Singlish vocabulary

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Singlish is the English-based creole or patois spoken colloquially in Singapore. English is one of Singapore's official languages, along with Malay (which is also the National Language), Mandarin, and Tamil. [1] Although English is the lexifier language, Singlish has its unique slang and syntax, which are more pronounced in informal speech. It is usually a mixture of English, Hokkien, Cantonese, Malay, and Tamil, and sometimes other Chinese languages like Teochew, Hainanese, Hakka, Hockchew, and Mandarin. For example, pek chek means to be annoyed or frustrated, and originates from Singaporean Hokkien 迫促 (POJ: pek-chhek). [2] It is used in casual contexts between Singaporeans, but is avoided in formal events when certain Singlish phrases may be considered unedifying. Singapore English can be broken into two subcategories: Standard Singapore English (SSE) and Colloquial Singapore English (CSE) or Singlish as many locals call it. The relationship between SSE and Singlish is viewed as a diglossia, in which SSE is restricted to be used in situations of formality where Singlish/CSE is used in most other circumstances. [3]

Contents

Some of the most popular Singlish terms have been added to the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) since 2000, including wah , sabo , lepak , shiok and hawker centre . [4] On 11 February 2015, kiasu was chosen as OED's Word of the Day. [5]

Word origins

Singlish vocabulary formally takes after British English (in terms of spelling and abbreviations), although naming conventions are in a mix of American and British ones (with American ones on the rise). For instance, local media have "sports pages" (sport in British English) and " soccer coverage" (soccer—originally slang for association football—while used in Britain, is more usually called just football). Singlish also uses many words borrowed from Hokkien, the non-Mandarin Chinese language native to more than 75%[ citation needed ] of the Chinese in Singapore, and from Malay. In many cases, English words take on the meaning of their Chinese counterparts, resulting in a shift in meaning. Vocabulary is also taken from Indian words such as dai meaning 'hey', goondu meaning 'fat', etc. This is most obvious in such cases as borrow/lend, which are functionally equivalent in Singlish and mapped to the same Chinese word, 借 (Hokkien chioh, Cantonese ze3, Mandarin jiè), which can mean to lend or to borrow. For example: "Oi, can I borrow your calculator?" / "Hey, can you lend me your calculator?"

Singlish dictionaries and word lists

There have been several efforts to compile lexicons of Singlish, some for scholarly purposes, but most for entertainment. Two early humorous works were Sylvia Toh Paik Choo's Eh, Goondu! (1982) [6] and Lagi Goondu! (1986). [7] In 1997 the second edition of the Times-Chambers Essential English Dictionary [8] was published. To date, this is the only formal dictionary containing a substantial number of Singaporean English terms. Such entries and sub-entries are arranged alphabetically amongst the standard English entries. A list of common words borrowed from local languages such as Hokkien and Malay appears in an appendix. It appears that no subsequent editions have been published.

2002 saw the publication of the Coxford Singlish Dictionary, [9] a light-hearted lexicon which was developed from material posted on the website Talkingcock.com. In 2004 a website, A Dictionary of Singlish and Singapore English, was launched to document the actual usage of Singlish and Singapore English in published material, in the way that the Oxford English Dictionary does for standard English. Compiled by an amateur lexicographer, the Dictionary appears to be one of the more comprehensive and professionally written dictionaries dealing exclusively with Singlish and Singapore English available so far.[ according to whom? ]

The Singapore Tourism Board and tourism-related businesses have also produced short lists of commonly used Singlish terms, ostensibly to allow foreigners visiting Singapore to comprehend the local language better. Such lists have been printed in brochures or booklets, and also published on websites.

The lack of an officially printed version of a Singlish dictionary is due to the fact that the Singapore government frowns upon the use of Singlish, their official stance being that the speaking of Singlish will make Singaporeans difficult to understand when communicating with foreigners who are not familiar with Singlish. Thus, the government has made an effort to quash the use of Singlish and to promote the use of standard English through the Speak Good English Movement over the past few years. Though failing to discourage the use of Singlish, it has resulted in Singlish having a bad reputation in recent years, further stalling efforts to document actual Singlish usage.

