Demographics of Singapore

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Demographics of Singapore
Population pyramid of Singapore as of 2020
Population	5,637,000 (2023) [1]
Birth rate	8.6 births/1,000 population (2021) [1]
Death rate	5.8 deaths/1,000 population (2021) [1]
Life expectancy	83.0 years (2022) [1]
• male	80.7 years (2022) [1]
• female	85.3 years (2022) [1]
Fertility rate	0.97 (2023) [1]
Infant mortality rate	1.8 deaths/1,000 live births (2021) [1]
Age structure
0–14 years	14.54%
15–64 years	70.26%
65 and over	15.20%
Nationality
Nationality	noun: Singaporean(s) adjective: Singaporean
Major ethnic	Chinese, Malay, Indian, Eurasian
Language
Official	English, Mandarin, Malay, Tamil
Spoken	English, Singlish, Mandarin, Malay, Tamil and others

As of June 2023, the population of Singapore stands at 5.92 million. ^[2] Of these 5.92 million people, 4.15 million are residents, consisting of 3.61 million citizens and 540,000 permanent residents (PRs). The remaining 1.77 million people living in Singapore are classed as non-residents, a group consisting mainly of resident workers without political rights who are routinely excluded from official demographic statistics.

Singapore is a multiracial, multiethnic, and multicultural Asian society. Major religions include Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, Taoism, and Hinduism. Its people are broadly organised under the CMIO (Chinese–Malay–Indian–Other) system of categorisation. Although Malays are recognised as the indigenous community, ^{[3] [4] [5] [6]} 75.9% of the citizens and permanent resident visa holders are ethnic Chinese, with ethnic Malay and Indians comprising 15.0% and 7.5% respectively. Together, the three largest ethnic groups comprise 98.4% of the citizen population. ^[7] The remaining 1.6% comprises members of "Other" races, which comprises largely Eurasians. Despite long term occupancy, Singapore excludes 29% of the population as non-residents for the purpose of resident statistics. ^[7] Officially, mixed-race Singaporeans are often regarded as having the race of their father. However, race categorisation, for example on an individual's identity card, may also reflect both ethnicities of their parents. ^[8]

There are four official languages in Singapore: English, Malay, Mandarin and Tamil. Malay is the symbolic national language, while English is the main working language. ^[9] Education in Singapore is bilingual, with English being the medium of instruction. Students are also required to learn a second language, usually Malay, Mandarin, or Tamil. ^{[10] [11]} Singlish, a local creole and accent, is often used in colloquial speech between all native races of Singapore. There is also Singdarin, a Mandarin creole.

The annual total population growth rate for the year 2020 was -0.3%. ^{[12] [13]} Singapore's resident total fertility rate (TFR) was 1.10 in 2020; the Singaporean Chinese, Malay and Indian fertility rates were 0.94, 1.83 and 0.97 respectively. ^[14]

History

Population growth

Population growth and immigration in selected periods ^[15]

Period	Population increase	Natural increase	Net immigration
1881–1891	43,857	−30,932 A	74,798
1901–1911	75,729	−59,978 A	135,707
1921–1931	230,387	18,176	212,211
1947–1957	507,800	395,600	112,200
1970–1980	339,400	315,400	24,000
1990–2000	980,755	325,887	654,868
2000–2010	1,048,845	224,718	824,127
2010–2020	609,075	203,643	405,432
^A Negative figures are due to low birth rate and high death rate

See also: Immigration to Singapore

Population growth in Singapore was fueled by immigration for a long period of time, starting soon after Stamford Raffles landed in Singapore in 1819, when the population of the island was estimated to be around 1,000. ^[16] The first official census taken in January 1824 showed that the resident population of Singapore had grown to 10,683: 4,580 Malays, 3,317 Chinese, 1,925 Bugis, 756 natives of India, 74 Europeans, 16 Armenians, and 15 Arabs. ^[17] Chinese males greatly outnumbered the females; in the 1826 population figures there were 5,747 Chinese males but only 341 Chinese females, in contrast to 2,501 Malay males and 2,289 Malay females. The figures for around a thousand Indians in 1826 are also similarly skewed towards male – 209 male and 35 female Bengalis, 772 males and 5 females from the Coromandel Coast. ^[18] By 1836, the population figure had risen to 29,980, and marked a change in demographics as the Malays were outnumbered for the first time; 45.9% of the population were Chinese versus 41.9% for Malays (including Javanese and Bugis). ^{[19] [20]} Women from China were discouraged from emigrating, and most of the Chinese females in this early period of Singapore were likely nyonyas from Malacca; it was noted in 1837 that there were no Chinese women in Singapore who had emigrated directly from China. ^[20]

The imbalance of the sexes continued for a long period, for example, the 1901 census figures show that there were 130,367 Chinese males compared to 33,674 Chinese females. ^[21] Such imbalance also meant that fewer people were born in early Singapore, and in the first hundred years, most of the Chinese population in Singapore were immigrants. By the late 1890s, only around 10% of the Chinese population in Singapore were born there. ^[22] Many of the early migrant workers from China and India did not intend to settle permanently to raise their families in Singapore; they worked to send back remittance to their families back home, and would return to China or India after they had earned enough money. Later an increasing number of Chinese chose to settle permanently in Singapore, especially in the 1920s when it became more favourable to stay in Singapore rather than returning to China. Change in social attitude in the modern era also meant that Chinese women were freer to emigrate from China, and the sex ratio began to normalise. ^[20] This gradual normalisation of sex ratio led to an increase in the number of native births. Immigration continued to be the main reason for the Chinese population increase in Singapore until the 1931–1947 period when the natural increase in population surpassed the net immigration figure. ^{[22] [23]}

After World War II, in the period from 1947 to 1957, Singapore saw a massive population increase mostly due to increased number of native births. ^[24] The birth rate rose and the death rate fell; the average annual growth rate was 4.4%, of which 1% was due to immigration; Singapore experienced its highest birth rate in 1957 at 42.7 per thousand individuals. (This was also the same year the United States saw its peak birth rate.)

Immigration to Singapore also fell sharply after Singapore independence due to tighter control of immigration from Malaysia and other countries. The population increase became dominated by native births with 315,400 in the 1970–1980 period due to natural increase compared to 24,000 from net migration. However, a lower rate of natural growth in population and the need for low-skill labour resulted in a deliberate shift in policy by the Singapore government to allow more foreigners to live and work in the country, and net migration increased in the 1980–1990 period to nearly 200,000. By the decade of 1990–2000, the net migrant number of over 600,000 had surpassed the natural growth of the population, and accounted for nearly two-thirds of the population increase. The same high level of immigration is also seen in the next decade with 664,083 net migration recorded. ^[15]

Net migration rate	9.12 migrants/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Due to the continued low birth rate, amongst other reasons, the Singapore government has varied its immigration policy over the years. As the demand for labour grew with industrialisation, foreign talent with professional qualifications as well as less-skilled foreign workers has made up a significant and increasing proportion of Singapore's total population since the 2000s and 2010s. Curbs on immigration, however, began to be implemented in the 2010s to ease increasing social issues arising from the high level of immigration. ^[25]

Population planning

Main article: Population planning in Singapore

Per-period population growth, 1947—2000 ^[24]

Period	Growth rate
1947—1957	84.7%
1957—1970	90.8%
1970—1980	13.3%
1980—1990	18.5%
1990— 2000	20.6%

