Olympic sports

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Archery competition held during the Athens 2004 Summer Olympics. Dropped from the Olympic program after the 1920 Antwerp games, it was reinstated in 1972. Athens archery.jpg
Archery competition held during the Athens 2004 Summer Olympics. Dropped from the Olympic program after the 1920 Antwerp games, it was reinstated in 1972.

Olympic sports are sports that are contested in the Summer Olympic Games and Winter Olympic Games. The 2020 Summer Olympics included 33 sports; [1] the 2022 Winter Olympics included seven sports. [2] [3] Each Olympic sport is represented at the International Olympic Committee (IOC) by an international governing body called an International Federation (IF). [4]

Contents

The 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo saw the introduction of four new sports, with karate, skateboarding, sport climbing and surfing making their Olympic debuts. Breakdancing will make its debut at the 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris, and ski mountaineering will make its debut at the 2026 Winter Olympics.

Olympic sports definitions

The International Olympic Committee (IOC) considers an Olympic sport to comprise all disciplines governed by an international sports federation. [4] For example, aquatics is a summer Olympic sport that includes six disciplines: swimming, artistic swimming, diving, water polo, open water swimming, and high diving (a non-Olympic discipline), all of which are governed at international level by World Aquatics. [3] [5] Skating is a winter Olympic sport represented by the International Skating Union, and includes four disciplines: figure skating, speed skating, short track speed skating, and synchronized skating (a non-Olympic discipline). [3] [6] The sport with the largest number of Olympic disciplines is skiing, with six: alpine skiing, cross-country skiing, ski jumping, Nordic combined, snowboarding, and freestyle skiing.

Other notable multi-discipline sports are gymnastics (artistic, rhythmic, and trampoline), cycling (road, track, mountain, and BMX), volleyball (indoors and beach), wrestling (freestyle and Greco-Roman), canoeing (flatwater and slalom), and bobsleigh (includes skeleton). The disciplines listed here are only those contested in the Olympics—gymnastics has two non-Olympic disciplines, while cycling and wrestling have three each.

The IOC definition of a "discipline" may differ from that used by an international federation. For example, the IOC considers artistic gymnastics a single discipline, but the International Federation of Gymnastics (FIG) classifies men's and women's artistic gymnastics as separate disciplines. [7] Similarly, the IOC considers freestyle wrestling to be a single discipline, but United World Wrestling classifies women's freestyle wrestling as the separate discipline of "female wrestling". [8]

An event, by IOC definition, is a competition that leads to the award of medals. [9] Therefore, the sport of aquatics includes a total of 46 Olympic events, of which 32 are in the discipline of swimming, eight in diving, and two each in artistic swimming, water polo, and open water swimming. The number of events per sport ranges from a minimum of two (until 2008, there were sports with only one event) to a maximum of 47 in athletics, which despite its large number of diverse events is not divided into separate disciplines like aquatics is.

Criteria for inclusion and thresholds

Sports eligible for inclusion in the Olympic programme are only those governed by international federations recognized by the IOC, as stated in Bye-laws 1.3.2 and 1.4.2 to Rule 45 of the Olympic Charter (2023). [10] The opportunity to propose additional sports to the programme is at the full discretion of the respective Organising Committee of the Olympic Games and subject to the final decision of the IOC Session. [11]

In the past, several criteria concerning widely practiced sports, disciplines or events have been abolished. [9] However, the number of sports remains constrained by athlete and event limits. According to Bye-law 3.2 to Rule 45 of the Olympic Charter (2023), Summer Olympics should be approximately limited to 10,500 athletes, 5,000 coaches and support personnel and 310 events, while Winter Olympics should be capped at around 2,900 athletes, 2,000 coaches and support personnel and 100 events, unless agreed to otherwise by the Organizing Committee. [10] These thresholds are likely to be surpassed for the 2028 Summer Olympics. [12]

In previous years, sports that depend primarily on mechanical propulsion, such as motor sports, could not be considered for recognition as Olympic sports, though there were power-boating events in 1908 before this rule was enacted by the IOC. [4] [13] The rule excluding motorsports [14] was removed from the Olympic Charter in 2016. [15] [16] The FIA (governing body for automobile sports) [17] and FAI (governing body for air sports) [18] are recognised by the International Olympic Committee, [19] and therefore, in theory, could be eligible for inclusion at future Olympic Games.

