Ice hockey at the 1936 Winter Olympics

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Ice hockey at the 1936 Winter Olympics
Olympic rings without rims.svg
Tournament details
Host countryFlag of Germany (1935-1945).svg  Germany
Venue(s)2 (in 1 host city)
Dates6–16 February 1936
Teams15
Final positions
Champions Gold medal blank.svgFlag of the United Kingdom.svg  Great Britain (1st title)
Runner-up Silver medal blank.svgCanadian Red Ensign (1921-1957).svg  Canada
Third place Bronze medal blank.svgFlag of the United States (1912-1959).svg  United States
Fourth placeFlag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czechoslovakia
Tournament statistics
Games played37
Goals scored165 (4.46 per game)
Scoring leader(s) Canadian Red Ensign (1921-1957).svg Hugh Farquharson 10 goals.

The men's ice hockey tournament at the 1936 Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany, was the fifth Olympic Championship, also serving as the tenth World Championships and the 21st European Championships. [1]

Contents

The British national ice hockey team pulled off a major upset when they won the gold medal, marking a number of firsts in international ice hockey competition. Great Britain made history as the first team ever to win an Olympic, World, and European (its second) Championships and the first to win all three in the same year. [2] They were the first team to stop Canada from winning the Olympic ice hockey gold, following Canada's four consecutive gold medals.

Tournament summary

In previous Olympics, the Great Britain team had finished third (1924), and fourth (1928) but with teams that were, "largely composed of Canadian Army officers and university graduates living in the U.K." [2] It was decided that their team must be British-born this time, and while only one player on the team was born in Canada, nine of the thirteen players on the roster grew up in Canada, and eleven had played previously in Canada. [2]

Canadian men's ice hockey team (the Port Arthur Bearcats) at the 1936 Olympic Games Canadian Ice Hockey Team, 1936 Winter Olympics.jpg
Canadian men's ice hockey team (the Port Arthur Bearcats) at the 1936 Olympic Games

The Ligue Internationale de Hockey sur Glace (LIHG) which oversaw ice hockey at the Olympics, met before the games started and ruled that Jimmy Foster and Alex Archer were ineligible to compete for Great Britain since the players were under suspension by the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association (CAHA) for not seeking permission to transfer internationally. Great Britain's manager Bunny Ahearne contested that international rules stated a player could leave a country without seeking permission, and the CAHA suspensions should not apply. [3] CAHA president E. A. Gilroy had lodged a complaint with the LIHG in September 1935, but the LIHG had not held a meeting until the eve of the Olympics. Gilroy denied making a last-minute protest for fear of Canada (represented by 1935 Allan Cup runners-up Port Arthur Bearcats) losing to Great Britain. [3] He chose not to object to the two players participating as a gesture of sportsmanship towards Great Britain. [4] The Canadian Press reported that Canadian officials agreed to lift the suspensions on Foster and Archer after "considerable pressure had been brought to bear on Canadian officials by British Olympic higher-ups". [5]

Still unhappy with the state of affairs were the Americans, who did not believe the rules were being followed, [6] and the French, who were very angry that Canada did not repeal their protest with them. [7] Before the second round of games began, other participating hockey nations threatened to protest the victories by Great Britain due to the use of CAHA players, and called for an emergency meeting. [8]

Yugoslavia was to have competed, but dropped out on short notice. [9] For the opening round, the 15 teams were drawn into three groups of four and one group of three. The top four finishers of the 1935 World Championships (Canada, Switzerland, Great Britain, Czechoslovakia) were guaranteed placement in separate groups. And despite the non-participation of the United States the previous year, the organizers recognized the relative strength of the American team, and guaranteed their placement would not be in World Champion Canada's group. [10]

The tournament itself featured very close play for the medals. It was played in three rounds beginning with four groups, where the two best teams of each group moved on to two groups of four, where again the two best moved on to a final round robin group of four, to determine the medals. [2]

The major upset occurred in the semi-finals, when Britain's Edgar Brenchley scored late in the third to defeat Canada two to one, setting up the eventual gold medal outcome. The format at these Olympics was to have head-to-head results from the semi-finals carried forward, so that the finals could be a four team round robin with only two additional games per team. The British team's shock victory over the Canadians, plus the win by the USA over Czechoslovakia, both counted in the tables for the final round. [2]

