from year 8 onward until 2023; year 10 onward starting 2024)
    • Biology (from year 10 onward since 2024)
  • History and Geography (Year 6–9, from 2021)
    • History (from year 10 onward starting 2024)
    • Geography (from year 10 onward starting 2024)
  • Civics: generally consists of economics, philosophy (Marxism-Leninism), politics, jurisprudence and ethics
  • Foreign language: English is the predominant foreign language with the option to add a second foreign language (usually French); Mandarin, Russian, Japanese, German and Korean are taught at some specialized schools
  • Technology (Vocational Training): consists of Agriculture/Horticulture, Mechanics, Electronics, Design, etc.
  • Informatics: recently introduced, yet to be implemented in poorer regions. Students study basic programming in languages such as Pascal, C/C++ and Python (from 2020)
  • Physical Education (P.E)
  • National Defense and Security Training (since year 10)
  • Music and Arts (until the first half of year 9 until 2022, after which Music and Arts has been introduced from year 10 onward since)

Advanced classes consists of either:

  • Natural sciences: Students follow an advanced curriculum (and different textbooks) in mathematics, physics, chemistry and biology
  • Social sciences: Students follow an advanced curriculum (and different textbooks) in literature, history, geography and foreign language

At the start of secondary school, students can enroll in Specialist Classes if they pass the class entrance exam, which usually consists of a Mathematics exam, a Literature exam, a Foreign Language exam and an exam of the subject that the student wants to specialize in. The specialised subject can be any of the subjects listed above, except Technology, Physical Education, Civics and Music/Arts. If the specialised subjects Students enrolled in these programs have a heavier workload than regular secondary school students. The workload varies from school to school, but grade 11 students are generally expected to study grade 12 courses concurrently. Other courses include university-level courses. Some schools go as far as requiring their students to finish secondary school by the end of grade 10.

Only prestigious schools offer these unstandardized classes.

High school

Hanoi-Amsterdam High School for the Gifted Hanoi - Amsterdam High School 01.JPG
Hanoi-Amsterdam High School for the Gifted
Ho Chi Minh City schoolgirls in ao dai uniform. AodaiVN SGU.JPG
Ho Chi Minh City schoolgirls in ao dai uniform.

High school or upper secondary school education (Vietnamese : trung học phổ thông) consists of grades ten to twelve. There is often an entrance examination for high schooling. The score determines the schools at which students are able to enroll. The higher the score, the more prestigious the school. [21]

Graduation exam

All high school students in Vietnam are required to take a high school graduation exam (Kỳ thi Tốt nghiệp Trung học phổ thông), which is administered by the Ministry of Education and Training, at the end of grade 12 to get a diploma called the Graduation Diploma of General Upper Secondary Education (Bằng tốt nghiệp Trung học phổ thông). They still have to take the regular end-of-term examinations before taking the National High School Exam.

The Ministry of Education and Training announced that for the graduation examination of 2017, five papers would be included: Mathematics, Literature, Foreign language, Natural Sciences, and Social Sciences. Three papers are mandatory for all students: Mathematics, Literature (the only remaining essay-based exam paper which is the spiritual successor of 1075-1919 exams), and Foreign language. Foreign language exam can be one of the following: English, French, German, Chinese, Japanese, Russian or Korean (since 2021). Apart from three mandatory papers, student must complete a fourth paper by choosing either natural sciences (a combination of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology) or Social Sciences (a combination of History, Geography, and Civic Education). In some cases, before 2020, students can take both the Natural Sciences and Social Sciences and will choose the paper with the higher result to be evaluated. [22]

University

Vietnam National University, Hanoi Nha dieu hanh 144 Xuan Thuy 26Jan2005-01s.jpg
Vietnam National University, Hanoi

From 2002 to 2014, university entrance is based on the scores achieved in the Universities and Colleges Selection Examination (TSĐHCĐ). Since 2015, the Universities and Colleges Selection Examination have been abolished (along with the High School Graduation Examination), to be replaced by a unified test, which is the National High School Examination (THPTQG). The THPTQG was stopped after 2019, then High School Graduation Examination (TNTHPT) was held again, with the results able to be used by universities for admission or consider admission based on the results of new self-organized admission tests, such as Aptitude Test (VNU, VNU-HCM, HNUE, HCMUE, and Vietnamese police academies), or Thinking Skills Assessment (HUST).