The post-war boom in births led to an interest in family planning, and by 1960, the government publicly funded and supported family planning programmes. After independence in 1965, the birth rate had fallen to 29.5 per thousand individuals, and the natural growth rate had fallen to 2.5%. Birth rates in the 1960s were still perceived as high by the government; on average, a baby was born every 11 minutes in 1965. Kandang Kerbau Hospital (KKH)—which specialised in women's health and was the most popular hospital to have children—saw over 100 deliveries per day in 1962. In 1966, KKH delivered 39835 babies, earning it a place in the Guinness Book of World Records for "largest number of births in a single maternity facility" for ten years. Because there was generally a massive shortage of beds in that era, mothers with routine deliveries were discharged from hospitals within 24 hours. ^[26]

In September 1965 the Minister for Health, Yong Nyuk Lin, submitted a white paper to Parliament, recommending a "Five-year Mass Family Planning programme" that would reduce the birth rate to 20.0 per thousand individuals by 1970. In 1966, the Family Planning and Population Board (FPPB) had been established based on the findings of the white paper, providing clinical services and public education on family planning. ^[27]

By 1970, the Stop at Two campaign was firmly established, implementing incentives, disincentives and public exhortation to discourage families from having more than two children. After 1975, the fertility rate declined below replacement level, in a sign that Singapore was undergoing the demographic transition. In 1983, the Graduate Mothers' Scheme was implemented in an attempt to get educated women, especially women with a university degree, to marry and procreate, while the government encouraged women without an O-level degree to get sterilised. This was done out of the Lee Kuan Yew government's belief that for the nation to best develop and avoid hardship, the educated classes should be encouraged to contribute to the nation's breeding pool, while the uneducated should not, sparking the Great Marriage Debate. ^[27]

In 1986, the government reversed its population policy—except its stance on low-income, lowly-educated women—and initiated the Have Three or More (if you can afford it) campaign, offering cash and public administration incentives to have children. In 2001, the Singapore government started its Baby Bonus scheme.

Singapore has one of the lowest fertility rates in the world. ^[28] In 2012, Singapore total fertility rate (TFR) was 1.20 children born per woman, a sub-replacement fertility rate. Ethnic Chinese had a fertility of 1.07 in 2004 (1.65 in 1990), while Malays had a TFR of 2.10 (2.69 in 1990). Both figures declined further in 2006. TFR for Indians was 1.30 in 2004 and 1.89 in 1990. ^[29] The Singapore government has launched several highly publicised attempts to raise the fertility rate and increase awareness of the negative effects of an ageing population, the elderly (65 and above) had constituted 9.9% of its population in 2012; this proportion is still significantly lower than that of many other developed nations, such as the United States and Japan. In February 2015, National University of Singapore launched the "New Age Institute" in conjunction with Washington University in St. Louis to conduct research on this issue. ^[30]

Area planning

Main articles: Planning areas of Singapore and New towns of Singapore

The population of Singapore are generally housed within new towns, which are large scale satellite housing developments designed to be self contained. It includes public housing units, private housing, a town centre and other amenities. ^[31] Since the 1950s, Singapore had a city centre surrounded by slums and squatter colonies. By 1959 when Singapore attained self government, the problem of housing shortage had grown. Combined with a fast population growth, it led to congestion and squalor. ^[32] The new towns planning concept was introduced in July 1952 by the country's public housing authority, Housing and Development Board (HDB), to counter the housing shortage problem and to relocate most of the population crammed within the city centre to other parts of the island. ^{[33] [34]} Today, there are 23 new towns and 3 estates within the country, with Bedok being the largest by area and population. ^[35]

Population white paper

Main article: Population White Paper

In early 2013, the Parliament of Singapore debated over the policies recommended by the Population White Paper entitled A Sustainable Population for a Dynamic Singapore. Citing that Singapore's 900,000 Baby Boomers would comprise a quarter of the citizen population by 2030 and that its workforce would shrink "from 2020 onwards", the White Paper projected that by 2030, Singapore's "total population could range between 6.5 and 6.9 million", with resident population between 4.2 and 4.4 million and citizen population between 3.6 and 3.8 million. The White Paper called for an increase in the number of foreign workers so as to provide balance between the number of skilled and less-skilled workers, as well as provide healthcare and domestic services. It also claimed that foreign workers help businesses thrive when the economy is good. ^[36] The motion was passed ^[37] albeit after amendments made to leave out "population policy" and add focus on infrastructure and transport development.

The White Paper was heavily criticised and panned by opposition parties and government critics. ^[38] Member of Parliament Low Thia Khiang of the Workers' Party of Singapore had criticised current measures of increasing the fertility rate, claiming that this would lead to an increase of a higher cost of living and discourage young couples from having more kids. As for current immigration policies, he had noted that immigrants were a source of friction for Singaporeans and that an increased population would put more stress and strain on the urban infrastructure. ^[39] On 16 February 2013, nearly 3,000 people rallied to protest against the White Paper at Hong Lim Park and raised concerns that the increased population would lead to the deterioration of public service and the increase of the cost of living. ^[40]

Population

Population size and growth by residential status

Source: Singapore Department of Statistics ^[41]

Year	Number ('000)					Growth (year on year)					Land area (km2) [42]	Population density (persons per km2)
	Total population	Total residents	Singapore citizens	Permanent residents	Non-residents	Total population	Total residents	Singapore citizens	Permanent residents	Non-residents
1950	1,022.1	na	na	na	na	4.4%	na	na	na	na	na	na
1955	1,305.5	na	na	na	na	4.6%	na	na	na	na	na	na
1960	1,646.4	na	na	na	na	3.7%	na	na	na	na	581.5	2,831
1965	1,886.9	na	na	na	na	2.5%	na	na	na	na	581.5	3,245
1970	2,074.5	2,013.6	1,874.8	138.8	60.9	2.8%	na	na	na	na	586.4	3,538
1975	2,262.6	na	na	na	na	1.5%	na	na	na	na	596.8	3,791
1980	2,413.9	2,282.1	2,194.3	87.8	131.8	1.5%	1.3%	na	na	na	617.8	3,907
1985	2,736	2,482.6	na	na	253.3	0.1%	1.6%	na	na	na	620.5	4,409
1990	3,047.1	2,735.9	2,623.7	112.1	311.3	2.3%	1.7%	1.7%	2.3%	9.0%	633	4,706
1995	3,524.5	3,013.5	2,823.7	189.8	511	3.1%	1.8%	1.4%	8.3%	11.2%	647.5	5,443
2000	4,027.9	3,273.4	2,985.9	287.5	754.5	2.8%	1.8%	1.3%	9.9%	9.3%	682.7	5,900
2005	4,265.8	3,467.8	3,081	386.8	797.9	2.4%	1.6%	0.8%	8.6%	5.9%	697.9	6,121
2010	5,076.7	3,771.7	3,230.7	541.0	1,305.0	1.8%	1.0%	0.9%	1.5%	4.1%	712.4	7,126
2015	5,535.0	3,902.7	3,375.0	527.7	1,632.3	1.2%	0.8%	1.0%	0%	2.1%	719.1	7,697
2020	5,685,8	4,044.2	3,523.2	521	1,641.6	-0.3%	0.4%	0.6%	-0.8%	0.02%	728.3	7,810

Gender composition of resident population

Source: Singapore Department of Statistics ^[43]