Changes in Olympic sports

Curling was promoted to an official Olympic sport at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano. Curling Torino 2006 Pinerolo Palaghiaccio scena1.jpg
Curling was promoted to an official Olympic sport at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano.

The list of Olympic sports has changed considerably during the course of Olympic history, and has gradually increased over time. The Olympic Charter decrees that Olympic sports for each edition of the Olympic Games should be decided at an IOC Session no later than seven years prior to the Games.

The only summer sports that have never been absent from the Olympic program are athletics, aquatics (swimming), cycling, fencing, and gymnastics (artistic gymnastics). The only winter sports that were included in all Winter Olympic Games are skiing (nordic skiing), skating (figure skating and speed skating), and ice hockey. Figure skating and ice hockey were also included in the Summer Olympics (in 1908 and 1920) before the Winter Olympics were introduced in 1924.

Early Olympic Games prior to World War II included eight sports that have since been discontinued from the Olympics: basque pelota, croquet, jeu de paume, polo, rackets, roque, tug of war and water motorsports. [3] [20] Organizers were able to decide which sports or disciplines were included on the program from 1896–1920, with the IOC taking control of the program in 1924. As a result, a number of sports were on the Olympic program for relatively brief periods: of the eight discontinued early Olympic sports, the only one on the program after 1920 was polo (in 1924 and 1936). [4] These sports were removed because of lack of interest and/or the absence of an appropriate governing body, [4] and are considered unlikely to ever return.

Five early Olympic sports that were removed by the IOC have managed to return to the Olympic program: archery in 1972, tennis in 1988, curling in 1998, golf in 2016 and cricket in 2028. Further, three other early Olympic sports returned in a different format from which they were originally competed in: handball in 1972 (as indoor handball instead of field handball), rugby in 2016 (as rugby sevens instead of rugby union), and lacrosse in 2028 (as lacrosse sixes instead of field lacrosse).

For most of the 20th century, the Olympics included one or more demonstration sports, normally to promote a local sport from the host country or to gauge interest in an entirely new sport. [21] Some such sports, like baseball and curling, were later added to the official Olympic program (in 1992 and 1998, respectively). The competitions and ceremonies in these sports were identical to official Olympic sports, except that the medals were not counted in the official record. On some occasions, both official medal events and demonstration events have been contested in the same sport at the same Games. Due to logistical issues, the International Olympic Committee decided in 1989 to eliminate demonstration sports from the Olympic Games after 1992. [22] An exception was made in 2008, when the Beijing Organizing Committee received permission to organize a wushu tournament. [23] [24]

Women first competed in the 1900 Olympic Games, participating in five sports (croquet, sailing, tennis, golf and equestrian). [25] With the addition of women's boxing in 2012 and women's ski jumping in 2014, women can now compete in all Olympic disciplines except for Greco-Roman wrestling and nordic combined; there are also two women-only disciplines, rhythmic gymnastics and artistic swimming.

Changes since 2000

The sports of baseball and softball were both voted off the program by the IOC Session in Singapore on 11 July 2005, [26] a decision that was reaffirmed on 9 February 2006. [27] Baseball and softball, before their reinstatement for the 2020 Olympics, [28] were last included in 2008: therefore, the number of sports in the 2012 Summer Olympics was dropped from 28 to 26. This was the first time a sport or discipline had been removed from the Olympic program since canoe slalom after 1972 (though it returned in 1992).

Two previously long-discontinued sports, golf (last competed in 1904) and rugby (last competed in 1924), returned for the 2016 Summer Olympics. On 13 August 2009, the IOC Executive Board proposed that golf and rugby sevens be added to the Olympic program for 2016. [29] On 9 October 2009, during the 121st IOC Session in Copenhagen, the IOC voted to admit both as official Olympic sports and to include them in the 2016 Summer Olympics. [30] [31] The IOC voted 81–8 in favor of rugby sevens and 63–27 in favor of golf, thus bringing the number of sports back to 28. [31]

In February 2013, the IOC considered dropping a sport from the 2020 Summer Olympics to make way for a new sport: modern pentathlon and taekwondo were thought to be vulnerable, but instead the IOC recommended removing wrestling. [32] On 8 September 2013, the IOC added wrestling to the 2020 and 2024 Summer Games. [33]

