Education in the Dominican Republic

Last updated

Education in Dominican Republic
General details
Primary languagesSpanish
Literacy
Total91.8%
Male91.2%
Female92.3%
Dominican Republic students with flag in Santiago de los Caballeros. FDBteatro.jpg
Dominican Republic students with flag in Santiago de los Caballeros.

In the Dominican Republic, education is free and compulsory at the elementary level, and free but non-mandatory at the secondary level. It is divided into four stages:

Contents

Literacy rates and school participation in the Dominican Republic has risen over the past years. Through these efforts, women have reported fast upward movement in social class partially due to increased education. [1] There have been numerous efforts to evaluate teachers, students, and facilities through examinations. Teachers in the Dominican Republic rate higher in multiple aspects than other countries in Latin America, however, still rank below many other countries. [2]

Dominican Republic students Dominican Republic students.jpg
Dominican Republic students

The school conditions vary based on whether the school is private, polytechnic, or public non-polytechnic, with decreasing quality facilities respectively. A very similar trend has been found in student performance. [3] Despite advances in the education system, there are still issues in regards to gender inequality, participation in the education system, and involvement of outside organizations.

The Human Rights Measurement Initiative (HRMI) [4] finds that the Dominican Republic is fulfilling only 75.5% of what it should be fulfilling for the right to education based on the country's level of income. [5] HRMI breaks down the right to education by looking at the rights to both primary education and secondary education. While taking into consideration the Dominican Republic's income level, the nation is achieving 79.8% of what should be possible based on its resources (income) for primary education but only 71.3% for secondary education. [5]

Statistics

Literacy is defined by The as having the ability to use printed and written information to function in society, to achieve one's goals, and to develop one's knowledge and potential. [6] According to the CIA World Factbook, 91.8% of the population over the age of 15 is considered literate. Literacy for females is listed at 92.3% while literacy for males is listed at 91.2%. Compared to the world, these numbers are higher than the average. Worldwide literacy is at 86.1%. For males, worldwide literacy is at 60.9% and for females world literacy is at 82.2%. The CIA world factbook also shows data on the school life expectancy of students in the Dominican Republic. For males, this life expectancy is at 13 years old which is slightly lower than the female school life expectancy of 14 years old. [7] The Dominican Republic National Education Profile reflects this showing higher levels of completion for both primary as well as secondary schools. [8]

Santo Domingo, San Juan Bautista de la Salle school. Instituto San Juan Bautista de la Salle, Panoramica.jpg
Santo Domingo, San Juan Bautista de la Salle school.

[9] In 1980, the percent of the Dominican Republic's GDP that went towards education was 2%. This value dropped to 0.88% in 1990. [10] The education spending has since gone back up to around 4% of the GDP. [11]

There were 373,000 university students in 2013. [12] And a goal to increase this to 660,000 students by 2018.

Educational system

The Dominican Republic Education System is governed by four government organizations: the State Secretariat for Education (part of the executive branch of the government), in charge of the management and orientation of the education system; the Ministry of Education; the Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Technology; and the National Institute of Professional and Technical Training. [3]

The school year in Dominican Republic begins in mid-August and classes are held from Monday to Friday. The school year consists of two terms, which are separated by Christmas holidays in winter season, and an eight-week-long summer break. The year structure is summarized in the table below.

AgeGradeEducational establishments
3-4Maternal Preschool Education
(Nivel Inicial)
Special School
(Educación Especial)
4-5Kinder
5-6Pre-primario
6-71 Elementary school
(Nivel Básico)
Mandatory Education
7-82
8-93
9-104
10-115
11-126
12-137
13-148
14-151 High school / Secondary school
(Nivel Medio, known popularly as Bachillerato)
Institute of Technology
(Politécnico)
15-162
16-173
17-184

Pre-primary school

The pre-primary stage of education in the Dominican Republic includes children under 6 years of age. There are three cycles of the pre-primary stage. The first cycle is for children ages 0–2 years old, the second cycle is for children 2–4 years old, and the third cycle is for children 4–6 years old. The Dominican Republic provides the last year of pre-primary education for families and this year is considered mandatory. The earlier years are not paid for by the Dominican Republic and are thus not required. [3]

Primary school

Dominican Republic school children in uniform. 6 Actualidad 10 4-okp01.jpg
Dominican Republic school children in uniform.