Before the final round began, Canada threatened to withdraw from Olympic hockey when it learned that the playoffs format would carry over the loss to Great Britain past the second round-robin series, since the tournament format stated that teams did not have to play one another more than once. [11] Gilroy was unaware of the playoff format in advance of the Olympics, and took objection to the sportsmanship of Canadian officials being questioned, after a special meeting decided not to alter the format. [12]

In the final round, the British team beat Czechoslovakia, then played six scoreless periods against the USA before the game was called a tie, ensuring a silver or gold for the British. In the tournament's final game, Canada could win silver, and Britain gold, if Canada defeated the US. The Americans could still have deprived Britain of the gold with a win over Canada by a score that matched or bested Britain's goal ratio, for example 1-0 or 5-1. The Americans were very tired from the marathon scoreless tie, and lost one to nothing. [13] The 1936 tournament was the first time in which Canada did not win the gold medal in ice hockey at the Olympic Games, which led to the CAHA and Gilroy being heavily scrutinized by media in Canada. [14]

Another story of this Olympic hockey tournament was the participation of Rudi Ball. The German leadership allowed this top player to lead their hockey team at these German hosted Olympics, making him the only Jew to represent Germany at these Olympic Games. [6]

Medalists

GoldSilverBronze
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  Great Britain  (GBR)
Carl Erhardt (Captain)
James Foster
Gordon Dailley
Archibald Stinchcombe
Edgar Brenchley
John Coward
James Chappell
Alexander Archer
Gerry Davey
James Borland
Robert Wyman
Jack Kilpatrick
Art Child
Flag of Canada (1921-1957).svg  Canada  (CAN)
Francis Moore
Arthur Nash
Herman Murray
Walter Kitchen
Raymond Milton
David Neville
Kenneth Farmer
Hugh Farquharson
Maxwell Deacon
Alexander Sinclair
Bill Thomson
James Haggarty
Ralph St. Germain
US flag 48 stars.svg  United States  (USA)
Thomas Moone
Francis Shaughnessy
Philip LaBatte
Frank Stubbs
John Garrison
Paul Rowe
John Lax
Gordon Smith
Elbridge Ross
Francis Spain
August Kammer

Participating nations

First round

Top two teams in each group advanced to Second Round.

Group A

PosTeamPldWDLGFGAGDPtsQualification or relegation
1Canadian Red Ensign (1921-1957).svg  Canada 3300243+216Advance to Second Round
2Flag of Austria.svg  Austria 3201117+44
3Flag of Poland (1928-1980).svg  Poland 3102111212
4Flag of Latvia.svg  Latvia 3003327240
6 FebruaryCanadian Red Ensign (1921-1957).svg  Canada 8–1
(5–0,2–1,1–0)
Flag of Poland (1928-1980).svg  Poland Riessersee, Garmisch-Partenkirchen
7 FebruaryCanadian Red Ensign (1921-1957).svg  Canada 11–0
(2–0,3–0,6–0)
Flag of Latvia.svg  Latvia Olympia-Kunsteisstadion, Garmisch-Partenkirchen
7 FebruaryFlag of Austria.svg  Austria 2–1
(0–0,0–0,2–1)
Flag of Poland (1928-1980).svg  Poland Olympia-Kunsteisstadion, Garmisch-Partenkirchen
8 FebruaryCanadian Red Ensign (1921-1957).svg  Canada 5–2
(4–0,1–2,0–0)
Flag of Austria.svg  Austria Olympia-Kunsteisstadion, Garmisch-Partenkirchen
8 FebruaryFlag of Poland (1928-1980).svg  Poland 9–2
(1–0,4–0,4–2)
Flag of Latvia.svg  Latvia Olympia-Kunsteisstadion, Garmisch-Partenkirchen
9 FebruaryFlag of Austria.svg  Austria 7–1
(4–0,0–0,3–1)
Flag of Latvia.svg  Latvia Riessersee, Garmisch-Partenkirchen