Year	1960	1965	1970	1975	1980	1985	1990	1995	2000	2005	2010	2015	2020
Total	1,646.4	1,886.9	2,013.6	2,262.6	2,282.1	2,482.6	2,735.9	3,013.5	3,273.4	3,467.8	3,771.7	3,902.7	4,044.2
Males	859.6	973.8	1,030.8	1,156.1	1,159.0	1,258.5	1,386.3	1,514.0	1,634.7	1,721.1	1,861.1	1,916.6	1,977.6
Females	786.8	913.1	982.8	1,106.5	1,123.1	1,224.2	1,349.6	1,499.5	1,638.7	1,746.7	1,910.6	1,986.1	2,066.7
Sex ratio (males per 1,000 females)	1,093	1,066	1,049	1,045	1,032	1,028	1,027	1,010	998	985	974	965	957

Age distribution of resident population

Source: Singapore Department of Statistics ^[44]

Age group (years)	1990	2000	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014
Below 15	23.0%	21.9%	17.4%	16.8%	16.4%	16.0%	15.7%
15–24	16.9%	12.9%	13.5%	13.6%	13.7%	13.6%	13.2%
25–34	21.5%	17.0%	15.1%	14.8%	14.4%	14.4%	14.4%
35–44	16.9%	19.4%	16.7%	16.4%	16.3%	16.1%	16.0%
45–54	9.0%	14.3%	16.6%	16.7%	16.5%	16.4%	16.1%
55–64	6.7%	7.2%	11.7%	12.4%	12.7%	13.1%	13.4%
65 and over	6.0%	7.2%	9.0%	9.3%	9.9%	10.5%	11.2%
Median age (years)	29.8	34.0	37.4	38.0	38.4	38.9 [45]	39.3 [45]

This animation shows the share of age groups for the population of Singapore from 1960 – 2016. The age group which contains the median is highlighted. The population of Singapore is considered to be ageing rapidly.

Population by sex and age

Age group [46]	Male	Female	Total	%
Total	1 977 556	2 066 654	4 044 210	100
0–4	93 388	89 688	183 076	4.53
5–9	101 729	97 008	198 737	4.91
10–14	104 967	101 426	206 393	5.10
15–19	109 868	105 366	215 234	5.32
20–24	124 617	119 920	244 537	6.05
25–29	142 382	144 615	286 997	7.10
30–34	143 022	154 776	297 798	7.36
35–39	141 357	158 158	299 515	7.41
40–44	142 801	156 490	299 291	7.40
45–49	151 690	160 050	311 740	7.71
50–54	145 383	150 685	296 068	7.32
55–59	152 960	152 870	305 830	7.56
60–64	141 471	143 155	284 626	7.04
65–69	112 609	116 787	229 396	5.67
70–74	80 819	89 189	170 008	4.20
75–79	40 773	50 217	90 990	2.25
80–84	27 886	38 627	66 513	1.64
85-89	13 522	23 064	36 586	0.90
90+	6312	14 563	20 875	0.52
Age group	Male	Female	Total	Percent
0–14	300 084	288 122	588 206	14.54
15–64	1 395 551	1 446 085	2 841 636	70.26
65+	281 921	332 447	614 368	15.19

Population pyramid according to the CIA

Fertility and mortality

Fertility and mortality ^{[44] [45]}

Year	Total live-births	Resident live-births	Crude birth rate (per 1,000 residents)	Total fertility rate (per female)	Gross reproduction rate (per female)	Net reproduction rate (per female)	Total deaths	Crude death rate (per 1,000 residents)	Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 resident live-births)	Life expectancy at birth (years)	Life expectancy at birth for males (years)	Life expectancy at birth for females (Years)	Natural growth	Natural change
1950			45.4	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.		12	82.2
1955			44.3	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.		8.1	49.5
1960			37.5	5.76	2.78	2.54		6.2	34.9
1965			29.5	4.66	2.27	2.08		5.4	26.3
1970	45,934	N.A.	22.1	3.07	1.49	1.42	10,717	5.2	20.5	65.8	64.1	67.8	35,217	16.9
1975			17.7	2.07	1	0.97		5.1	13.9
1980	41,217	40,100	17.6	1.82	0.88	0.86	12,505	4.9	8	72.1	69.8	74.7	28,712	12.7
1985			16.6	1.61	0.78	0.76		4.9	7.6
1990	51,142	49,787	18.2	1.83	0.88	0.87	13,891	4.7	6.6	75.3	73.1	77.6	37,251	13.5
1995			15.6	1.67	0.8	0.8		4.8	3.8
2000	46,997	44,765	13.7	1.6	0.77	0.77	15,693	4.5	2.5	78	76	80	31,304	9.2
2005			10.2	1.26	0.61	0.61		4.4	2.1
2006			10.3	1.28	0.62	0.61		4.4	2.6
2007			10.3	1.29	0.62	0.62		4.5	2.1
2008	39,826		10.2	1.28	0.62	0.62	17,222	4.4	2.1				22,604	5.8
2009	39,570		9.9	1.22	0.59	0.59	17,101	4.3	2.2				22,469	5.6
2010	37,967	35,129	9.3	1.15	0.56	0.55	17,610	4.4	2	81.7	79.2	84	20,357	4.9
2011	39,654	36,178	9.5	1.2	0.58	0.58	18,027	4.5	2	82	79.5	84.1	21,627	5
2012	42,663		10.1	1.29	0.62	0.6	18,481	4.5	1.8	82.1	79.8	84.3	24,182	5.6
2013	39,720		9.3	1.19	0.57	0.57	18,938	4.6	2	82.4	80.1	84.5	18,982	4.7
2014	42,232		9.8	1.25	0.61	0.6	19,393	4.7	1.8	82.8	80.5	84.9	22,839	5.1
2015	42,185			1.24			19,862						22,323
2018	39,039	35,040	8.8	1.14	0.56	0.55	21,282	5	2.1	83.4	81.2	85.5	17,757	3.8
2019	39,279	35,330	8.8	1.14	0.56	0.56	21,446	5	1.7	83.6	81.4	85.7	17,833	3.8
2020	38,590	34,323	8.5	1.1	0.53	0.53	22,045	5.2	1.8	83.9	81.5	86.1	16,545	3.3

Life expectancy in Singapore since 1950

Life expectancy in Singapore since 1960 by gender

Population, fertility rate and net reproduction rate, United Nations estimates

• Source: Department of Statistics of Singapore: Population Trends, 2020

Current vital statistics

Period [47] [48]	Live births	Deaths	Natural increase
January - June 2023	16,358	13,661	2,697
January - June 2024	16,035	13,393	2,642
Difference	-323 (-1.97%)	-268 (-1.96%)	-55

Population by area

v t e Largest towns and planning areas in Singapore Singapore Department of Statistics population report for June 2023
	Rank	Name	Region	Pop.	Rank	Name	Region	Pop.
Bedok Tampines	1	Bedok	East	279,510	11	Ang Mo Kio	North-East	161,180	Jurong West Sengkang
	2	Tampines	East	274,360	12	Bukit Merah	Central	149,530
	3	Jurong West	West	259,740	13	Pasir Ris	East	146,930
	4	Sengkang	North-East	257,190	14	Bukit Panjang	West	138,940
	5	Woodlands	North	255,390	15	Toa Payoh	Central	134,610
	6	Hougang	North-East	227,610	16	Serangoon	North-East	118,780
	7	Yishun	North	228,910	17	Geylang	Central	114,750
	8	Choa Chu Kang	West	191,480	18	Sembawang	North	109,120
	9	Punggol	North-East	194,750	19	Kallang	Central	100,870
	10	Bukit Batok	West	168,560	20	Queenstown	Central	99,690