The Primary school stage of the Dominican Republic's education system is eight years long and is designated for children ages 6–14. Primary education is compulsory and universal in the Dominican Republic. This is split up into two different cycles. The first cycle is grades 1-4 for children 6–10 years old and the second cycle is grades 5-8 and is for children 10–14 years old. Each grade level encompasses 10 months of teaching. [3]

Secondary school

Secondary school is provided by the Dominican Republic, however, this level of education is not compulsory. There are four years of schooling required to complete secondary school and it is for children age 14–18. The four years are split up into two cycles lasting two years each. The first cycle encompasses general and compulsory education. The second cycle has much more flexible curriculum and allows students to focus on either vocational and technical education or on the arts. The vocational and technical track prepares students for entry into certain professions and activities. This track focuses on teaching students about industry, agriculture, and other services. The arts education track focuses on developing the creativity of the students. Students can specialize into music, visual arts, performing arts, and applied arts. To graduate from secondary school, students must obtain a passing grade on national exams, pass their classes, and participate in a community service program. [3]

Higher education

University of Santo Domingo entrance UASD.jpg
University of Santo Domingo entrance

The Dominican Republic has both public institutions as well as private institutions for higher education. There are 5 total public institutions: Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo (UASD), El Instituto Superior de Formación de Maestros Salomé Ureña, Fuerzas Armadas, Instituto Tecnológico de las Américas, and the Instituto Politécnico Loyola. The Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo is considered the state university while the other four public institutions are for more specialized areas. Beyond the public institutions, there are also 39 private institutions. Within these institutions, there are several tracks that students are able to take. Students can pursue Technical Studies which requires 2 years of schooling with a minimum of 85 credits. Graduate Studies requires a minimum of 140 credits. For students wishing to pursue a specialty in Graduate Studies, there is often an increased credit requirement. For architecture, veterinary, law, dentistry, pharmacy, and engineering, the requirement is 200 credits and at least four years of schooling. For medicine, the requirement is 5 years of schooling plus a one-year internship. After graduate studies, students also have the ability to pursue post-graduate education. For most specializations, there is a one-year and 20 credit minimum. To obtain a master's degree, students are generally required to complete 2 years of schooling encompassing 40 credits. For most students, their studies are generally extended by a half year to a year and a half of the required years of schooling. [3]

Adult education

Dominican Republic women educators in Santiago. 2019 Editatona Dominicana 1 dia (7).jpg
Dominican Republic women educators in Santiago.

The adult education system provides education for adults who were unable to complete their education through the traditional route. This program encompasses literacy and primary schooling as well as secondary education. The track generally lasts about four years and can include professional training to provide adults with better skills for entering the workforce. [3]

Technical and Vocational Education and Training

Technical and vocational training (TVET) addresses multiple demands of an economic, social and environmental nature by helping young people and adults to develop the skills they need for employment, decent work and entrepreneurship, promoting equitable, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, and supporting transitions to green economies and environmental sustainability. [13]

Areas Areas.svg
Areas

The body in charge of providing vocational and technical education in the Dominican Republic is the Instituto Nacional de Formación Técnico Profesional (INFOTEP), which is funded by three sources: [13]

  • 1% tax on payroll;
  • 0.5% tax on employees bonuses;
  • government funds.