Starting with the 2020 Games, the IOC altered the way it plans the Olympic sports program: rather than basing it on a maximum number of sports, the total number of events are now taken into account, opening the schedule up for the inclusion on a per-Games basis of additional sports to the 28 "core" sports. For the 2020 Summer Olympics, the local organizing committee was thus permitted to add five sports to the program in addition to the existing 28, taking the total to 33. [28] [34] Baseball and softball have been treated by the IOC as a single sport since the governing bodies for baseball and softball merged into a single international federation, the World Baseball Softball Confederation, in 2013 (with male athletes competing in baseball and female athletes competing in softball). On 3 August 2016, the IOC voted to add baseball/softball, karate, sport climbing, surfing, and skateboarding as optional sports for the 2020 Summer Olympics. [28]

On 21 February 2019, the Paris 2024 Organising Committee announced they would propose the inclusion of breakdancing (breaking), as well as skateboarding, sport climbing, and surfing. [35] All four sports were approved during the 134th IOC Session in Lausanne, Switzerland on 24 June 2019. [36]

On 18 June 2021, the IOC issued a proposal for a new winter sport, ski mountaineering, for the 2026 Winter Olympics. The proposal was approved during the IOC's session in Tokyo on 20 July. [37]

On 3 February 2022, the IOC designated skateboarding, sport climbing and surfing to be core Summer Olympic sports starting in 2028, raising the number of core sports to 31. [38] On 16 October 2023, the IOC approved the addition of five optional sports for the 2028 Summer Olympics: baseball/softball, cricket, flag football, lacrosse and squash, while breakdancing was dropped. [39] Cricket's only previous Olympic appearance was in 1900, while lacrosse was last on the Olympic program in 1908.

Summer Olympics

Volleyball has been part of the Summer Olympics since 1964. Brasil vence a Franca no volei masculino 1037987-15.08.2016 ffz-6369.jpg
Volleyball has been part of the Summer Olympics since 1964.

At the first Olympic Games, ten sports were contested. [40] Since then, the number of sports contested at the Summer Olympic Games has gradually risen to thirty-six on the program for 2028. [39]

In order for a sport or discipline to be considered for inclusion in the list of Summer Olympic sports, it must be widely practiced in at least 75 countries, spread over four continents. [4]

Current and discontinued summer program

The following sports (and disciplines) make up the current and discontinued Summer Olympic Games official program and are listed alphabetically according to the name used by the IOC. The figures in each cell indicate the number of events for each sport contested at the respective Games; a bullet () denotes that the sport was contested as a demonstration or unofficial sport.

Eight of the 32 sports at the 2024 Summer Olympics consist of multiple disciplines. Each discipline is marked with a unique 3-character identifier code by the IOC. [41] [42]