Group B

PosTeamPldWDLGFGAGDPtsQualification or relegation
1Flag of Germany (1935-1945).svg  Germany 320151+44Advance to Second Round
2Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg  United States 320152+34
3Flag of Italy (1861-1946).svg  Italy 31022532
4Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg   Switzerland 31021542
6 FebruaryFlag of Germany (1935-1945).svg  Germany 0–1
(0–1,0–0,0–0)
Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg  United States Olympia-Kunsteisstadion, Garmisch-Partenkirchen
7 FebruaryFlag of the United States (1912-1959).svg  United States 3–0
(0–0,3–0,0–0)
Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg   Switzerland Olympia-Kunsteisstadion, Garmisch-Partenkirchen
7 FebruaryFlag of Germany (1935-1945).svg  Germany 3–0
(1–0,1–0,1–0)
Flag of Italy (1861-1946).svg  Italy Olympia-Kunsteisstadion, Garmisch-Partenkirchen
8 FebruaryFlag of Germany (1935-1945).svg  Germany 2–0
(0–0,1–0,1–0)
Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg   Switzerland Olympia-Kunsteisstadion, Garmisch-Partenkirchen
8 FebruaryFlag of the United States (1912-1959).svg  United States 1–2 OT
(0–0,0–0,1–1,0–0,0–1)
Flag of Italy (1861-1946).svg  Italy Olympia-Kunsteisstadion, Garmisch-Partenkirchen
9 FebruaryFlag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg   Switzerland 1–0
(0–0,1–0,0–0)
Flag of Italy (1861-1946).svg  Italy Olympia-Kunsteisstadion, Garmisch-Partenkirchen

Group C

PosTeamPldWDLGFGAGDPtsQualification or relegation
1Flag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czechoslovakia 3300100+106Advance to Second Round
2Flag of Hungary (1915-1918; angels).svg  Hungary 3201145+94
3Flag of France.svg  France 31024732
4Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Belgium 3003420160
6 FebruaryFlag of Hungary (1915-1918; angels).svg  Hungary 11–2
(1–1,2–0,8–1)
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Belgium Olympia-Kunsteisstadion, Garmisch-Partenkirchen
7 FebruaryFlag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czechoslovakia 5–0
(0–0,4–0,1–0)
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Belgium Riessersee, Garmisch-Partenkirchen
7 FebruaryFlag of Hungary (1915-1918; angels).svg  Hungary 3–0
(0–0,1–0,2–0)
Flag of France.svg  France Riessersee, Garmisch-Partenkirchen
8 FebruaryFlag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czechoslovakia 3–0
(1–0,1–0,1–0)
Flag of Hungary (1915-1918; angels).svg  Hungary Olympia-Kunsteisstadion, Garmisch-Partenkirchen
8 FebruaryFlag of France.svg  France 4–2 OT
(1–0,0–1,0–0,1–1,2–0)
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Belgium Riessersee, Garmisch-Partenkirchen
9 FebruaryFlag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czechoslovakia 2–0
(0–0,1–0,1–0)
Flag of France.svg  France Olympia-Kunsteisstadion, Garmisch-Partenkirchen

Group D

PosTeamPldWDLGFGAGDPtsQualification or relegation
1Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  Great Britain 220040+44Advance to Second Round
2Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden 210121+12
3Flag of Japan.svg  Japan 20020550
6 FebruaryFlag of the United Kingdom.svg  Great Britain 1–0
(1–0,0–0,0–0)
Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden Olympia-Kunsteisstadion, Garmisch-Partenkirchen
7 FebruaryFlag of the United Kingdom.svg  Great Britain 3–0
(2–0,0–0,1–0)
Flag of Japan.svg  Japan Riessersee, Garmisch-Partenkirchen
8 FebruaryFlag of Sweden.svg  Sweden 2–0
(1–0,1–0,0–0)
Flag of Japan.svg  Japan Olympia-Kunsteisstadion, Garmisch-Partenkirchen

Second round

The top two teams in each group advanced to Final Round.

Group A

PosTeamPldWDLGFGAGDPtsQualification or relegation
1Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  Great Britain 321083+55Advance to Final Round
2Canadian Red Ensign (1921-1957).svg  Canada 3201224+184
3Flag of Germany (1935-1945).svg  Germany 31115833
4Flag of Hungary (1915-1918; angels).svg  Hungary 3003222200
11 FebruaryFlag of Germany (1935-1945).svg  Germany 2–1
(0–0,1–0,1–1)
Flag of Hungary (1915-1918; angels).svg  Hungary Olympia-Kunsteisstadion, Garmisch-Partenkirchen
11 FebruaryFlag of the United Kingdom.svg  Great Britain 2–1
(1–1,0–0,1–0)
Canadian Red Ensign (1921-1957).svg  Canada Olympia-Kunsteisstadion, Garmisch-Partenkirchen
12 FebruaryFlag of Germany (1935-1945).svg  Germany 1–1 OT
(0–0,0–1,1–0,0–0,0–0,0–0)
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  Great Britain Olympia-Kunsteisstadion, Garmisch-Partenkirchen
12 FebruaryCanadian Red Ensign (1921-1957).svg  Canada 15–0
(3–0,9–0,3–0)
Flag of Hungary (1915-1918; angels).svg  Hungary Olympia-Kunsteisstadion, Garmisch-Partenkirchen
13 FebruaryFlag of the United Kingdom.svg  Great Britain 5–1
(1–0,3–1,1–0)
Flag of Hungary (1915-1918; angels).svg  Hungary Olympia-Kunsteisstadion, Garmisch-Partenkirchen
13 FebruaryFlag of Germany (1935-1945).svg  Germany 2–6
(0–1,0–3,2–2)
Canadian Red Ensign (1921-1957).svg  Canada Olympia-Kunsteisstadion, Garmisch-Partenkirchen