Letters contributed to the forum of The Straits Times , the main local newspaper, by readers have called for Singlish to be kept alive in Singapore. Community efforts to do so include the aptly named "Speak Good Singlish Movement". The idea of promoting Singlish was raised as part of a larger debate on creating a uniquely Singaporean identity. However, the government has yet to officially change its stand regarding Singlish.

A list of Singlish terms and expressions widely used in Singapore is set out below. It is not exhaustive and is meant to provide some representative examples of Singlish usage in Singapore. The origins of the Singlish terms are indicated where possible, and literal translations are provided where necessary.

Phonological sounds used in Singlish

Below are the phonological sounds used from the International Phonetic Alphabet used in Singlish.

Consonants used in Singlish vocabulary [10]
BilabialLabio-dentalDentalAlveolarPost-alveolarPalatalVelarGlottal
Nasalmnŋ
Plosivep bt dk g
Fricativef vθ ðs zʃ ʒh
Approximantɹ
Laterallw
Vowels used in Singlish vocabulary [11]
FrontCentralBack
Closeiu
Close-mideəo
Open-midɛəɔ
Opena

List of Singlish words

0–9

A


B

C

Linguist Ghil'ad Zuckermann defines chiminology as "something intellectually bombastic, profound and difficult to understand". Zuckermann.jpg
Linguist Ghil'ad Zuckermann defines chiminology as "something intellectually bombastic, profound and difficult to understand".

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z

Food and beverages

Singlish is prominently used in local coffee shops, or kopitiams (the word is obtained by combining the Malay word for coffee and the Hokkien word for 'shop'), and other eateries. Local names of many food and drink items have become Singlish and consist of words from different languages and are indicative of the multi-racial society in Singapore. For example, teh is the Malay word for 'tea' which itself originated from Hokkien, peng is the Hokkien word for 'ice', kosong is the Malay word for 'zero' to indicate no sugar, and C refers to 'Carnation', a brand of evaporated milk.

Food

Names of common local dishes in Singapore hawker centres are usually referred to in local dialect or language. However, as there are no English words for certain food items, the dialect terms used for them have slowly evolved into part of the Singlish vocabulary. Ordering in Singlish is widely understood by the hawkers. Some examples of food items which have become part of Singlish:

  • char kway teow –(From Hokkien/Teochew) Fried flat rice noodles with bean sprouts, Chinese sausages, eggs and cockles, in black sweet sauce, with or without chilli.
  • chwee kueh –(From Teochew 水粿) Cup-shaped steamed rice flour cakes topped with preserved vegetables (usually radish) and served with or without chilli.
  • Hokkien char mee –(From Hokkien 福建炒麵/福建炒面, lit. 'Fujian fried noodles') Refers to the Kuala Lumpur Hokkien noodle. It is a dish of thick yellow noodles braised in thick dark soy sauce with pork, squid, fish cake and cabbage as the main ingredients and cubes of pork fat fried until crispy.
  • Hokkien hae mee –(From Hokkien 福建蝦麵/福建虾面, lit. 'Fujian prawn noodles') Refers to either the Penang prawn noodle or Singapore prawn noodle. Soup-based (Penang) and stir-fried (Singapore). Egg noodles and rice noodles with no dark soya sauce used. Prawn is the main ingredient with slices of chicken or pork, squid and fish cake. Kang Kong (water spinach) is common in the Penang version.
  • ice kacang –(From Malay) Crushed ice with flavoured syrup poured into them. Beans and jelly are usually added as well.
  • kangkong / kangkung–(From Malay) Water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica).
  • kaya –(From Malay) Local jam mixture made of coconut, sugar and egg of Straits Chinese origins.
  • roti-kaya–(From Malay) Toasted bread with Kaya.
  • mee goreng–(From Chinese/Malay) Malay fried noodles.
  • otah–(From Malay) Fish paste wrapped in banana leaf or coconut leaves and cooked over a charcoal fire. Southeast Asian influence - you can find similar versions in Thailand, Indonesia and Malaysia.
  • popiah –(From Hokkien) Chinese spring rolls (non-fried). Various condiments and vegetables wrapped in a flour skin with sweet flour sauce. Condiments can be varied, but the common ones include turnip, bamboo shoots, lettuce, Chinese sausage, prawns, bean sprouts, garlic and peanut. Originates from China. Hokkien and Straits Chinese (Nonya) popiah are the main versions.
  • rojak –(From Malay) local salad of Malay origins. A mixture of sliced cucumber, pineapple, turnip, dried beancurd, Chinese doughsticks (Youtiao), bean sprouts with prawn paste, sugar, lotus buds and assam (tamarind).
  • roti john–(From Malay/English) Indian version of western hamburger consisting of two halves of French loaves fried with egg and minced beef/mutton. Colonial origins.
  • tauge / taoge / taugeh / taugey–(From Hokkien 豆芽 tāu-gê) Bean sprout.
  • tau gee–(From Hokkien 豆枝 tāu-ki) Dried bean stick; dried beancurd strips in sticks or rolls.
  • tze char –(From Hokkien 煮炒 tsír-tshá)lit. meaning cook and fry. A general term for food served by mini restaurants in local hawker stalls serving restaurant-style Chinese dishes, like fried noodles, sweet and sour pork, claypot tofu, etc.