High school graduates need high scores to be admitted to universities. Securing a place in a public university is considered a major step in a successful career, especially for rural or otherwise disadvantaged people. The pressure on the candidates therefore remains very high, despite the measures taken to reduce the importance of these exams. The demand for student placements into universities outweighed the supply, where around 1.3 million students would choose to enroll into universities, but only 600,000 could be supplied due to lack of teaching staff at the tertiary level or post-secondary level. This prompted major calls for the government to help expand the tertiary sector, especially with increasing trend of enrolments into university from 1990 to 2019. [12] [23] Additionally, university admissions is highly competitive. [24] [25]

Normally, candidates take three exams for the fixed group of subjects they choose. There are many fixed groups of subjects, the main ones being:

Group D consists of six subgroups based on the languages they provide in universities:

Besides these, there are groups for artistic and cultural education:

In 2007, Vietnam's Ministry of Education and Training started to use multiple choice exam format for several subjects during the university entrance examination. These subjects include Physics, Chemistry, Biology and Foreign Language. Each multiple choice exam lasts 90 minutes. The foreign language exam consists of 80 multiple choice questions; meanwhile, the Physics, Chemistry, Biology exam has 50 questions. Math, Literature, History and Geography exams use composition format.

Starting from the entrance exam of 2013, 10 artistic and cultural universities will remove Literature from the exam of the group H, N and S. Instead, the results of three years in high school and the scores of the HGE will be used to evaluate the candidates. [26]

Starting from 2015, high school graduation and university entrance merged to one exam. Each student will take at least four subjects for the exam including three compulsory — mathematics, literature and foreign language (mostly English) — and one sub-subject such as physics, chemistry, geography, biology, history. After the result has been given, the student can use their score to pass the high school graduation exam and to go to their desired college with three chosen points from the four given.

Types

Vietnamese Government decree (decree 43/2000/ND-CP, dated August 30, 2000) identified three types of higher education institutions:

The current Vietnamese government also maintains a national key university policy. This is a list of universities with high achievements and training quality, classified according to the scientific fields that the university offers. These universities will receive more benefits in operation and management, for example: priority to receive support packages to build training programs and facilities, approve projects to open new majors and education programs, being able to educate and self-award a doctoral degree without first approval from the Ministry of Education and Training.

Other post-secondary forms of education also include junior college or community colleges, professional secondary schools, and vocational schools which offer degrees or certificates. Several universities offer college vocational degrees as well as shorter general and specific industry-tailored training courses.

In the school year 2010–2011, Vietnam had 163 universities (including senior colleges and institutes) and 223 junior colleges, in which 50 senior colleges and 30 junior colleges are non-public. [28]

The presence of international universities are increasing. Universities such as PSB International College, RMIT, Eastern International University and University of Hawaii offer degrees in fields such as business, English as a Second Language and Information Technology. Running an international education system in Vietnam is challenging. Quality control and affordability are key issues, as well as red tape. Additionally, in the past, Viet Nam had followed a Soviet Union model where research and teaching institutes were separated instead of being together.

Qualifications

Most of Vietnam's universities also offer master's (two years) and Doctor of Philosophy (four years) degrees.