INFOTEP runs 704 programmes aiming to promote skills development at several levels, with 104 of them having a special focus on vulnerable groups, such as those in very poor areas. The system relies on a dialogue between the government, employer federations and trade unions. Assessment studies are conducted in order to monitor the outcomes of the training provided. [13]

Sex education

Dominican Republic Students.jpg

Authorities in the Dominican Republic planned to instill a comprehensive sex education program in schools' curriculum, but it was not approved by the National Education Board. [14] [15] A study on sex education in developing countries noted that when developing resources for sex education, the context of the country and the local areas, such as literacy rates and school attendance, needs to be taken into consideration to ensure the effectiveness of the program. [16] From a study looking at sexual health of men who have sex with men in the Dominican Republic, 14% of males surveyed were found to have HIV antibodies. [17] Female sex workers are also at an increased risk of STI infections. Kerrigan identifies that there is a need for the development of educational resources regarding sex education in order to decrease the prevalence of STIs. [18] In a separate study in the Dominican Republic, those who received sex education were 1.72 times more likely to report having high HIV/AIDS knowledge. Additionally, those who received sex education were also 2.52 times more likely to use condoms during sex. [19] A study on sex education in developing countries noted that when developing resources for sex education, the context of the country and the local areas, such as literacy rates and school attendance, needs to be taken into consideration to ensure the effectiveness of the program. [20]

Special education

The Dominican Republic provides specialized education programs for children with special needs or physical disabilities to accommodate these needs. [3] The Dominican Association of Rehabilitation is one of the larger, government-funded special education institutions. [21] It has not only a school for special education, but programs for speech therapy, physical therapy, workshops, evaluation of disabilities, medical diagnostics and rehabilitation, and more. [21] While this service is provided, reports have found that 70% of children with a disability were currently not in school. [9]

Civic education

The United States has donated money to the Dominican Republic education system to help fund civic education classes. These classes were designed to increase students knowledge of civil society and democracy. The classes were found to increase positive feelings in students towards norms related to democracy. The study also found that the classes led students to foster feelings of distrust towards governmental bodies, especially the army and judicial system. [22]

Human rights education

A study instituted a 3-month course in human rights to a school in the Dominican Republic. The course focused both on global issues as well as local issues such as discrimination against Haitians. Bajaj notes that the course was not perfect, however, 100% of the students were able to explain what human rights were. Additionally, students were found to be more likely to be willing to stand up for others. [23]

Performance

Teacher performance

A study by Mihir, Manas and Aryan compared four countries in Central America on three indices concerning teachers and teacher quality. Of these four countries, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and the Dominican Republic, the Dominican Republic in general had higher ratings for their teachers, however, the article notes that there is much work that is needed to be done. The first index that was measured was whether the teachers were prepared for effective teaching. The study found that there were standards set for teachers. However, the study notes that the teachers in the Dominican Republic lacked an awareness of these standards and were thus unable to properly use them. In the Dominican Republic, there are 25 institutions that are dedicated towards training teachers. There is no structured system for the certification of teachers. Teachers are not required to obtain classroom practice prior to becoming a teachers. [2]

The second index studied was the process of attracting, hiring, and retaining teachers. It was found that there was a job application process that encompasses a logical reasoning exam, an exam on pedagogical knowledge and planning skills, and either an interview or oral exam. After being hired, teachers are coached during their first year of teaching. The education system collects data on student performance is often collected. The study does note that there is no usage of this knowledge towards increasing the quality of education. The researchers also found that teachers are paid a competitive salary. Part-time teachers are paid 32% higher than the average full-time worker and full-time teachers are paid 53% higher than the average university graduate who is working full-time. [2]

The third index researched whether schools managed for good performance. The researchers found that there were no regular teacher assessments and no incentives for teachers to teach in underprivileged areas. These underprivileged areas encompass rural and/or low income areas. There is a policy in place for poor performing teachers to undergo a year of training and re-evaluation, however, the researchers noted that this policy is rarely implemented in practice. [2]

Student performance

In 2005, a test was administered to students at grade levels 3, 4, and 5 to assess their competency in reading comprehension and mathematics curriculum from grade levels 1, 2, and 3. This test was called the Consorcio de Evaluación e Investigación Educativa (CEIE). In reading comprehension, the students were given 21 questions. Students were able to answer, on average, 7.37 questions on the test. The exam also found that girls performed better on the reading comprehension test than boys. In mathematics, students were given 35 questions. On average, the third grade students were able to answer 5.9 questions, the fourth grade students were able to answer 9.02 questions, and the fifth grade students were able to answer 11.94 questions. The researchers studying the exams claim that the results show that students were not learning the basics of reading comprehension and mathematics that they should be learning grades 1–3. The study also found that students at private schools performed better than students at public schools. Over 80% of children attend public schools. [3]

School conditions

Dominican Republic children in public school. Dominican Students.jpg
Dominican Republic children in public school.