Beverages

Types of tea
  • teh–(From Hokkien/Malay 茶tê) Tea.
  • teh-O–(From Hokkien 茶烏/茶乌tê-o, lit. 'black tea') Tea without milk but instead with sugar.
  • teh-O-ice-limau–(From Hokkien-English-Malay) Home brewed iced lemon tea.
  • teh-C–(From Hokkien/Hainanese) Tea with evaporated milk. The C refers to the evaporated milk, derived from Hainanese See/Xi which sounds like alphabet 'C', in Hainanese See Gu-Nin refers to Evaporated or Fresh (See/C) Milk (Gu-Nin) e.g. King of Kings or Carnation as many Coffeeshops and related businesses are operated by Hainanese people in earlier days and even today.
  • teh-cino–(From Hokkien) Milk layered with tea on top (similar to latte macchiato), though its name hints towards a tea version of cappuccino.
  • teh-peng–(From Hokkien 茶冰tê-peng) Iced milk tea sweetened with condensed milk.
  • teh-poh–(From Hokkien 茶薄tê-po̍h) Weak or thin tea.
  • teh-kosong–(From Hokkien/Malay) Plain Tea.
  • teh-kah-dai–(From Hokkien/Cantonese 加底gaa1 dai2, lit. 'add base') Milk tea sweetened with condensed milk, with more sugar.
  • teh-siu-dai–(From Hokkien/Cantonese 少底siu2 dai2, lit. 'less base') Milk tea sweetened with condensed milk, with less sugar.
  • teh-pua seo–(From Hokkien 茶半燒/茶半烧tê puànn-sio) Lukewarm tea.
  • teh-O-kah-dai–(From Hokkien/Cantonese 加底gaa1 dai2, lit. 'add base') Tea with more sugar.
  • teh-O-siu-dai–(From Hokkien/Cantonese 少底siu2 dai2, lit. 'less base') Tea with less sugar.
  • teh-C-kah-dai–(From Hokkien/Hainanese/Cantonese 加底gaa1 dai2, lit. 'add base') Milk tea with more sugar.
  • teh-C-siu-dai–(From Hokkien/Hainanese/Cantonese 少底siu2 dai2, lit. 'less base') Milk tea with less sugar.
  • teh-packet or Teh-pao–(From Hokkien 茶包tê pau) Tea to go.
  • teh-tarik –(From Malay) 'Pulled' tea with milk, a Malay specialty.
  • teh-halia –(From Malay) Tea with ginger extract.
  • teh-halia tarik–(From Malay) Pulled tea with milk (teh tarik) and ginger.
  • tiao he / tiau hir–(From Hokkien 釣魚 /钓鱼tiò-hî, lit. 'fishing') Teabag in hot water. Refers to dipping the teabag.
Types of coffee
  • kopi–(From Malay/Hokkien 咖啡ka-pi) Coffee.
  • kopi-O–(From Malay/Hokkien 咖啡烏/咖啡乌ka-pi-o, lit. 'black coffee') Coffee with sugar but no milk.
  • kopi-C–(From Malay/Hainanese) Coffee with evaporated milk. The C refers to the evaporated milk, derived from Hainanese See"/"Xi which sounds like alphabet "C", in Hainanese See Gu-Nin refers to Evaporated or Fresh (See/C) Milk (Gu-Nin) e.g. King of Kings or Carnation as many Coffeeshops and related businesses are operated by Hainanese people in earlier days and even today.
  • kopi kosong –(From Malay) Substitutes condensed for evaporated milk. Plain coffee.
  • kopi-peng–(From Malay/Hokkien 咖啡冰ka-pi-peng) Coffee with ice.
  • kopi-packet / kopi-pao–(From Malay/Hokkien 咖啡包ka-pi-pau) Coffee to go.
  • kopi-pua seo–(From Malay/Hokkien 咖啡半燒/咖啡半烧ka-pi-pua-sio) Lukewarm coffee.
  • kopi-gao–(From Malay/Hokkien 咖啡厚ka-pi kāu) Thick coffee.
  • kopi-poh–(From Malay/Hokkien 咖啡薄ka-pi-poh) Weak or thin coffee.
  • kopi-kah-dai–(From Malay/Cantonese 加底gaa1 dai2, lit. 'add base') Coffee with more sugar.
  • kopi-siu-dai–(From Malay/Cantonese 少底siu2 dai2, lit. 'less base') Coffee with less sugar.