Teaching quality issues

The higher education system has been criticised by Vietnam's diaspora, such as outdated curricula, a lecturer-centered method of teaching and learning, a lack of linkage between teaching and research activities, and a large discord between theory and practical training that leads to a large number of graduates being unable to find a job, while skills shortages drive inflation to double-digit levels. Vietnamese students perceive themselves to have a lack of knowledge despite being taught a lot due to the fact that the main purpose of studying was to pass exams or to achieve high test scores without real-life implementation. According to the survey on graduate employment in 2009-2010 conducted by Center for Policy Studies and Analysis- University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, among 3000 respondents, 26.2% were unemployed. Among those employed, 61% lacked sufficient working skill, 43% lacked experience, and 32% felt insecure in providing professional expertise. [30]

Teaching methods delivered in the public system are mainly teacher-oriented. Class discussions are uncommon as students are expected to be studious and passively attentive in the classroom. This method may be a manifestation of Confucian culture and is in contrast to British and American pedagogy, where interaction and debate is prominent. [31]

Advanced and specialized high school students are generally expected to study additional courses, which can amount to a total of nine periods a day. Parents also enroll their children into extensive tutoring sessions, which is not to be confused with cram schools, because the tutoring sessions are taken regardless of any upcoming tests or exams. The average monthly salary of local Vietnamese public teachers is between US$60 and US$100, so many supplement their income by moonlighting, working in the private sector or tutoring. Students who do not attend these sessions are always at a disadvantage, as materials appearing on tests and exams are often covered only in tutoring sessions.

Public schools are underfunded. Only primary schools are subsidized by the government, to 50% of the total tuition cost. Enrollment rates are high and primary education quality, particularly in poor areas, is below the required standard. [32] Moreover, the drop-out rate after fifth grade is also high for those in rural and mountainous area since most students cannot afford to attend secondary school or university due to poverty. Participatory Poverty Assessments (PPAs) found that for many poor households, child labor is considered more valuable than school attendance in short-term economics. Regular school absenteeism also leads to poor academic performance. For poor families, the opportunity cost of sending their children to school is perceived to be high and the long-term benefit of education cannot outweigh the short-term economic losses. [32] In response to these challenges, the Ministry of Education and Training has implemented a number of educational reforms from 2015 onward. [9] [10] [11]

English as a second language

Private language centers offering English as a second language are in high demand in the larger cities of Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City. Examinations such as IELTS (International English Language Testing System) or TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language), but especially IELTS, have become more popular means of verified International English examinations for universities and other ventures in Viet Nam. [33]

Stringent immigration/visa system is now being more strictly enforced (where previously the regulations were only enforced if visiting teachers fell foul of the criminal legal system). Now schools are routinely inspected for foreign teachers (ostensibly to ensure the tax codes are applied) and, as part of this process, degrees and teaching qualifications must be verified by the holder's embassy or relevant authority. Copies must be filed with immigration authorities. Similar regulations for opening bank accounts and registration of residences of foreigners mean unqualified teachers remain but are often consigned to the "back-street" schools or may be susceptible to disreputable school owners and landlords. The penalties for abuse of these regulations are substantial with respect to rents or incomes of schools.

The country has implemented OECD guidelines to the education sector with respect to English language skills of high school and university graduates. This means that for high school graduates to apply for university entry, overseas study (high school or university), or graduate from an undergraduate university course, individuals must achieve an internationally recognised and standardised test of English (IELTS, TOEIC, TOEFL, etc., or sometimes worryingly "an equivalent, designed, created and marked by local instructors, with scores/levels varying from course/degree/university/institution). This recent development has caused further changes in this sector, attracting further experienced IELTS trainers, retaining existing trainers and creating demands for teacher training from such agencies as British Council and IDP."

National Foreign Languages 2020 Project

In 2008, the Vietnamese government officially approved the Foreign Language Teaching and Learning in the National Education System in the 2008-2020 Period plan through Decision No. 1400/QD-TTg. Among other things, it set the ambitious goal of seeing 100 percent of students enrolled in a 10-year foreign language education program by 2020. By 2017, however, the goal was well out of reach so the program was extended to 2025 through Decision 2080/QD-TTg. [34]

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 In Vietnam, tertiary education is divided into two types: university education (giáo dục đại học)–which offers research-orientated programs and lasts for four years, and college education (giáo dục cao đẳng)–which offers vocational programs and lasts for two or three years.