Ethnic groups

Main articles: Race in Singapore and Singaporeans

Post-independence

In the post-independence period, the population of Singapore has been categorised into four main groups: Chinese, Malays, Indians, and Others. The CMIO system was first proposed in 1956 to organise the education system of Singapore by four national languages. ^[49]

Although population growth in Singapore was driven by immigration for a long period during the colonial period, the population increase in Singapore became dominated by native births in Singapore around the middle of the 20th century, and boomed after the Second World War. After Singapore became independent in 1965, the free movement of people between Malaysia and Singapore ended, and net immigration dropped to a low level of 24,000 in the decade of 1970–80 due to tighter control on immigration. ^[15] However, the fertility of the Chinese population declined sharply after the post-war boom, while that of the Malays remained high. There was therefore a corresponding percentage increase of the Malay population, which rose to 14.5% in 1967 after a long period of continual decline. ^[20]

From the 1980s onwards, the policy on immigration changed; the number of immigrants increased sharply and became again an important factor in the growth of population in Singapore. By the 1990–2000 period, the number of migrants had overtaken the natural population increase, constituting nearly two-thirds of the decadal population increase with 640,571 net migrants including non-residents. ^[15] While the racial composition of its citizens has been fairly constant in recent years, it shows a shift in the figures for its residents (citizens plus permanent residents). Fewer of the immigrants were Malays, therefore the percentage resident population of the Malays began to fall. Indian residents, however, rose to 9.2% in 2010 due to an increase in the number of Indians migrant workers (compared to 7.4% Indians in the figures for citizens). ^[50]

The population profile of the country changed dramatically after the relaxation of immigration policy, with a huge increase in the number of transient migrant workers. Official figures show that the number of foreigners on short-term permits (termed 'non-residents') has grown from 30,900 in 1970 to 797,900 in 2005, which translate roughly to a 24-fold increase in 35 years, or from 1% of the population in 1970 to 18.3% in 2005. Despite this huge increase, no further breakdown is given by Singstat. By 2010, the population of non-residents had increased to 25.7%. It was estimated in the mid-2010s that around 40% of Singapore's population were of foreign origin (permanent residents plus non-residents such as foreign students and workers including dependents). ^[51]

Proportion of non-residents out of total population ^{[52] [53] [7]}

	1970	1980	1990	2000	2009	2014	2020
Non-residents (residents = citizens + PRs)	2.9%	5.5%	10.2%	18.7%	25.3%	29.3%	28.9%

While the Singapore Department of Statistics reports overall population figures for Singapore (4.48 million in 2006), as a matter of policy, it only provides more detailed demographic breakdown analysis for the approximately 80% of the population (in 2006) who are Singapore citizens and Permanent Residents (collectively termed 'residents'). Of this group of about 3.6 million people in 2006, Chinese form 75.2%, Malays form 13.6%, Indians form 8.8%, while Eurasians and other groups form 2.4%. No breakdown by ethnicity is released for the non-resident population. Currently around 60,000 ^[54] Europeans and 16,900 Eurasians live in Singapore, over 1% of its total population.

Ethnic composition of resident population

	Chinese	Malays	Indians	Others
1970 [52]	77.0%	14.8%	7.0%	1.2%
1980 [52]	78.3%	14.4%	6.3%	1.0%
1990 [44]	77.8%	14.0%	7.1%	1.1%
2000 [44]	76.8%	13.9%	7.9%	1.4%
2010 [44]	74.1%	13.4%	9.2%	3.3%
2011 [44]	74.1%	13.4%	9.2%	3.3%
2012 [44]	74.2%	13.3%	9.2%	3.3%
2013 [44]	74.2%	13.3%	9.1%	3.3%
2015 [53]	74.3%	13.3%	9.1%	3.2%
2017 [55]	74.3%	13.4%	9.0%	3.2%
2020 [7]	74.3%	13.5%	9.0%	3.2%

• Population pyramids of ethnic group residents in 2020
• 
  Chinese
• 
  Malays
• 
  Indian
• 
  Other
• 
  Overseas Citizens (outside of census figures)

Chinese Resident Population by Detailed Ethnic Group (2020) ^[7]

Group	Population
Hokkien	1,180,599
Teochew	583,963
Cantonese	429,329
Hakka	259,153
Hainanese	183,312
Foochow	59,609
Henghua	26,702
Shanghainese	22,503
Hockchia	17,070
Other Chinese	244,529
Total	3,006,769

Malay Resident Population by Detailed Ethnic Group (2020) ^[7]

Group	Population
Malay	370,445
Javanese/Boyanese	154,869
Other Malays	20,184
Total	545,498

Indian Resident Population by Detailed Ethnic Group (2020) ^[7]

Group	Population
Tamil	198,449
Malayali	26,693
Hindi	18,618
Sikh	12,589
Other Indians	105,925
Total	362,274

Resident Population of Other Ethnic Groups by Detailed Ethnic Group (2020) ^[7]

Group	Population
Filipino	30,893
White	29,981
Eurasian	18,060
Burmese	11,899
Arab	9,028
Thai	7,036
Others	22,772

Total fertility rate by ethnic group ^{[44] [56] [57]}

Year	Chinese	Malays	Indians	Total
1980	1.73	2.20	2.03	1.82
1990	1.65	2.69	1.89	1.83
2000	1.43	2.54	1.59	1.60
2007	1.14	1.94	1.25	1.29
2008	1.14	1.91	1.19	1.28
2009	1.08	1.82	1.14	1.22
2010	1.02	1.65	1.13	1.15
2011	1.08	1.64	1.09	1.20
2012	1.18	1.69	1.15	1.29
2013	1.05	1.66	1.11	1.19
2014	1.13	1.73	1.13	1.25
2015	1.10	1.79	1.15	1.24
2016	1.07	1.80	1.04	1.20
2017	1.01	1.82	1.00	1.16
2018	0.98	1.85	1.00	1.14
2019	0.99	1.80	0.98	1.14
2020	0.94	1.82	0.96	1.1
2021	0.96	1.82	1.05	1.12
2022	0.87	1.83	1.01	1.04
2023	0.81	1.65	0.95	0.97

Pre-independence

Singapore, following its founding as a British free port by Stamford Raffles in the 19th century, did not have a sizeable native population as the population became dominated by three main groups of immigrants. ^{[20] [58] [59]} When Raffles arrived in Singapore in January 1819, Singapore had approximately 120 Malays, 30 Chinese and some native tribes (Orang Laut) under the rule of the Temenggung. ^[60] Around 100 of the Malays had originally moved to Singapore from the mainland (Johor) in 1811, led by the Temenggung. Other estimates place the then population of Singapore at 1,000, belonging to various local tribes. ^[16] Early census figures show a long influx of migrant workers into the country, initially comprising mostly Malays, but shortly thereafter followed by the Chinese. By 1821, the population was estimated to have increased to 4,724 Malays and 1,150 Chinese. ^[60]

In the first census of 1824, 6,505 out of the 10,683 total were Malays and Bugis, constituting over 60% of the population. Large number of Chinese migrants started to enter Singapore just months after it became a British settlement, and they were predominantly male. In 1826, official census figures give a total population of 13,750, with 6,088 Chinese, 4,790 Malays, 1,242 Bugis, 1,021 Indians from Bengal (244) and the Coromandel Coast (777), smaller number of Javanese (267), Europeans (87) and other peoples. ^[18] The population total of Singapore increased to 16,000 in 1829, 26,000 five years later. By 1836, the Chinese at 13,749 had become the most populous ethnic group, overtaking the broad Malay grouping (12,538, including other groups such as the Bugis, Javanese, and Balinese from the Dutch East Indies). ^[61] By 1849, the population had reached 59,043, 24,790 of them Chinese. ^[62]