Public schools are often overcrowded, lacking in textbooks and other instructional resources. The buildings themselves often have broken light fixtures, cracked walls, and other damage to the physical building. Polytechnic schools are considered public, however, they are also aided by another organization, usually a religious group. Polytechnic schools generally have higher quality facilities than public schools not linked to a secondary organization. Many schools in rural areas lack more infrastructure than public schools. Additionally, many schools in rural areas do not teach grades past the 6th grade. Private schools in general are of higher quality than public schools and often have resources and advantages that are not available to public schools. Private schools are able to pay their teachers a higher salary and provide higher quality learning resources such as textbooks for the students. These private schools generally serve students with parents from the upper middle class. [3]

School conditions have improved over the past years. Yovanny Gomez, who teaches at a school in the Dominican Republic, discusses in an interview how the school used to be filled with trash and lacking in air conditioning. This interview shows how there have been improvements in the school conditions. [24]

Studies have shown that many students have not been well prepared to face the challenges of university courses. This is shown by a large dropout rate of students who attend a university as well as a need for intense remedial work to prepare students for the rigor of college courses. [3]

Parent education

Some parent education programs have been implemented into the Dominican Republic to help improve the healthy development of children. Farrelly and McLennan produced a research study looking at the participation rates of parents in parent education programs as well as barriers that lead parents to not participate or be unable to complete the program. Their research found that, on average, parents only complete 59% of the course. However, they did find that reducing the time commitment and focusing on an intensive child nutrition component lead to higher completion rates. Common barriers that participants noted were a lack of money for transportation to the class, lack of childcare while the parent was at the class, and mothers who worked and were unable to take time off. [25]

McLennan produced a second research paper documenting efforts to implement a Canadian parent education program in the Dominican Republic. This program was focused on training parents on how to support the development of their children and focused on health, safety, and behavioral topics. The researchers trained local workers at a hospital to teach the program and adapted the curriculum that was used in Canada to be more relevant towards topics in the Dominican Republic. [26]

Issues

Participation

Educational opportunity in the Dominican Republic is important not only for increasing social status but also for health outcomes. De Tavarez and Andrade discuss how higher educational attainment in the Dominican Republic is negatively associated with the use of both alcohol and tobacco. This association is especially profound in tobacco use as there is a significant social gradient in tobacco use. Those with higher socioeconomic status, are less likely to smoke and education plays an important factor in socioeconomic status. [27]

Children in the Dominican Republic have listed education as one of their greatest concerns. Inequality in access to education is a primary concern for those living in the Dominican Republic as well as outside organizations such as UNICEF. UNICEF discusses how children in rural zones are much more likely to have a high rate of repetition and dropout. This is partially due to the distance that some children must travel to arrive at school. [28]

The average years of schooling of the adult population older than 15 is 7.43 years. This value is less than the number of years required to complete primary schooling. One policy that was implemented to increase participation was to provide three different shifts of school that students could attend. Schools would provide a shift during the morning, afternoon, and evening to allow for students to continue working while also attending school. With these efforts, 75% of students complete grade 4, 63% complete grade 6, and 52% complete the full eight years of primary school. The Dominican Republic has higher levels of participation in the education system than many other Latin America n countries. [3] Beyond attending school, the school days are 5 hours long, however, according to reports students learn for two hours and 40 minutes of those 5 hours. Thus, almost half of the school time is spent with children hanging "out in class while they're supposed to be studying." [24]

Gender inequality

Gender inequality for girls in the education system is not a significant issue in terms of participation. Attendance rates are slightly higher for girls between age 6-13 (87%) than for boys of the equivalent age (84%). As age increases, this difference becomes clearer as 40% of females aged 14–17 are enrolled and only 29% of males of the same age are enrolled. Thus, males are more likely than females to drop out of school. [3]

Young people in Dominican Republic. Dominican Republic People pictures 1.jpg
Young people in Dominican Republic.