Related Research Articles

<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Matura</i></span> Name of final exam of high school in many countries

Matura or its translated terms is a Latin name for the secondary school exit exam or "maturity diploma" in various European countries, including Albania, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Italy, Kosovo, Liechtenstein, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Poland, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland and Ukraine.

University admission or college admission is the process through which students enter tertiary education at universities and colleges. Systems vary widely from country to country, and sometimes from institution to institution.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hanoi – Amsterdam High School</span> Public school in Hanoi, Vietnam

Hanoi-Amsterdam High School is one of the four regional magnet schools in Hanoi, Vietnam. It is regarded as one of the most prestigious and highly ranked academically selective high schools in Vietnam, from Hanoi.

The HNUE High School for Gifted Students, commonly known as HNUE High School, is a public magnet school in Hanoi, Vietnam. The school was founded in 1966 as a national educational institution to nurture Vietnamese students who excelled at mathematics. HNUE High School is the second oldest magnet high school in Vietnam and one of the seven national-level high schools for the gifted.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Foreign Language Specialized School</span> Public magnet high school in Hanoi, Vietnam

Foreign Language Specialized School, commonly known as FLSS or CNN, is a national public magnet high school/university-preparatory school in Hanoi, Vietnam. A part of VNU University of Languages and International Studies, the school is one of the four national gifted high schools in Hanoi, along with the HNUE Gifted High School, the VNU-HUS High School for Gifted Students, and the Social Science and Humanities Gifted High School. Currently, FLSS is Vietnam's only high school specialized in teaching foreign languages. Students can also choose to study Italian and Spanish as a second language. Similar to other national magnet high schools, FLSS is recognized for its strong academic programs and its vast majority (98-100%) of graduates attending the most prestigious universities in Vietnam and abroad.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nguyễn Thị Minh Khai High School</span>

Nguyễn Thị Minh Khai High school is a public high school in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. The school was established in 1913 and is one of the best known high schools in Vietnamese education. It is named after Nguyễn Thị Minh Khai. The present Principal is Ms Nguyễn Thị Hồng Chương.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chu Văn An High School, Hanoi</span> Public school in Hanoi, Vietnam

Chu Van An High School, also known as Chu Van An National School or Pomelo School one of the three national high schools for the gifted in Vietnam along with Quoc Hoc High School in Huế and Le Hong Phong High School in Ho Chi Minh City. It is also one of the four magnet high schools in Hanoi, Vietnam, along with Hanoi-Amsterdam High School, Son Tay High School and Nguyen Hue High School. Established by the French authorities in 1908 as College of the Protectorate, Chu Van An is one of the oldest institutions for secondary education in Southeast Asia. Despite initially intending to train native civil servants to serve the French colonial establishments, Vietnamese students at Bưởi school often struggled against colonial doctrine. A lot of Bưởi alumni became renowned political leaders and cultural figures in many areas of Vietnamese society such as Nguyễn Văn Cừ – the fourth general secretary of Communist Party of Vietnam, Phạm Văn Đồng – the first prime minister of North Vietnam and united Vietnam, Nguyễn Cao Kỳ- former vice president and prime minister of South Vietnam, Kaysone Phomvihane- former leader of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party, Prince Souphanouvong- the first president of Laos.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Universities and Colleges Selection Examination</span> Vietnamese former standardized test

Universities and Colleges Selection Examination was a type of standardized test that is no longer used by public and some private universities and junior college in Vietnam. Established in 2002, it was known roughly as the exam of 3 chung. The test by the Ministry of Education and Training held annually, one year later than Vietnamese High School Graduation Examination. In the years of being organized, it was held in the first and middle of July according to the following schedule:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ngo Quyen High School</span> Public school in Đồng Nai, Vietnam