Many of the migrants from China in the 19th century came to work on the pepper and gambier plantations, with 11,000 Chinese immigrants recorded in one year. ^[63] Singapore became one of the entry and dispersal points for large number of Chinese and Indian migrants who came to work in the plantations and mines of the Straits Settlements, many of whom then settled in Singapore after their contract ended. By 1860, the total population had reached around 90,000, of these 50,000 were Chinese, and 2,445 Europeans and Eurasians. The first thorough census in Singapore was undertaken in 1871, and the people were grouped into 33 racial, ethnic or national categories, with Chinese forming the largest group at 57.6%. ^[64]

Censuses were then conducted at 10-year intervals afterwards. The 1881 census grouped the people into 6 main categories, and further subdivided into 47 sub-categories. The 6 broad groups were given as Europeans, Eurasians, Malays, Chinese, Indians and Others in 1921. ^[49] The Malays group included other natives of the Malay archipelago, the Europeans included Americans, the Indians would be people from the Indian subcontinent including what are now Pakistan and Bangladesh. In 1901, the total population of Singapore was 228,555, ^[63] with 15.8% Malays, 71.8% Chinese, 7.8% Indians, and 3.5% Europeans and Eurasians. The Chinese population figure of Singapore has stayed at over 70% of the total since, reaching 77.8% in 1947. After dropping from a peak of 60% in the early years of Singapore, the Malay population settled within the range of 11 and 16% in the first half of the 20th century, while Indians hovered between 7 and just over 9% in the same period. ^[61]

Population of colonial era Singapore

Ethnic group	Population A
	1824 [65]	1826 [18]	1836 [19]	1871 [66]	1901 [66]	1931 [66] [67]	1957 [68]
Europeans	74	87	141	1,946	3,824	8,082	10,826
Eurasians			117	2,164	4,120	6,903	11,382
Native Christians B		188	421
Armenians	16	19	34			(81)
Arabs	15	26	41
Malays C	4,580	4,790	9,632	26,148	36,080	65,014	197,059
Bugis	1,925	1,242	1,962 D
Javanese		267	903
Chinese	3,317	6,088	13,749	54,572	164,041	418,640	1,090,596
Indians	756	1,021	2,930	11,610	17,824	50,811	124,084
Others E		12	50	671	2,667	8,275	11,982
Total	10,683	13,750	29,980	97,111	228,555	557,745	1,445,929

• ^A Population figures do not include transient populations of military personnel and convicts
• ^B Mostly of Portuguese descent
• ^C Include other peoples of the Malay Archipelago if figures not given separately
• ^D Include Balinese
• ^E Include Cafres, Siamese, Parsis, Jews, and other groupings if figures not given separately.

Annual growth rate for main ethnic groups in selected periods ^[23]

Ethnic group	1824–1830	1849–1860	1881–1891	1901–1911	1931–1947
Chinese	12.0%	5.4%	3.5%	3.0%	3.5%
Malays	2.9%	5.2%	0.1%	1.5%	3.6%
Indians	6.7%	6.8%	2.9%	5.0%	1.9%

Languages

Quadrilingual construction warning sign written in Singapore's four official languages; English, Chinese, Tamil and Malay.

Main article: Languages of Singapore

Languages of Singapore (2020) [69]
Languages			percent
English			48.3%
Mandarin Chinese			29.9%
Malay			9.2%
Chinese dialects			8.7%
Tamil			2.5%
Others			1.4%

Singapore has four official languages: English, Malay, Mandarin and Tamil.

Malay is the national language of the country, although English is the official language used in the educational system and by the government. The colloquial English-based creole used in everyday life is often referred to as Singlish, spoken by all races of Singapore.

The government of Singapore promotes the use of Mandarin. The use of other Chinese varieties, like Hokkien, Teochew, Cantonese and Hakka, has been declining over the last two decades, although they are still being used especially by the older generations of the Chinese population.

About 60% of Indian Singaporeans are Tamils although the percentage of those who speak Tamil at home has been declining, with around 37% of Singaporean Indians speaking Tamil at home according to the 2010 census. ^[70] Other spoken Indian languages are Punjabi, Malayalam, Hindi and Bengali, but none of them alone is spoken by more than 10% of the Indian Singaporeans. As with Chinese Singaporeans, a large proportion of Indian Singaporeans speak English at home. ^[71]

Around 5,000 to 10,000 Peranakans, the early Chinese population of the region, still use the Hokkien-influenced Malay dialect called Baba Malay.

Languages of Singapore most frequently spoken at home

Year	English	Mandarin Chinese	Malay	Chinese dialects	Tamil	Others
1980	11.6%	10.2%	13.9%	59.5%	3.1%	1.7%
1990	20.3%	26.0%	13.4%	36.7%	2.9%	0.7%
2000	23.0%	35.0%	14.1%	23.8%	3.2%	0.9%
2010	32.3%	35.6%	12.2%	14.3%	3.3%	2.3%
2020	48.3%	29.9%	9.2%	8.7%	2.5%	1.4%

Religion

Main article: Religion in Singapore

Religion in Singapore (census 2020) ^{[72] [73] [74]}

   Buddhism (31.3%)

   Christianity (18.9%)

   Islam (15.6%)

   Taoism and other Chinese religions (8.8%)

   Hinduism (5.0%)

  Other religions (0.6%)

   No religion (19.9%)

The main religions of Singapore are Chinese folk religion, Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism, Christianity, Judaism, Islam, Hinduism, and Sikhism, with a significant number who profess no religion. ^{[75] [76]}

Singapore has freedom of religion, although the government restricts some religions such as Jehovah's Witnesses, due to their opposition to conscription. The majority of Malays are Muslim, while the plurality of Chinese practise Buddhism and syncretic Chinese folk traditions. Christianity is growing in the country. Taoism was overtaken as the second-most important religion in the 2000 census among the Chinese as more have increasingly described themselves as Buddhists rather than Taoist. ^[76] Indians are mostly Hindus though many are Muslims, Sikhs, and Christians. People who practise no religion form the third-largest group in Singapore. ^[77]

Marriage and divorce

Marriages and divorces ^{[45] [78]}

	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017
Number of marriages (excluding previously married)	24,596	26,081	24,363	27,258	27,936	26,254	28,407
Number of divorces (not including divorces under Muslim law)	5,170	5,416	5,433	5,696	5,306	5,471	5,172	5,450	5,505	5,570
Median age of first marriage (years)
...Grooms	29.8	29.8	30.0	30.1	30.1	30.1	30.2
...Brides	27.3	27.5	27.7	28.0	28.0	28.1	28.2
General marriage rate
...Males (per 1,000 unmarried resident males aged 15 to 49)	43.5	43.4	39.3	43.5	43.8	40.5	44.4
...Females (per 1,000 unmarried resident females aged 15 to 49)	39.6	38.9	35.3	39.2	39.4	36.9	40.8
Median age at divorce (years)
...Grooms	39.9	40.5	41.0	41.3	41.6	42.4	42.6
...Brides	36.3	36.9	37.4	37.7	38.0	38.2	38.4
General divorce rate
...Males (per 1,000 married resident males aged 20 years and over)	7.5	7.5	7.5	7.6	7.1	7.3	7.0
...Females (per 1,000 married resident females aged 20 years and over)	7.3	7.1	7.2	7.2	6.7	6.9	6.5
Crude marriage rate (per 1,000 resident population)				6.7
Crude rate of marital dissolution (per 1,000 resident population)				2.0