Major League Baseball

MLB scouts are especially prevalent in the Dominican Republic. Wasch et al. conducted a study looking into the effects that MLB recruiters have on boys in the Dominican Republic. The prospect of going into MLB is often seen as the only way that boys, and consequently their families, can leave the Dominican Republic. Wasch discusses how many boys are pulled out of schooling to train with MLB recruiters and trainers to potentially make it into MLB. However, only 1 in 40 every actually make it to an academy and of those who do make it only 3-5% get chosen to move up into MLB. This system pulls boys out of the education system early and leaves them lacking a full education. Thus, these boys are less able to enter the workforce as productive members. Wasch offers two solutions for this problem: One is to create an international draft and hold international players to the same high school requirements that American players are held to. The second solution is for MLB to create a child labor corporate code of conduct to ensure that teams are held accountable for the education of players and possible recruits. [29]

Steps for improvement

Student in Samana, Dominican Republic. Student in Samana, Dominican Republic.jpg
Student in Samana, Dominican Republic.

The World Bank has made steps to help fund improvements in the Dominican Republic education system. The World Bank has financed the Dominican Republic Early Childhood Education Project. This project has led to the construction of hundreds of new schools and technology centers, thousands of new classrooms, increased training for teachers as well as an increase in the number of teachers, and provision of resources to reinforce and enhance the quality of classrooms. The project is estimated to have directly benefited 52,000 children and 106,000 children indirectly. [30]

In 2015, The World Bank approved $50 million to help finance efforts to improve pre-university education. The money is aimed to "recruit and train primary and secondary school teachers; assess student learning in primary and secondary schools; evaluate early childhood development services and help decentralize public school management." The money is part of a National Pact for Education and the project will be implemented by the Ministry of Education (MINERD). [31]

See also

Sources

Definition of Free Cultural Works logo notext.svg  This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO. Text taken from Funding skills development: the private sector contribution , UNESCO, UNESCO. UNESCO.

Related Research Articles

Education in Iraq is administered by the Ministry of Education.

Education in Cuba has been a highly ranked system for many years. The University of Havana was founded in 1727 and there are a number of other well-established colleges and universities. Following the 1959 revolution, the Castro government nationalized all educational institutions, and created a government operated system. Education expenditures continue to receive high priority.

Education in Kenya refers to the education system in Kenya. It is considered a basic right that should be offered to every individual. Education in Kenya predates to as early as the 18th century among the Swahili people. The earliest school was established by missionaries in Rabai. During the colonial era, the number of Kenyans with exposure to education steadily increased and a good number of them were privileged to proceed abroad for further education.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Education in El Salvador</span> Overview of education in El Salvador

Education in El Salvador is regulated by the country's Ministry of Education. El Salvador consists of the following levels of education:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Education in Rwanda</span> Overview of education in Rwanda

Education in Rwanda has undergone considerable changes throughout Rwanda's recent history, and has faced major disruptions due to periods of conflict. Education was divided by gender whereby women and men had a different education relevant to their responsibilities in day-to-day life. Women were mostly taught housekeeping while men were mainly taught how to hunt, raise animals, and fish. This is because Rwanda was a community-based society where every member had a specific contribution to the overall development of the community. Older family members like grandparents usually took on the role of educators.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Education in Bulgaria</span>

Education in Bulgaria is guided and overseen by Bulgarian Ministry of Education and Science. Compulsory education includes three years of pre-primary education, primary education, and secondary education. The schools start by age of seven and end the age of 18. Compulsory education at state schools is free of charge. The state and private higher education schools, colleges and universities charge fees, although they offer students scholarships.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Education in Cambodia</span> Overview of education in Cambodia

Education in Cambodia is controlled by the state through the Ministry of Education in a national level and by the Department of Education at the provincial level. The Cambodian education system includes pre-school, primary, secondary education, higher education and non-formal education. The education system includes the development of sport, information technology education, research development and technical education. School enrollment has increased during the 2000s in Cambodia. USAID data shows that in 2011 primary enrollment reached 96% of the child population, lower secondary school 34% and upper secondary 21%.