SportDisciplineCode & Pictogram Body 96 00 04 06 08 12 20 24 28 32 36 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96 00 04 08 12 16 20 24
Aquatics Artistic Swimming SWA Synchronized swimming pictogram.svg World Aquatics 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Diving DIV Diving pictogram.svg 2 1 2 4 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
Marathon Swimming OWS Open water swimming pictogram.svg 2 2 2 2 2
Swimming SWM Swimming pictogram.svg 4 7 9 4 6 9 10 11 11 11 11 11 11 13 15 18 29 29 26 26 29 31 31 32 32 32 32 32 32 35 35
Water Polo WPO Water polo pictogram.svg 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Archery ARC Archery pictogram.svg World Archery 7 6 3 10 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5
Athletics ATH Athletics pictogram.svg World Athletics 12 23 25 21 26 30 29 27 27 29 29 33 33 33 34 36 36 38 37 38 41 42 43 44 46 46 47 47 47 48 48
Badminton BDM Badminton pictogram.svg BWF 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Basketball 3x3 BK3 3-on-3 basketball pictogram.svg FIBA 2 2
Basketball BKB Basketball pictogram.svg 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Boxing BOX Boxing pictogram.svg No body recognised [39] 7 5 8 8 8 8 8 8 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 12 12 12 12 12 11 11 13 13 13 13
Breaking BKG Breakdancing pictogram.svg WDSF 2
Canoeing Sprint CSP Canoeing (flatwater) pictogram.svg ICF 9 9 9 9 7 7 7 7 11 11 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 10
Slalom CSL Canoeing (slalom) pictogram.svg 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 6
Cycling BMX Freestyle BMF BMX freestyle pictogram.svg UCI 2 2
BMX Racing BMX Cycling (BMX) pictogram.svg 2 2 2 2 2
Mountain Bike MTB Cycling (mountain biking) pictogram.svg 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Road CRD Cycling (road) pictogram.svg 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
Track CTR Cycling (track) pictogram.svg 5 3 7 5 7 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 4 4 5 6 7 8 12 12 10 10 10 12 12
Equestrian Dressage EDR Equestrian Dressage pictogram.svg FEI 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Eventing EVE Equestrian Eventing pictogram.svg 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Jumping EJP Equestrian Jumping pictogram.svg 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Fencing FEN Fencing pictogram.svg FIE 3 7 5 8 4 5 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 10 10 10 10 10 10 12 12
Field hockey HOC Field hockey pictogram.svg FIH 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Football FBL Football pictogram.svg FIFA 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Golf GLF Golf pictogram.svg IGF 2 2 2 2 2
Gymnastics Artistic GAR Gymnastics (artistic) pictogram.svg FIG 8 1 11 4 2 4 4 9 8 11 9 9 15 15 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14
Rhythmic GRY Gymnastics (rhythmic) pictogram.svg 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Trampoline GTR Gymnastics (trampoline) pictogram.svg 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Handball Indoor HBL Handball pictogram.svg IHF 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Judo JUD Judo pictogram.svg IJF 4 6 6 8 8 7 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 15 15
Modern Pentathlon MPN Modern pentathlon pictogram.svg UIPM 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Rowing ROW Rowing pictogram.svg World Rowing 0 [s 1] 5 5 6 4 4 5 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14
Rugby Sevens RU7 Rugby Sevens pictogram.svg World Rugby 2 2 2
Sailing SAL Sailing pictogram.svg World Sailing 0 [s 1] 13 4 4 14 3 3 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 8 10 10 11 11 11 10 10 10 10
Shooting SHO Shooting pictogram.svg ISSF 5 8 16 15 18 21 10 2 3 4 7 7 6 6 7 8 7 7 11 13 13 15 17 17 15 15 15 15 15
Skateboarding SKB Skateboarding pictogram.svg World Skate [s 2] 4 4
Sport Climbing CLB Climbing pictogram.svg IFSC 2 4
Surfing SRF Surfing pictogram.svg ISA 2 2
Table Tennis TTE Table tennis pictogram.svg ITTF 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5
Taekwondo TKW Taekwondo pictogram.svg World Taekwondo 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
Tennis TEN Tennis pictogram.svg ITF 2 4 2 4 6 8 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5
Triathlon TRI Triathlon pictogram.svg World Triathlon 2 2 2 2 2 3 3
Volleyball Beach VBV Volleyball (beach) pictogram.svg FIVB 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Indoor VVO Volleyball (indoor) pictogram.svg 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Weightlifting WLF Weightlifting pictogram.svg IWF 2 2 2 5 5 5 5 5 6 7 7 7 7 7 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 15 15 15 15 15 14 10
Wrestling Freestyle WRE Wrestling Freestyle pictogram.svg UWW 7 5 5 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 8 11 11 11 12 12 12
Greco-Roman WRG Wrestling pictogram.svg 1 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 8 7 7 7 6 6 6
Baseball and Softball Baseball BSB Baseball pictogram.svg WBSC [s 3] 1 1 1 1 1 1
Softball SBL Softball pictogram.svg 1 1 1 1 1
Basque Pelota PEL Basque pelota pictogram.svg FIPV 1
Cricket CKT Cricket pictogram.svg ICC 1
Croquet CQT Croquet pictogram.svg WCF 3
Equestrian Vaulting EVL EQ Vaulting pictogram.svg FEI 2
Driving EDV Equestrian Driving pictogram.svg 2
Handball Field HBL Handball Field Handball pictogram.svg IHF 1
Jeu de Paume Jeu de paume pictogram.svg 1
Karate KTE Karate pictogram.svg WKF 8
Lacrosse LAX Lacrosse pictogram.svg WL 1 1
Polo POL Polo pictogram.svg FIP 1 1 1 1 1
Rackets RQT Racquets pictogram.svg 2
Roque Roque pictogram.svg 1
Rugby Union RUG Rugby union pictogram.svg World Rugby 1 1 1 1
Tug of War TOW Tug of war pictogram.svg TWIF 1 1 1 1 1 1
Water Motorsports PBT Water motorsports pictogram.svg UIM 3
Skating Figure FSK Figure skating pictogram.svg ISU 4 3 Included in winter games (see below)
Ice Hockey IHO Ice hockey pictogram.svg IIHF 1
Total events43959578110102156126109117129136149151150163172195198203221237257271300301302302306339329
Total sports 10 21 18 14 25 18 29 23 20 20 25 23 23 23 23 25 24 28 27 27 29 31 34 37 40 40 42 40 42 50 48
SportDiscipline Body 96 00 04 06 08 12 20 24 28 32 36 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96 00 04 08 12 16 20 24
  1. 1 2 Sailing and rowing were included in the program of the 1896 Games, but were cancelled due to bad weather. [s 4]
  2. At the time skateboarding was announced as part of the 2020 Summer Games, the sport was governed by the International Skateboarding Federation. That body merged with Fédération Internationale de Roller Sports in September 2017 to form the current World Skate.
  3. The World Baseball Softball Confederation, which currently governs both baseball and softball, was created by a 2013 merger of two former governing bodies – the International Baseball Federation and the International Softball Federation. Baseball and softball were governed separately at all Olympics before 2013.
  4. The Olympic Studies Centre (2022), History of the sports at the Olympic Summer Games, The Olympic Studies Centre, retrieved 19 January 2024