Ngô Quyền High School was one of the first schools in Đồng Nai Province. It was founded in 1956.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">VNU-HCM High School for the Gifted</span> Public, university-affiliated, co-ed school in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

VNU-HCM High School for the Gifted, commonly known by its abbreviations HSG in English and PTNK in Vietnamese, is a highly selective high school located in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. It is classified as a specialized public high school.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lê Quý Đôn High School for the Gifted, Da Nang</span> Public, gifted, advanced curriculum school in Da Nang, Vietnam, Vietnam

Lê Quý Đôn High Schoolfor the Gifted, Da Nang is a highly selective high school in Da Nang city, Vietnam. It was established in 1986 as Quang Nam - Da Nang Gifted School. Like other specialized schools nationwide in Vietnam, the school offers advanced and specialized curriculum for gifted students who show their exceptional talents in the Natural Sciences, Social Sciences, and Humanities.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lê Quý Đôn High School for the Gifted, Vũng Tàu</span> Public school in Vung Tau, Ba Ria-Vung Tau, Vietnam

Le Quy Don High School for the Gifted is a designated high school for the gifted in Vung Tau, Vietnam. Established on 19 August 1991, the school is specialized for gifted students who possess interest and talent in the Natural Sciences, Social Sciences, or Foreign Language.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vinh Thanh High School</span> Public school in Vietnam

Vinh Thanh High School, one of the three public high schools in Vinh Thanh, was founded in 2010 from Thanh An High School. It is located in Vinh Thanh district, Can Tho City, Vietnam.

Phan Van Tri High School is a public high school in Phong Dien district, Can Tho, Vietnam.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ministry of Education (Nguyễn dynasty)</span> Vietnamese government ministry (1907–1945)

During the Nguyễn dynasty period (1802–1945) of Vietnamese history its Ministry of Education was reformed a number of times, in its first iteration it was called the Học Bộ, which was established during the reign of the Duy Tân Emperor (1907–1916) and took over a number of functions of the Lễ Bộ, one of the Lục Bộ. The Governor-General of French Indochina wished to introduce more education reforms, the Nguyễn court in Huế sent Cao Xuân Dục and Huỳnh Côn, the Thượng thư of the Hộ Bộ, to French Cochinchina to discuss these reforms with the French authorities. After their return the Học Bộ was established in the year Duy Tân 1 (1907) with Cao Xuân Dục being appointed to be its first Thượng thư (minister). Despite nominally being a Nguyễn dynasty institution, actual control over the ministry fell in the hands of the French Council for the Improvement of Indigenous Education in Annam.