These terms can be combined together. For example, strong iced coffee with evaporated milk and sugar would be called “kopi-c gau peng.” [48]

Other beverages
  • bandung (drink)–(From Malay) Rose syrup-milk drink, of Indian origins. (Goat's milk was traditionally used.)
  • ice kosong–(From English-Malay) Iced water.
  • horlick-dinosaur–(From English) Iced Horlicks with extra scoop of Horlicks powder on top.
  • horlick-sio–(From Hokkien-English) Hot Horlicks.
  • horlick-peng–(From Hokkien-English) Iced Horlicks.
  • milo-sio–(From Hokkien-English) Hot Milo.
  • milo dinosaur–(From English) Iced Milo with extra scoop of undissolved Milo powder on top.
  • milo-peng–(From Hokkien-English) Iced Milo.
  • tak kiu–(From Hokkien 踢球 , lit. 'play football' or 'play soccer') Milo; Nestlé Milo often uses soccer and other sports as the theme of its advertisement.
  • tak kiu-peng–(From Hokkien) Iced Milo.

The above list is not complete; for example, one can add the "-peng" suffix (meaning "iced") to form other variations such as Teh-C-peng (tea with evaporated milk and ice) which is a popular drink considering Singapore's warm weather.

English words with different meanings in Singlish

Expressions

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ According to Hokkien Dictionary from Taiwan's Ministry of Education, "𪁎 tshio" describes males (esp. an animal or dog) being sexually receptive when mating (形容雄性動物發情的樣子). Variation of words include "起𪁎 khi-tshio" (mating) or "𪁎哥 tshio-ko" (lecherous). E.g. 彼隻狗仔咧𪁎矣 Hit tsiah káu‑á teh tshio-ah (那隻狗在發情了) That dog is going to mate!
  2. ↑ According to the Great Dictionary of Minnan Dialects 閩南方言大詞典, "hong 仾" is used in Amoy and Zhangzhou Hokkien to mean "being" （給人）. It's formed by combining and simplifying two words "互 hoo" (or 予) and "人 lang” into one word "hong". "hong 仾" is equivalent to 互人/予人 hōo-lâng