Demonstration summer sports

Between 1924 and 1992, the IOC officially recognized demonstration sports, allowing host countries to organize demonstrations of non-Olympic sports during the Games; no demonstration sports were held in 1976 or 1980 due to the IOC temporarily eliminating them. [43]

The following sports or disciplines have been demonstration sports at the Summer Olympic Games for the years shown, but have never been included on the Olympic program as a medal event. [43]

American football (1904) and Korfball (1920) first appeared as unofficial sports before becoming demonstration sports. Flag football, a non-contact version of American football, will make its Olympic debut in 2028.

Gliding was promoted from a demonstration sport to an official Olympic sport for the 1940 Summer Olympics, but the Games were cancelled due to World War II. [44] [45]

Unofficial summer sports

Several sports, while not officially recognized by the IOC as demonstration sports, have nonetheless been held alongside or as part of the Olympic program. Events held during Games prior to 1924 are considered demonstration sports by some scholars, [46] [47] though not by the IOC. [43] Bowling at the 1988 Games (along with badminton) was considered an exhibition sport in that it was not part of the official Olympic schedule and did not require IOC approval for staging, unlike demonstration sports. [48]

Art competitions were held between the 1912 and 1948 Games, and medals were awarded, though they are not considered by the IOC to be equivalent to regular Olympic medals. [49] Olympic medals have also been awarded for feats of alpinism [50] and aeronautics. [51]

Organizers of the 1900 and 1904 Olympic Games, which were staged in conjunction with the 1900 and 1904 World's Fairs, included numerous sporting events on an equal footing under their programmes. [52] [53] [54] Historians generally regard many of these as not satisfying retrospective inclusion criteria to qualify as "official." [55] Through 1995, the IOC never made a determination regarding which events were Olympic and which were not, [52] although the present IOC website generally conforms to historians' views.

Classification of Olympic sports for revenue share

Summer Olympic sports are divided into categories based on popularity, gauged by: television viewers (40%), internet popularity (20%), public surveys (15%), ticket requests (10%), press coverage (10%), and number of national federations (5%). The categories determine the share each sport's International Federation receives of Olympic revenue. [56] [57] The below table shows the categorization of sports as of 2013. [58] Category A represents the most popular sports; category E lists either the sports that are the least popular or that are new to the Olympics (golf and rugby).

CategorySport
Aathletics, aquatics, gymnastics
Bcycling, tennis, basketball, football, volleyball
Carchery, badminton, boxing, judo, rowing, shooting, table tennis, weightlifting
Dcanoe/kayaking, equestrian, fencing, field hockey, handball, sailing, taekwondo, triathlon, wrestling
Emodern pentathlon, golf, rugby

Winter Olympics

Ice hockey was introduced at the 1920 Summer Olympics and then moved to the Winter Games in 1924. Ice hockey at the 2014 Winter Olympics - Men's tournament Czech Republic vs Slovakia 2.jpg
Ice hockey was introduced at the 1920 Summer Olympics and then moved to the Winter Games in 1924.

Before 1924, ice sports like figure skating and ice hockey were held at the Summer Olympic Games. [59] These two sports made their debuts at the 1908 and the 1920 Summer Olympics respectively, but in 1924 they were moved to the first edition of the Winter Olympic Games and became permanent fixtures on the sports program for the Winter Olympics from then on.