The High School Graduation Examination is a standardized test in the Vietnamese education system, held from 2001 to 2014 and again since 2020.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 "The World Factbook: Vietnam". Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 6 November 2016.
  2. 1 2 3 "Số liệu thống kê giáo dục Việt Nam 2019" [Education statistics in Vietnam 2019] (in Vietnamese). General Statistics Office of Vietnam. Retrieved 5 June 2021.
  3. "Số liệu thống kê tốt nghiệp THPT theo địa phương" [Secondary graduation statistics by provinces] (in Vietnamese). General Statistics Office of Vietnam. Retrieved 6 November 2016.
  4. "Số liệu thống kê giáo dục đại học, cao đẳng" [Education statistics for higher education (university, college) in Vietnam] (in Vietnamese). General Statistics Office of Vietnam. Retrieved 6 November 2016.
  5. "World Data on Education. 7th Ed" (PDF). UNESCO. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 September 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2013.
  6. 1 2 Nguyen, Van Hien; Nguyen, Vu Bich Hien; Vu, Thi Mai Huong; Hoang, Thi Kim Hue; Nguyen, Thi Minh Nguyet (2 July 2020). "Vietnamese Education System and Teacher Training: Focusing on Science Education". Asia-Pacific Science Education. 6 (1): 179–206. doi: 10.1163/23641177-BJA10001 .
  7. Hoang, Lien (1 November 2013). "Ending Vietnam's 'Suicide Season'". The New York Times . Retrieved 8 November 2016.
  8. "Suicide cases show Vietnamese students lack life skills". Lao Động (via Vietnamnet). 27 March 2012. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
  9. 1 2 Linh, Thuy (11 November 2015). "Vietnam's ambitious education reform plans come in for praise". Thanh Niên . Archived from the original on 12 November 2015. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
  10. 1 2 Tran, Van Hoa (21 April 2016). "Grading Vietnam's higher education reforms". East Asia Forum . Retrieved 8 November 2016.
  11. 1 2 Vinh Quoc, Le (10 September 2015). "Rối bời đổi mới giáo dục" [Education reform in limbo]. Người lao động (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 8 November 2016.
  12. 1 2 "School enrollment, tertiary (% gross) - Vietnam | Data". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  13. "Tertiary Education". World Bank. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
  14. "Home". www.oecd-ilibrary.org. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
  15. "Transforming higher education in Vietnam". University World News. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
  16. Parajuli, Dilip; Vo, Dung. "Improving The Performance Of Higher Education In Vietnam" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 October 2021.
  17. "Decrees - Institute for Research on Educational Development". Archived from the original on 2 August 2012. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
  18. 1 2 "Vietnam's Ministry of Education and Training (2006). 'Vietnam Primary Education'. Retrieved on 2012-03-03". Archived from the original on 26 March 2012. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
  19. "Retrieved on 2012-03-04". Archived from the original on 4 July 2017. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
  20. 1 2 UNESCO (2011) "World Data on Education. 7th Ed." Archived 2022-09-01 at the Wayback Machine . UNESCO. Retrieved 11 March 2013.
  21. "Welcome to World Bank Intranet". message.worldbank.org. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
  22. "Thi đại học và thi tốt nghiệp THPT quốc gia 2017 như thế nào?" (in Vietnamese). Ministry of Education and Training Vietnam, via Luyện thi THPT quốc gia. 13 October 2016. Retrieved 26 October 2016.
  23. "Home". www.oecd-ilibrary.org. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  24. "Students focus on IELTS, neglect science subjects". VietNamNet. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  25. "Universities told to change enrollment methods". VietNamNet. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  26. "Khối H, N, S được miễn thi môn Ngữ văn" (in Vietnamese). Dantri.com. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  27. Sheridan, G. (2010), 'Vietnam higher education sector analysis.', ADB Technical Assistance Consultants’ Report. Retrieved on 2012-02-20.
  28. "Cổng thông tin điện tử Bộ Giáo dục và Đào tạo". moet.gov.vn. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
  29. "Sheridan, G. (2010),'Vietnam higher education sector analysis.' ADB Technical Assistance Consultants' Report. Retrieved on 2012-02-20" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 April 2012. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
  30. "CEPSTA » Cepsta on newspaper »Approximately 60% graduated students don't find a job, Cepsta on newspaper »Approximately 60% graduated students don't find a job". cepsta.net:80. Archived from the original on 20 August 2012. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
  31. Napier, Nancy K.; Hoang, Vuong Quan (3 October 2013). What We See, Why We Worry, Why We Hope: Vietnam Going Forward. Boise State University CCI Press. ISBN   978-0-9855305-8-7.
  32. 1 2 "'Education for All in Vietnam: high enrollment, but problems of quality remain.' (2010). Retrieved on 2012-03-04". Archived from the original on 5 July 2012. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
  33. VnExpress. "Vietnam's IELTS fever explained - VnExpress International". VnExpress International – Latest news, business, travel and analysis from Vietnam. Retrieved 6 June 2023.
  34. the-shiv (12 August 2024). "How to Start an English Centre in Vietnam in 2024". the-shiv. Retrieved 28 August 2024.
Bibliography