Literacy and education

Literacy rate population aged 15 years and above ^[79]

Year	Total	Male	Female
1960	52.6%	70.3%	32.8%
1970	68.9%	83.0%	54.3%
1980	82.3%	91.4%	73.1%
1990	89.1%	95.1%	83.0%
2000	92.5%	96.6%	88.6%
2010	95.9%	98.0%	93.8%
2020	97.1%	98.5%	95.8%

Highest qualification attained of resident non-student population aged 25 years and over ^[44]

Year	Below secondary	Secondary	Post-secondary (non-tertiary)	Diploma or professional qualification	University
2001	46.9%	24.1%	6.6%	8.9%	13.6%
2011	33.4%	19.6%	8.9%	13.6%	24.5%
2020	25.5%	16.3%	10.0%	15.3%	33.0%

Among residents aged 25–39 years, the percentage of university graduates increased from 23.7% in 2001 to 45.9% in 2011 while that who had attained a diploma or professional qualification increased from 15.9% to 22.9% over the same period. ^[44]

Employment

In 2005, the unemployment rate for persons aged 15 years and over was 2.5%, the lowest in the last four years, with a labour force of 2.3 million people. ^{[80] [81] [82]}

Employment (thousands) ^[83]

Year	Employment change											Employment in December 2012
	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012
Total	−22.9	−12.9	71.4	113.3	176.0	234.9	221.6	37.6	115.9	122.6	129.1	3,357.6
Total (excluding foreign domestic workers)	−23.6	−11.7	66.4	105.5	168.0	223.5	213.4	32.9	110.6	117.7	125.8	3,148.0
Locals	19.4	14.9	49.9	63.5	90.9	90.4	64.7	41.8	56.2	37.9	58.7	2,089.3
Foreigners	−42.3	−27.9	21.5	49.8	85.1	144.5	156.9	−4.2	59.7	84.8	70.4	1,268.3
Foreigners (excluding foreign domestic workers)	−43.0	−26.6	16.5	42.0	77.1	133.1	148.7	−8.9	54.4	79.8	67.1	1,058.7

Unemployment rate (%) for persons aged 15 years and over ^{[84] [83]}

Year	Overall	Residents	Singapore citizens
2002	3.6%	4.8%	5.1%
2003	4.0%	5.2%	5.4%
2004	3.4%	4.4%	4.8%
2005	3.1%	4.1%	4.4%
2006	2.7%	3.6%	3.7%
2007	2.1%	3.0%	3.1%
2008	2.2%	3.2%	3.4%
2009	3.0%	4.3%	4.5%
2010	2.2%	3.1%	3.4%
2011	2.0%	2.9%	3.0%
2012	2.0%	2.8%	3.0%
2013	2.0%
2014	2.0%

Household income

Average household monthly income

The average household monthly income was SGD 4,943 in 2000, which was an increase of $3,080 in 1990 at an average annual rate of 4.9%. The average household income experienced a drop of 2.7% in 1999 due to economic slowdown. Measured in 1990 dollars, the average household monthly income rose from SGD$3,080 in 1990 to SGD$4,170 in 2000 at an average annual rate of 3.1%. ^[85]

Household income from work (SGD) ^{[85] [86]}

Year	1990	1995	1997	1998	1999	2000	2010	2011	2017
Average income	3,076	4,107	4,745	4,822	4,691	4,943	8,726	9,618	11,589
Median income	2,296	3,135	3,617	3,692	3,500	3,607	5,600	6,307	8,846

Households income from work by ethnic group per head (SGD) ^[85]

Ethnic group	Average household income			Median household income
	1990	2000	2010 [87]	1990	2000	2010 [87]	2020
Total	3,076	4,943	7,214	2,296	3,607	5,000	7,744
Chinese	3,213	5,219	7,326	2,400	3,848	5,100	7,792
Malays	2,246	3,148	4,575	1,880	2,708	3,844	5,704
Indians	2,859	4,556	7,664	2,174	3,387	5,370	8,500
Others	3,885	7,250		2,782	4,775

Household income distribution

Resident households by monthly household income from work including employer CPF contributions (%) ^[88]

Year	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019
No working person	8.6	6.9	9	9.7	9.8	10	9	8.6	8.6	9.6	10.5	9.3	9.2	9.4	10.4	9.7	10.8	11.8	12.1	13.2
Retiree households	2.6	2.3	3	3.6	3.7	3.5	4.1	4.1	3.8	4	4.1	4.5	4.7	4.9	5.7	5.3	6.1	6.9	7.1	7.9
Below $1,000	3.3	3.9	4	4.6	4.3	4.3	4.4	4.3	3.8	4.1	3.5	3.2	3	2.7	2.3	2	2	1.9	1.9	1.8
$1,000–$1,999	12.2	11.1	11.5	11.1	11.4	10.9	10.5	9.8	8.3	7.8	7	6.5	6.2	6.2	5.9	5.7	5.5	5.4	5.3	5.1
$2,000–$2,999	13.2	12.7	12.5	11.9	12.2	11.4	11.2	10	8.6	8.6	8.2	7.1	6.3	6.3	5.8	5.8	5.4	5.1	5.2	4.9
$3,000–$3,999	12.6	11.5	11.6	11.7	11.4	10.7	10.8	9.7	8.5	8.9	8.3	7.6	6.6	6.7	6	5.5	5.3	5.5	5.2	5.2
$4,000–$4,999	10.2	9.8	9.5	9.4	9.6	9.1	8.9	8.8	8.4	8.1	7.9	7.2	7	6.3	5.9	5.9	5.4	5.2	5.3	5.4
$5,000–$5,999	8.3	8.3	8.1	7.9	7.9	7.9	8.1	7.7	7.3	7.5	7.4	7	6.8	6.4	6.1	5.7	5.9	5.4	5.4	4.9
$6,000–$6,999	6.7	6.7	6.4	6.9	6.3	6.4	6.9	6.8	6.4	6.9	6.7	6.5	6.1	5.8	5.8	5.8	5.8	5.2	5.2	4.9
$7,000–$7,999	5.1	5.3	5.1	4.9	5.3	5.4	5.3	5.7	5.9	5.7	5.7	6	5.8	5.6	5.4	5.3	5.1	5.2	4.6	4.6
$8,000–$8,999	4	4.3	4.3	4	4.1	4.5	4.4	4.7	5.1	4.7	5.1	5.4	5.4	5.1	5.1	5.3	4.9	5	4.7	4.6
$9,000–$9,999	3.1	3.5	3.3	3.4	3.3	3.4	3.5	3.8	4.1	4.1	4.2	4.7	4.7	4.6	4.7	4.8	4.6	4.6	4.4	4.1
$10,000–$10,999	2.4	2.9	2.8	2.7	2.7	2.8	2.9	3.3	3.8	3.7	3.8	4.1	4.1	4.4	4.7	4.3	4.6	4.3	4.3	4.2
$11,000–$11,999	1.8	2.1	2.1	1.9	1.9	2.1	2.3	2.6	3.2	2.9	3	3.3	3.8	3.7	3.6	3.8	3.8	3.6	3.8	3.8
$12,000–$12,999	1.5	1.8	1.5	1.5	1.5	1.8	1.9	1.9	2.4	2.4	2.6	2.7	3.3	3.4	3.3	3.6	3.5	3.2	3.2	3.4
$13,000–$13,999	1.1	1.4	1.2	1.4	1.3	1.4	1.5	1.9	2	2.2	2.1	2.4	2.6	2.8	3	3	3	3	3.2	3
$14,000–$14,999	0.9	1.1	1.1	1.1	1	1.1	1.2	1.4	1.7	1.8	1.8	2.1	2.2	2.6	2.6	2.7	2.6	2.7	2.6	2.8
$15,000–$17,499	1.6	2	1.8	1.9	1.8	2.1	2	2.6	3.2	3.2	3.5	4.2	4.6	4.7	4.9	5.2	5.5	5.6	5.8	5.4
$17,500–$19,999	1	1.4	1.2	1.1	1.2	1.3	1.4	1.7	2.2	2.1	2.2	2.8	3.1	3.3	3.5	3.8	4	4.1	4.2	4.1
$20,000 and over	2.4	3.2	2.8	3	2.9	3.4	3.8	4.7	6.4	5.7	6.6	8	9.2	9.9	11	12.1	12.4	13.3	13.5	14.4