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References

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  5. ↑ Singapore terms join Oxford English Dictionary - BBC, 12 May 2016
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  27. ↑ 梁丽娜, 杨德权 (2018-08-01). 新加坡英语闽南语借词汇释 (in Chinese (China)). 人民日报出版社. ISBN   9787511554710.
  28. ↑ 周長揖(Zhou Changyi) (2006). Zhou, Changyi (ed.). The Great Dictionary of Minnan Dialects (Chinese Source: 閩南方言大詞典 Minnan Fangyan Dacidian. Fuzhou (China): Fujian Peoples' Publisher (福建人民出版社）. p. 482. ISBN   7211038969.
  29. 1 2 Wee, Lionel (1998) 'The lexicon of Singapore English'. In J. A. Foley et al. (eds.) English in New Cultural Contexts: Reflections from Singapore, Singapore: Singapore Institute of Management/Oxford University Press, pp. 175-200.
  30. ↑ Deterding, David (2007) Singapore English, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, p. 75.
  31. ↑ Brown, Adam (1999) Singapore English in a Nutshell, Singapore: Federal, p. 121.
  32. 1 2 Brown, Adam (1999) Singapore English in a Nutshell, Singapore: Federal, p. 123.
  33. ↑ Tessa Wong (6 August 2015). "The rise of Singlish". BBC News.
  34. ↑ Richards, Jack C. and Tay, Mary W. J. (1977) 'The la particle in Singapore English', in William Crewe (ed.), The English Language in Singapore, Singapore: Eastern Universities Press, pp. 141–56.
  35. ↑ Deterding, David and Low Ee Ling (2003) 'A corpus-based description of particles in spoken Singapore English', in David Deterding, Low Ee Ling and Adam Brown (eds.), English in Singapore: Research on Grammar, Singapore: McGraw-Hill Education (Asia), pp. 58–66.
  36. ↑ Wee, Lionel (2004) 'Reduplication and discourse particles'. In Lisa Lim (ed.) Singapore English: A Grammatical Description, Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 105-126.
  37. ↑ "Singlish Guide: 125 Phrases/Words That Define SG (Singaporean English)". www.guidesify.com. 2017-08-13. Retrieved 2018-09-10.
  38. ↑ Brown, Adam (1999) Singapore English in a Nutshell, Singapore: Federal, p. 135.
  39. ↑ Brown, Adam (1999) Singapore English in a Nutshell, Singapore: Federal, p. 147.
  40. ↑ "A Dictionary of Singlish and Singapore English - P". www.mysmu.edu. Retrieved 2021-10-13.
  41. ↑ Brown, Adam (1999) Singapore English in a Nutshell, Singapore: Federal, p. 158.
  42. ↑ Deterding, David (2007) Singapore English, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, p. 76.
  43. ↑ Brown, Adam (1999) Singapore English in a Nutshell, Singapore: Federal, pp. 187
  44. ↑ Brown, Adam (1999) Singapore English in a Nutshell, Singapore: Federal, p. 195
  45. ↑ Brown, Adam (1999) Singapore English in a Nutshell, Singapore: Federal, p. 215.
  46. ↑ Brown, Adam (1999) Singapore English in a Nutshell, Singapore: Federal, p. 229.
  47. ↑ Zhou, Changji; Chew, Cheng Hai, eds. (2002). 新加坡闽南话词典 (in Chinese). Beijing: China Social Sciences Press. p. 176. ISBN   7-5004-3530-4.
  48. ↑ Zienchuk, Judi (13 Jun 2013). "An Introduction to Singaporean Kopi Culture". Epicure & Culture. Retrieved 25 Jan 2016.
  49. ↑ Wong, Jock (2006) 'Contextualizing aunty in Singaporean English', World Englishes, 25 (3/4), 451-466.
  50. ↑ Brown, Adam (1999) Singapore English in a Nutshell, Singapore: Federal, pp. 85-6
  51. ↑ Brown, Adam (1999) Singapore English in a Nutshell, Singapore: Federal, p. 128.
  52. 1 2 Deterding, David (2007) Singapore English, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, p. 80.
  53. 1 2 Deterding, David (2007) Singapore English, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, p. 81.
  54. ↑ Brown, Adam (1999) Singapore English in a Nutshell, Singapore: Federal, p. 154.
  55. ↑ Deterding, David (2000) 'Potential influences of English on the written English of Singapore'. In Adam Brown (ed.) English in Southeast Asia 99: Proceedings of the 'English in Southeast Asia' conference held at NIE Singapore, Singapore: National Institute of Education, pp. 201-209.
  56. ↑ Brown, Adam (1999) Singapore English in a Nutshell, Singapore: Federal, p. 211.
  57. ↑ Brown, Adam (1999) Singapore English in a Nutshell, Singapore: Federal, p. 217
  58. ↑ Tongue, R. K. (1979) The English of Singapore and Malaysia, Singapore: Eastern Universities Press, p. 68.

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