The 1924 International Winter Sports Week, later dubbed the first Olympic Winter Games and retroactively recognized as such by the IOC, consisted of nine disciplines in six sports. [60]

A sport or discipline must be widely practised in at least 25 countries, and on three different continents, to be eligible for inclusion on the Olympic program for the Winter Games. [4]

Current winter program

The following sports (or disciplines of a sport) make up the current Winter Olympic Games official program and are listed alphabetically, according to the name used by the IOC. The figures in each cell indicate the number of events for each sport that were contested at the respective Games (the red cells indicate that those sports were held at the Summer Games); a bullet () denotes that the sport was contested as a demonstration or unofficial sport.

Three out of the eight sports consist of multiple disciplines. [42]

SportDisciplineCode & Pictogram Body 08 20 24 28 32 36 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 94 98 02 06 10 14 18 22 26
Biathlon BTH Biathlon pictogram.svg IBU   1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 6 6 6 8 10 10 11 11 11 11
Bobsleigh Bobsleigh BOB Bobsleigh pictogram.svg IBSF   1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4
Skeleton SKN Skeleton pictogram.svg   1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3
Curling CUR Curling pictogram.svg World Curling   1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3
Ice Hockey IHO Ice hockey pictogram.svg IIHF   1 [w 1] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Luge LUG Luge pictogram.svg FIL   3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5
Skating Figure FSK Figure skating pictogram.svg ISU 4 [w 1] 3 [w 1] 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5
Short Track Speed STK Short track speed skating pictogram.svg   4 6 6 8 8 8 8 8 9 9
Speed SSK Speed skating pictogram.svg   5 4 4 4 4 4 4 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 12 12 12 14 14 14
Skiing Alpine ALP Alpine skiing pictogram.svg FIS   2 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 11 11 10 [w 2]
Cross-Country CCS Cross country skiing pictogram.svg   2 2 2 3 3 4 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 10 10 10 12 12 12 12 12 12 12
Freestyle FRS Freestyle skiing pictogram.svg   2 4 4 4 4 6 10 10 13 15
Nordic Combined NCB Nordic combined pictogram.svg   1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Ski Jumping SJP Ski jumping pictogram.svg   1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 5 6
Snowboarding SBD Snowboarding pictogram.svg   4 4 6 6 10 10 11 11
Ski Mountaineering SMT Ski mountaineering pictogram.svg ISMF   3
Military Patrol [w 3] Military patrol pictogram.svg   1
Total events16141417222224273435353738394657616878848698102109116
Total sports 9 8 7 8 9 8 8 8 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 12 12 14 15 15 15 15 15 15 16
  1. 1 2 3 Figure skating and ice hockey were featured as part of the Summer Olympics program before the Winter Olympics were inaugurated in 1924.
  2. Men's and women's Alpine Combined events have been included in the 2026 program on a provisional basis, subject to further review. [w 4]
  3. Military Patrol is considered to be the precursor to biathlon, [61] however, the official website of the Olympic Movement designates military patrol as a separate sport. [62] [63] The Official Report of the 1924 Games regards it as an event within the sport of skiing. [64] [65]
  4. "Milano Cortina 2026 set to become the most gender-balanced Olympic Winter Games in history". International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 6 August 2022.

Demonstration winter sports

The following sports or disciplines have been demonstration sports at the Winter Olympic Games for the years shown, but have never been included on the Olympic program as a medal event. [66]

Unofficial winter sports

Recognized international federations

Tug of war was contested at the 1904 Summer Olympics. It was later dropped from the Olympic program but remains a recognized sport. 1904 tug of war.jpg
Tug of war was contested at the 1904 Summer Olympics. It was later dropped from the Olympic program but remains a recognized sport.