Education in Nicaragua is free for all Nicaraguans. Elementary education is free and compulsory although this is not strictly enforced. Many children are not able to attend if their families need to have them work. Communities on the Atlantic Coast have access to education in both Spanish and the languages of the native indigenous tribes that live in the more rural areas of Nicaragua. Higher education has financial, organic and administrative autonomy, according to the law. Freedom of subjects is recognized. The school year runs from February through November.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Education in Yemen</span> Overview of education in Yemen

Yemen ranked 150 out of 177 in the 2006 Human Development Index and 121 out of 140 countries in the Gender Development Index (2006). In 2005, 81 percent of Yemen's school-age population was enrolled in primary school; enrollment of the female population was 74 percent. Then in 2005, about 46 percent of the school-age population was enrolled in secondary school, including only 30 percent of eligible females. The country is still struggling to provide the requisite infrastructure. School facilities and educational materials are of poor quality, classrooms are too few in number, and the teaching faculty is inadequate.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Education in Ethiopia</span> Overview of education in Ethiopia

Education in Ethiopia was dominated by the Ethiopian Orthodox Church for many centuries until secular education was adopted in the early 1900s. Prior to 1974, Ethiopia had an estimated literacy rate below 50% and compared poorly with the rest of even Africa in the provision of schools and universities. After the Ethiopian Revolution, emphasis was placed on increasing literacy in rural areas. Practical subjects were stressed, as was the teaching of socialism. By 2015, the literacy rate had increased to 49.1%, still poor compared to most of the rest of Africa.

Education in Peru is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Education, which oversees formulating, implementing and supervising the national educational policy. According to the Constitution of Peru, education is compulsory and free in public schools for the initial, primary and secondary levels. It is also free in public universities for students who are unable to pay tuition and have an adequate academic performance.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Education in the Gambia</span> Overview of education in the Gambia

The Constitution mandates free and compulsory primary education in the Gambia, but a lack of resources and education infrastructure has made implementation difficult. In 1995, the gross primary enrollment rate was 77.1 percent and the net primary enrollment rate was 64.7 percent. School fees long prevented many children from attending school, but in February 1998 the president of the Gambia ordered the termination of fees for the first six years of schooling. Girls make up about 40 percent of primary school students, though the figure is much lower in rural areas where cultural factors and poverty prevent parents from sending girls to school. Approximately 20 percent of school-age children attend Koranic schools, which usually have a restricted curriculum.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Education in the Comoros</span> Overview of education in the Comoros

Practically all children attend Quranic school for two or three years, starting around age five; there they learn the rudiments of the Islamic faith and some classical Arabic. When rural children attend these schools, they sometimes move away from home and help the teacher work his land.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Education in Mali</span> Overview of education in Mali

Education in Mali is considered a fundamental right of Malians. For most of Mali's history, the government split primary education into two cycles which allowed Malian students to take examinations to gain admission to secondary, tertiary, or higher education. Mali has recently seen large increases in school enrollment due to educational reforms.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Education in Azerbaijan</span> Overview of education in Azerbaijan

Education in Azerbaijan is regulated by the Ministry of Education of Azerbaijan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Education in Kuwait</span> Overview of education in Kuwait

The State of Kuwait, located at the head of the Persian Gulf, supports an educational policy that seeks to provide an opportunity to all children, irrespective of their social class, including children with special needs. Kuwait was ranked 63rd on the Human Development Index report for 2011 by the United Nations Development Programme, placing Kuwait above the regional average.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Education in Laos</span> Overview of education in Laos