Resident households by monthly household income from work excluding employer CPF contributions (%) ^[88]

Year	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019
No working person	8.6	6.9	9	9.7	9.8	10	9	8.6	8.6	9.6	10.5	9.3	9.2	9.4	10.4	9.7	10.8	11.8	12.1	13.2
Retiree households	2.6	2.3	3	3.6	3.7	3.5	4.1	4.1	3.8	4	4.1	4.5	4.7	4.9	5.7	5.3	6.1	6.9	7.1	7.9
Below $1,000	3.9	4.4	4.6	5.2	4.8	4.8	4.9	4.7	4	4.3	3.7	3.4	3.2	2.9	2.4	2.2	2.1	2.1	2	2
$1,000–$1,999	13.8	13.3	13.6	13	12.9	12.3	11.9	10.9	9.5	9	8.2	7.5	7	7.2	6.7	6.6	6.4	6.2	6.1	5.9
$2,000–$2,999	14.7	14.2	14.1	13.9	13.6	12.7	12.4	11.2	9.8	9.9	9.3	8.3	7.3	7.2	6.7	6.5	6	6	6	5.5
$3,000–$3,999	13.1	12.6	12.4	12.2	12.2	11.5	11.3	10.6	9.7	9.9	9.3	8.3	7.7	7.4	7	6.7	6.4	6.2	6	6.2
$4,000–$4,999	10.3	10	9.8	9.7	9.8	9.4	9.5	9.2	8.9	8.5	8.6	8.2	8	7.4	6.8	6.5	6.5	6.1	6.3	5.8
$5,000–$5,999	8.2	8.3	7.9	8.2	7.8	7.9	8.2	7.9	7.6	8.2	7.8	7.5	7.3	6.9	6.7	6.7	6.7	6.3	6	6
$6,000–$6,999	6.3	6.3	6.1	6	6	6.3	6.4	6.7	6.4	6.7	6.6	6.7	6.4	6.3	6.1	6.1	6	5.8	5.5	5.4
$7,000–$7,999	4.6	4.7	4.8	4.6	4.8	5	4.9	5.3	5.9	5.2	5.6	6	5.9	5.8	5.7	5.9	5.6	5.7	5	5
$8,000–$8,999	3.5	3.9	3.6	3.6	3.8	3.9	3.9	4.2	4.6	4.6	4.8	5.2	5.3	5	5.2	5	5.3	5	5.2	4.6
$9,000–$9,999	2.6	3	2.9	2.6	2.7	2.8	3	3.4	3.9	3.7	3.9	4.2	4.2	4.6	4.7	4.5	4.5	4.5	4.4	4.5
$10,000–$10,999	2.1	2.2	2.3	2.2	2.1	2.4	2.6	3	3.4	3.4	3.4	3.7	4.2	4.3	4	4.3	4.3	3.9	4.2	4.2
$11,000–$11,999	1.5	1.7	1.3	1.5	1.6	1.8	1.9	1.9	2.5	2.4	2.6	2.7	3.2	3.3	3.3	3.5	3.5	3.4	3.6	3.5
$12,000–$12,999	1.2	1.4	1.3	1.3	1.4	1.5	1.6	2	2	2.3	2.2	2.5	2.6	3	3.1	3.2	3	3	3.1	3.2
$13,000–$13,999	0.9	1.1	1	1.1	1	1.2	1.2	1.5	1.6	1.8	1.8	2.1	2.3	2.5	2.5	2.7	2.8	2.7	2.7	2.6
$14,000–$14,999	0.7	0.8	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.9	0.9	1.1	1.4	1.4	1.5	1.8	1.9	2.1	2.3	2.2	2.3	2.4	2.4	2.4
$15,000–$17,499	1.3	1.6	1.5	1.4	1.5	1.7	1.6	2.1	2.7	2.6	2.8	3.6	3.8	4	4.1	4.4	4.6	4.9	5.1	4.8
$17,500–$19,999	0.8	1.1	1	0.9	0.9	1	1.3	1.5	1.8	1.6	1.8	2.2	2.6	2.6	2.9	3.2	3.3	3.4	3.2	3.5
$20,000 and over	2	2.5	2.2	2.3	2.5	2.9	3.4	4.2	5.5	4.9	5.7	6.8	7.7	8.3	9.2	10.1	9.9	10.7	11.1	11.7

Growth in household income by decile

With the recovery from the 1998 economic slowdown, household income growth had resumed for the majority of households in 2000. However, for the lowest two deciles, the average household income in 2000 had declined compared with 1999. This was mainly due to the increase in the proportion of households with no income earner from 75% in 1999 to 87% in 2000 for the lowest 10%. Households with no income earner include those with retired elderly persons as well as unemployed members. ^[89]

Average monthly household income from work including employer CPF contributions among resident employed households(SGD) ^{[90] [91]}