Many sports have their governing bodies recognized by the IOC, but are not contested at the Olympics. [67]

Such sports, if eligible under the terms of the Olympic Charter, may apply for inclusion in the program at future Games, through a recommendation by the IOC Olympic Programme Commission, followed by a decision of the IOC Executive Board and a vote of the IOC Session. When Olympic demonstration sports took place, a sport usually appeared as such before being officially admitted. [21]

An International Sport Federation (IF) is responsible for ensuring that the sport's activities follow the Olympic Charter. When a sport is recognized by the IOC, the IF becomes an official Olympic sport federation and joins either the Association of Summer Olympic International Federations (ASOIF, for summer Olympic sports), the Association of International Olympic Winter Sports Federations (AIOWF, for winter Olympic sports), or the Association of IOC Recognised International Sports Federations (ARISF, for non-Olympic sports). [3]

A number of recognized sports are included in the program of the World Games, a multi-sport event run by the International World Games Association, an organization that operates under the patronage of the IOC. Since the start of the World Games in 1981, 16 sports and disciplines that have been competed there - badminton and baseball (1992), beach volleyball and softball (1996), taekwondo, trampoline, triathlon, women's water polo and women's weightlifting (2000), rugby sevens (2016), karate and sport climbing (2020), breakdancing (2024), and flag football, lacrosse sixes and squash (2028) - have subsequently been added to the Olympic program.

The governing bodies of the following sports currently not contested at the Olympic Games are recognized by the IOC: [68]

1 Official sport at the World Games.
2 Discontinued Olympic sport.
3 Skateboarding, a discipline within roller sports, was included at the 2020 Summer Olympics. Inline and roller skating have not yet been added.
4 Baseball and softball share the same governing body.
5 Waterskiing and wakeboarding share the same governing body.
6 Will be on the program at the 2028 Summer Olympics.
7 Was on the program at the 2020 Summer Olympics, but is not on the program for the 2024 or 2028 Summer Olympics.

See also

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">World Games</span> Recurring international multi-sport event

The World Games are an international multi-sport event comprising sports and sporting disciplines that are not contested in the Olympic Games. They are usually held every four years, one year after a Summer Olympic Games, over the course of 11 days. The World Games are governed by the International World Games Association, under the patronage of the International Olympic Committee.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1928 Winter Olympics</span> Multi-sport event in Sankt Moritz, Switzerland

The 1928 Winter Olympics, officially known as the II Olympic Winter Games and commonly known as St. Moritz 1928, were an international winter multi-sport event that was celebrated from 11 to 19 February 1928 in St. Moritz, Switzerland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1924 Winter Olympics</span> Multi-sport event in Chamonix, France

The 1924 Winter Olympics, officially known as the I Olympic Winter Games and commonly known as Chamonix 1924, were a winter multi-sport event which was held in 1924 in Chamonix, France. Originally held in association with the 1924 Summer Olympics, the sports competitions were held at the foot of Mont Blanc in Chamonix, and Haute-Savoie, France between 25 January and 5 February 1924. The Games were organized by the French Olympic Committee, and were originally reckoned as the "International Winter Sports Week." With the success of the event, it was retroactively designated by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) as "the first Olympic Winter Games".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1924 Summer Olympics</span> Multi-sport event in Paris, France

The 1924 Summer Olympics, officially the Games of the VIII Olympiad and also known as Paris 1924, were an international multi-sport event held in Paris, France. The opening ceremony was held on 5 July, but some competitions had already started on 4 May. The Games were the second to be hosted by Paris, making it the first city to host the Olympics twice.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1992 Winter Olympics</span> Multi-sport event in Albertville, France

The 1992 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XVI Olympic Winter Games and commonly known as Albertville '92, was a winter multi-sport event held from 8 to 23 February 1992 in and around Albertville, France. Albertville won the bid to host the Winter Olympics in 1986, beating Sofia, Falun, Lillehammer, Cortina d'Ampezzo, Anchorage, and Berchtesgaden. The 1992 Winter Olympics were the last winter games held in the same year as the Summer Olympics. The Games were the fifth Olympic Games held in France and the country's third Winter Olympics, after the 1924 Winter Games in Chamonix and the 1968 Winter Games in Grenoble. This games was the first of two consecutive Olympic games to be held in Western Europe, preceding the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Team sport</span> Sport with players in opposing teams

A team sport is a type of sport where the fundamental nature of the game or sport necessitates the participation of multiple individuals working together as a team, and it is inherently impossible or highly impractical to execute the sport as a single-player endeavour. In team sports, the cooperative effort of team members is essential for the sport to function and achieve its objectives. The objective often involves teammates facilitating the movement of a ball or similar object in accordance with a set of rules, in order to score points. Examples are basketball, volleyball, rugby, water polo, handball, lacrosse, cricket, baseball, and the various forms of football, and hockey. These sports emphasize teamwork, strategy, and coordination among team members, while competing against opposing teams, to achieve a common goal. Team sports do not include individual or individual-to-team events within a sport.