In 2005, the literacy rate in Laos was estimated to be 73%.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Education in Madagascar</span> Overview of education in Madagascar

Education in Madagascar has a long and distinguished history. Formal schooling began with medieval Arab seafarers, who established a handful of Islamic primary schools (kuttabs) and developed a transcription of the Malagasy language using Arabic script, known as sorabe. These schools were short-lived, and formal education was only to return under the 19th-century Kingdom of Madagascar when the support of successive kings and queens produced the most developed public school system in precolonial Sub-Saharan Africa. However, formal schools were largely limited to the central highlands around the capital of Antananarivo and were frequented by children of the noble class andriana. Among other segments of the island's population, traditional education predominated through the early 20th century. This informal transmission of communal knowledge, skills and norms was oriented toward preparing children to take their place in a social hierarchy dominated by community elders and particularly the ancestors (razana), who were believed to oversee and influence events on earth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Education in Niger</span> Overview of education in Niger

Education in Niger, as in other nations in the Sahelian region of Africa, faces challenges due to poverty and poor access to schools. Although education is compulsory between the ages of seven and fifteen, with primary and secondary school leading into optional higher education, Niger has one of the lowest literacy rates in the world. With assistance from external organizations, Niger has been pursuing educational improvement, reforming how schools utilize languages of instruction, and exploring how the system can close gender gaps in retention and learning.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Youth in the Dominican Republic</span>

Youth in the Dominican Republic constitutes just over 30% of the total population. The Dominican Republic's population at roughly eleven million people has grown tremendously with the help of the youth population. In 1960, the youth population was at 3.3 million, and by 2008, it had reached 9.5 million, with two thirds of them in urban areas of the country.