Decile	Average monthly household income (SGD)															Nominal annual change (%)
	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014
Total	5,947	6,417	6,229	6,276	6,285	6,593	6,792	7,431	8,414	8,195	8,726	9,618	10,348	10,469	11,143	7.9	−2.9	0.8	0.1	4.9	3.0	9.4	13.2	−2.6	6.5	10.2	7.6	1.2	6.4
1st – 10th	1,382	1,331	1,266	1,223	1,232	1,257	1,258	1,321	1,399	1,361	1,497	1,581	1,644	1,711	1,775	−3.7	−4.9	−3.4	0.7	2.0	0.1	5.0	5.9	−2.7	10.0	5.6	4.0	4.1	3.7
11th – 20th	2,241	2,275	2,180	2,164	2,199	2,257	2,305	2,418	2,700	2,696	2,940	3,135	3,302	3,372	3,641	1.5	−4.2	−0.7	1.6	2.6	2.1	4.9	11.7	−0.1	9.1	6.6	5.3	2.1	8.0
21st – 30th	2,986	3,043	2,944	2,984	2,988	3,116	3,182	3,379	3,831	3,787	4,158	4,421	4,782	4,993	5,226	1.9	−3.3	1.4	0.1	4.3	2.1	6.2	13.4	−1.1	9.8	6.3	8.2	4.4	4.7
31st – 40th	3,683	3,867	3,722	3,746	3,786	4,020	4,038	4,335	4,906	4,978	5,418	5,794	6,183	6,376	6,863	5.0	−3.7	0.6	1.1	6.2	0.4	7.4	13.2	1.5	8.8	6.9	6.7	3.1	7.6
41st – 50th	4,505	4,680	4,572	4,637	4,648	4,859	4,971	5,358	6,055	5,980	6,603	7,032	7,608	7,993	8,303	3.9	−2.3	1.4	0.2	4.5	2.3	7.8	13.0	−1.2	10.4	6.5	8.2	5.1	3.9
51st – 60th	5,304	5,677	5,522	5,638	5,504	5,865	6,027	6,561	7,492	7,319	7,840	8,436	9,133	9,469	10,108	7.0	−2.7	2.1	−2.4	6.6	2.8	8.9	14.2	−2.3	7.1	7.6	8.3	3.7	6.7
61st – 70th	6,354	6,751	6,664	6,725	6,633	7,136	7,180	7,928	8,957	8,798	9,310	10,101	10,894	11,293	11,861	6.2	−1.3	0.9	−1.4	7.6	0.6	10.4	13.0	−1.8	5.8	8.5	7.9	3.7	5.0
71st – 80th	7,608	8,322	8,132	8,229	8,012	8,641	8,809	9,479	10,820	10,694	11,105	12,306	13,186	13,807	14,496	9.4	−2.3	1.2	−2.6	7.9	1.9	7.6	14.1	−1.2	3.8	10.8	7.2	4.7	5.0
81st – 90th	9,461	10,755	10,294	10,271	10,350	10,701	11,048	12,386	14,013	13,423	13,943	15,509	16,366	16,984	18,017	13.7	−4.3	−0.2	0.8	3.4	3.2	12.1	13.1	−4.2	3.9	11.2	5.5	3.8	6.1
91st – 100th	15,946	17,467	16,998	17,146	17,493	18,076	19,100	21,146	23,968	22,909	24,442	27,867	30,379	28,688	31,142	9.5	−2.7	0.9	2.0	3.3	5.7	10.7	13.3	−4.4	6.7	14.0	9.0	−5.6	8.6

Average monthly household income from work excluding employer CPF contributions among resident employed households(SGD) ^[90]

Decile	Average monthly household income (SGD)													Nominal annual change (%)
	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012
Total	5,456	5,736	5,572	5,618	5,761	6,052	6,280	6,889	7,752	7,549	8,058	8,864	9,515	5.1	−2.9	0.8	2.5	5.1	3.8	9.7	12.5	−2.6	6.7	10.0	7.3
1st – 10th	1,285	1,209	1,151	1,112	1,140	1,162	1,165	1,223	1,300	1,264	1,385	1,460	1,518	−5.9	−4.8	−3.4	2.5	1.9	0.3	5.0	6.3	−2.8	9.6	5.4	4.0
11th – 20th	2,062	2,040	1,956	1,942	2,009	2,064	2,114	2,218	2,464	2,462	2,679	2,834	2,985	−1.1	−4.1	−0.7	3.5	2.7	2.4	4.9	11.1	−0.1	8.8	5.8	5.3
21st – 30th	2,737	2,717	2,627	2,668	2,721	2,833	2,903	3,078	3,464	3,436	3,759	3,988	4,290	−0.7	−3.3	1.6	2.0	4.1	2.5	6.0	12.5	−0.8	9.4	6.1	7.6
31st – 40th	3,367	3,434	3,312	3,330	3,431	3,645	3,673	3,950	4,420	4,495	4,887	5,200	5,529	2.0	−3.6	0.5	3.0	6.2	0.8	7.5	11.9	1.7	8.7	6.4	6.3
41st – 50th	4,097	4,149	4,043	4,103	4,200	4,390	4,514	4,870	5,455	5,391	5,959	6,303	6,800	1.3	−2.6	1.5	2.4	4.5	2.8	7.9	12.0	−1.2	10.5	5.8	7.9
51st – 60th	4,830	5,015	4,884	4,981	4,978	5,301	5,477	5,962	6,753	6,601	7,090	7,587	8,196	3.8	−2.6	2.0	−0.1	6.5	3.3	8.9	13.3	−2.3	7.4	7.0	8.0
61st – 70th	5,773	5,971	5,891	5,936	6,005	6,458	6,535	7,234	8,107	7,972	8,450	9,147	9,806	3.4	−1.3	0.8	1.2	7.5	1.2	10.7	12.1	−1.7	6.0	8.2	7.2
71st – 80th	6,919	7,365	7,187	7,273	7,256	7,846	8,046	8,694	9,849	9,733	10,142	11,193	11,973	6.4	−2.4	1.2	−0.2	8.1	2.5	8.1	13.3	−1.2	4.2	10.4	7.0
81st – 90th	8,631	9,557	9,144	9,142	9,443	9,797	10,203	11,491	12,916	12,354	12,887	14,307	15,038	10.7	−4.3	0.0	3.3	3.7	4.1	12.6	12.4	−4.4	4.3	11.0	5.1
91st – 100th	14,862	15,905	15,524	15,688	16,425	17,021	18,170	20,174	22,797	21,784	23,345	26,622	29,012	7.0	−2.4	1.1	4.7	3.6	6.8	11.0	13.0	−4.4	7.2	14.0	9.0

Household income ratio

The disparity in household income had widened in 2000, reflecting the faster income growth for the higher-income households. ^{[85] [92]}

Gini coefficient among resident employed households ^[90]

Year	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012
Household income from work excluding employer CPF contributions per household member	0.444	0.456	0.457	0.460	0.464	0.470	0.476	0.489	0.481	0.478	0.480	0.482	0.488
Household income from work including employer CPF contributions per household member	0.442	0.454	0.454	0.457	0.460	0.465	0.470	0.482	0.474	0.471	0.472	0.473	0.478
Household income from work including employer CPF contributions per household member after accounting for government transfers and taxes	0.434	0.437	0.433	0.446	0.446	0.449	0.444	0.467	0.449	0.448	0.452	0.448	0.459

Ratio of household income from work per household member at the 90th percentile to 10th percentile among resident employed households ^[90]

Year	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012
Household income from work excluding employer CPF contributions per household member	7.74	8.68	8.49	8.51	8.81	9.26	9.3	9.52	9.61	9.25	9.43	9.12	9.18
Household income from work including employer CPF contributions per household member	7.75	8.58	8.82	8.81	8.87	9.06	9.23	9.38	9.64	9.43	9.35	9.19	9.14
Household income from work including employer CPF contributions per household member after accounting for government transfers and taxes	7.68	7.82	7.71	8.28	8.24	8.3	7.68	8.68	7.94	8.00	8.1	7.54	7.87

International rankings

Main article: International rankings of Singapore

International rankings of Singapore
Social rankings
United Nations	Population density	3rd out of 239 (2014) [93]
United Nations	Number of immigrants	7th out of 192 (42.6% of Singapore's population are foreigners) ([ when? ]) [94]
United Nations	Fertility rate	197th out of 200 (2015) [95]

See also

• Singapore portal

• Singaporeans
• Malay Singaporeans
• Chinese Singaporeans
• Indian Singaporeans
• Arab Singaporeans
• Eurasians in Singapore
• Population planning in Singapore

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93. List of countries and dependencies by population density
94. List of countries by immigrant population
95. List of countries and territories by fertility rate

External links

• Census 2000
• Singapore Dept of Statistics