A demonstration sport, or exhibition sport, is a sport which is played to promote it, rather than as part of standard medal competition. This occurs commonly during the Olympic Games, but may also occur at other sporting events.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Baseball at the Summer Olympics</span> Baseball at the Summer Olympics

Baseball at the Summer Olympics unofficially debuted at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris, and was first contested as a demonstration sport at the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm. It became an official Olympic sport at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, then was played at each Olympiad through the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. The sport was then dropped from the Summer Olympic program, until being revived for the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo for a single appearance. It is next expected to be part of the 2028 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Softball at the Summer Olympics</span> Competition of the Olympics

Softball was on the Olympic program from 1996 to 2008. It was introduced at the 1996 Atlanta Olympics and was removed from the program for 2012 and 2016, but was added for a one-off appearance, along with baseball, for the 2020 Summer Olympics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Finland at the Olympics</span> Sporting event delegation

Finland first participated at the Olympic Games in 1908, and has sent athletes to compete in every Summer Olympic Games and every Winter Olympic Games since then. Finland was also the host nation for the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki. Finnish athletes have won a total of 305 medals at the Summer Games, mostly in athletics and wrestling. Finland has also won 175 medals at the Winter Games, mostly in nordic skiing events.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Youth Olympic Games</span> International multi-sport event

The Youth Olympic Games (YOG) is an international multi-sport event for athletes between 15 and 18 years old, organized by the International Olympic Committee. The games are held every four years in staggered summer and winter events consistent with the current Olympic Games format, though in reverse order with the Olympic Winter Games held in leap years instead of the Summer Olympic Games. The first summer version was held in Singapore from 14 to 26 August 2010 while the first winter version was held in Innsbruck, Austria from 13 to 22 January 2012.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2028 Summer Olympics</span> Multi-sport event in Los Angeles, California, US

The 2028 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXXIV Olympiad, and commonly known as Los Angeles 2028 or LA28, is an upcoming international multi-sport event scheduled to take place from July 14 to 30, 2028, in Los Angeles, California, United States.

This is a list of sports played in the biennial Southeast Asian Games. Unlike the Olympic games, there are no official limits to the number of sports which may be contested, and the range may be decided by the organising host pending approval by the Southeast Asian Games Federation. Albeit for some core sports which must be featured, the host is also free to introduce other sports. Over time, this has meant as much as 43 sports in the 24th edition of the games, and the programme has included relatively obscure sports such as arnis, finswimming and pétanque.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pan American Games sports</span> Sports included in the Pan American Games

The Pan American Games sports comprise all the sports contested in the Summer Olympic Games. In addition, traditional and popular sports throughout the Americas which are not contested at the Olympic Games are also contested such as bowling and baseball. As of 2015, the Pan American Games included 36 sports with 51 disciplines and 364 events. The number and kinds of events may change slightly from one Pan American Games to another.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">125th IOC Session</span>

The 125th IOC Session took place at the Buenos Aires Hilton in Buenos Aires, Argentina, from 7 to 10 September 2013. On 7 September, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) elected Tokyo as the host city of the 2020 Summer Olympic Games. Wrestling was restored to the Olympic sports program for 2020 and 2024. Thomas Bach was elected to an eight-year term as IOC President on 10 September.

The World Games sports comprise all the sports contested in The World Games. Starting in Birmingham 2022, there was no distinction between official and invitational sports. José Perurena, IWGA President, stated, "In Birmingham, for the first time, invitational sports were no longer presented separately but were also part of the official programme." This is now The World Games policy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Participation of women in the Olympics</span>

The rate of participation of women in the Olympic Games has been increasing since their first participation in 1900. Some sports are uniquely for women, others are contested by both sexes, while some older sports remain for men only. Studies of media coverage of the Olympics consistently show differences in the ways in which women and men are described and the ways in which their performances are discussed. The representation of women on the International Olympic Committee has run well behind the rate of female participation, and it continues to miss its target of a 20% minimum presence of women on their committee.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2032 Summer Olympics</span> Multi-sport event in Brisbane, Australia

The 2032 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXXV Olympiad and also known as Brisbane 2032 is an upcoming international multi-sport event scheduled to take place between 23 July to 8 August 2032, in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.

The 141st IOC Session was an IOC Session that was held in Mumbai, India from 15 to 17 October 2023.

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