References

  1. "Gender Equality and Development: World Development Report 2012" (PDF). World Development Report. 2012.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Sucre, Frederico; Fiszbein, Ariel (2015). "The State of Teacher Policies in Central America and the Dominican Republic". PREAL Policy Brief.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 "Reviews of National Policies for Education: Dominican Republic 2008". Reviews of National Policies for Education. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 2008.
  4. "Human Rights Measurement Initiative – The first global initiative to track the human rights performance of countries". humanrightsmeasurement.org. Retrieved 2022-03-17.
  5. 1 2 "Dominican Republic - HRMI Rights Tracker". rightstracker.org. Retrieved 2022-03-17.
  6. "National Assessment of Adult Literacy (NAAL) - Definition of Literacy". National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved 3 February 2017.
  7. "The World Factbook: Dominican Republic". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 3 February 2017.
  8. "Dominican Republic National Education Profile 2014 Update". Education Policy and Data Center. 2014.
  9. 1 2 "Dominican Republic Country Development Cooperation Strategy" (PDF). United States Agency for International Development. 2013.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  10. Kaplinsky, Raphael (1993). "Export Processing Zones in the Dominican Republic: Transforming manufactures into commodities". World Development. 21 (11): 1851–1865. doi:10.1016/0305-750x(93)90087-p.
  11. "Dominican Republic: Four Percent for Education". www.ipsnews.net. Inter Press Service. 7 May 2011. Retrieved 2017-04-06.
  12. "Higher Education in the Dominican Republic: International Mobility and the Challenges of Expanding Domestic Provision". WENR. 2013-10-08. Retrieved 2021-04-07.
  13. 1 2 3 UNESCO (2018). Funding skills development: the private sector contribution. UNESCO. ISBN   978-92-3-100269-4.
  14. Rosen, James E. “Formulating and Implementing National Youth Policy: Lessons from Bolivia and the DR.” Pathfinder International, 10 Jan. 2000, www.pathfinder.org/publications/formulating-implementing-national-youth-policy-lessons-bolivia-dr/.
  15. Parkinson, Joseph. "Humanae Vitae I: Pope Paul VI in Pastoral Mode." The Australasian Catholic Record 90.2 (2013): 185-95. ProQuest. Web. 11 Mar. 2020.
  16. Singh, Susheela; Bankole, Akinrinola; Woog, Vanessa (2005-11-01). "Evaluating the need for sex education in developing countries: sexual behaviour, knowledge of preventing sexually transmitted infections/HIV and unplanned pregnancy". Sex Education.
  17. Tabet, S. R.; de Moya, E. A.; Holmes, K. K.; Krone, M. R.; de Quinones, M. R.; de Lister, M. B.; Garris, I.; Thorman, M.; Castellanos, C. (1996-02-01). "Sexual behaviors and risk factors for HIV infection among men who have sex with men in the Dominican Republic". AIDS. 10 (2): 201–206. doi:10.1097/00002030-199602000-00011. ISSN   0269-9370. PMID   8838709. S2CID   12823746.
  18. Kerrigan, Deanna; Ellen, Jonathan M.; Moreno, Luis; Rosario, Santo; Katz, Joanne; Celentano, David D.; Sweat, Michael (2003-02-14). "Environmental-structural factors significantly associated with consistent condom use among female sex workers in the Dominican Republic". AIDS. 17 (3): 415–423. doi: 10.1097/00002030-200302140-00016 . ISSN   0269-9370. PMID   12556696. S2CID   37859050.
  19. Minaya, Jasmin; Owen-Smith, Ashli; Herold, Joan (2008-07-01). "The impact of sex education on HIV knowledge and condom use among adolescent females in the Dominican Republic". International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health. 20 (3): 275–282. doi:10.1515/ijamh.2008.20.3.275. ISSN   0334-0139. PMID   19097565. S2CID   28362843.
  20. Singh, Susheela; Bankole, Akinrinola; Woog, Vanessa (2005-11-01). "Evaluating the need for sex education in developing countries: sexual behaviour, knowledge of preventing sexually transmitted infections/HIV and unplanned pregnancy". Sex Education. 5 (4): 307–331. doi:10.1080/14681810500278089. ISSN   1468-1811. S2CID   49546153.
  21. 1 2 “Prensa.” Prensa, 2019, www.adr.org.do/.
  22. Finkel, Steve E; Sabatini, Christopher A; Bevis, Gwendolyn G (2000-11-01). "Civic Education, Civil Society, and Political Mistrust in a Developing Democracy: The Case of the Dominican Republic". World Development. 28 (11): 1851–1874. doi:10.1016/S0305-750X(00)00067-X.
  23. Bajaj, Monisha (2004-03-01). "Human rights education and student self-conception in the Dominican Republic". Journal of Peace Education. 1 (1): 21–36. doi:10.1080/1740020032000178285. ISSN   1740-0201. S2CID   216087586.
  24. 1 2 Manning, Katie (December 5, 2014). "Dominican Republic revamps failing education system". DW.com.
  25. Farrelly, A. C.; McLennan, J. D. (2009). "Participation in a Parent Education Programme in the Dominican Republic: Utilization and Barriers". Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 56 (3): 149–158. doi: 10.1093/tropej/fmp071 . PMID   19667038.
  26. McLennan, John D. (2009). "Exporting a Canadian Education Program to the Dominican Republic". Public Health Nursing. 26 (2): 183–191. doi:10.1111/j.1525-1446.2009.00769.x. PMID   19261157.
  27. De Tavarez, Michell Jimenez; Andrade, Flavia Cristina Drumond (2013). "Impact of Education on Tobacco Use and Alcohol Consumption in the Dominican Republic: A Social Gradient Perspective". International Journal of Health, Wellness & Society.
  28. "Boys and Girls of School-Going Age". UNICEF Dominican Republic.
  29. Wasch, Adam (2009). "Children Left Behind: The Effect of Major League Baseball on Education in the Dominican Republic". Texas Review of Entertainment & Sports Law.
  30. "Accessible and Quality Education for Young Children in Dominican Republic". The World Bank. September 19, 2013.
  31. Chapoy, Christelle (September 30, 2015). "Dominican Republic's Efforts to Improve Quality of Education Receive a New Boost". The World Bank.