Group B

PosTeamPldWDLGFGAGDPtsQualification or relegation
1Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg  United States 330051+46Advance to Final Round
2Flag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czechoslovakia 320164+24
3Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden 31023632
4Flag of Austria.svg  Austria 30031430
11 FebruaryFlag of the United States (1912-1959).svg  United States 2–0
(0–0,2–0,0–0)
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czechoslovakia Riessersee, Garmisch-Partenkirchen
11 FebruaryFlag of Sweden.svg  Sweden 1–0
(1–0,0–0,0–0)
Flag of Austria.svg  Austria Riessersee, Garmisch-Partenkirchen
12 FebruaryFlag of the United States (1912-1959).svg  United States 1–0
(0–0,1–0,0–0)
Flag of Austria.svg  Austria Olympia-Kunsteisstadion, Garmisch-Partenkirchen
12 FebruaryFlag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czechoslovakia 4–1
(0–1,2–0,2–0)
Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden Olympia-Kunsteisstadion, Garmisch-Partenkirchen
13 FebruaryFlag of the United States (1912-1959).svg  United States 2–1
(0–0,1–1,1–0)
Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden Olympia-Kunsteisstadion, Garmisch-Partenkirchen
13 FebruaryFlag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czechoslovakia 2–1
(0–0,2–1,0–0)
Flag of Austria.svg  Austria Olympia-Kunsteisstadion, Garmisch-Partenkirchen

Final round

TeamPldWDLGFGAGDPts
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  Great Britain 321071+65
Canadian Red Ensign (1921-1957).svg  Canada 320192+74
Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg  United States 311121+13
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czechoslovakia 3003014140
Source: HockeyCanada.ca
11 FebruaryFlag of the United Kingdom.svg  Great Britain 2–1
(1–1, 0–0, 1–0)
Canadian Red Ensign (1921-1957).svg  Canada Olympia-Kunsteisstadion, Garmisch-Partenkirchen
11 FebruaryFlag of the United States (1912-1959).svg  United States 2–0
(0–0, 2–0, 0–0)
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czechoslovakia Riessersee, Garmisch-Partenkirchen
14 FebruaryFlag of the United Kingdom.svg  Great Britain 5–0
(2–0,3–0,0–0)
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czechoslovakia Olympia-Kunsteisstadion, Garmisch-Partenkirchen
15 FebruaryCanadian Red Ensign (1921-1957).svg  Canada 7–0
(3–0,3–0,1–0)
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czechoslovakia Olympia-Kunsteisstadion, Garmisch-Partenkirchen
15 FebruaryFlag of the United Kingdom.svg  Great Britain 0–0 OT
(0–0,0–0,0–0,0–0,0–0,0–0)
Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg  United States Olympia-Kunsteisstadion, Garmisch-Partenkirchen
16 FebruaryCanadian Red Ensign (1921-1957).svg  Canada 1–0
(1–0,0–0,0–0)
Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg  United States Olympia-Kunsteisstadion, Garmisch-Partenkirchen

N.B. – Tournament rules stated that relevant results from the semi-final round would be carried over to the final round. After the semi-final round, the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association and the German organizers appealed against this rule and asked that in the final stage all four teams should play each other with the semi-final results ignored. This appeal was overwhelmingly rejected by the Olympic authorities. Thus, the 11 February games of Canada vs. Great Britain and the United States vs. Czechoslovakia were counted as games in the final round, hence their replication in both tables.

Final ranking

Gold medal icon.svgFlag of the United Kingdom.svg  Great Britain
Silver medal icon.svgCanadian Red Ensign (1921-1957).svg  Canada
Bronze medal icon.svgFlag of the United States (1912-1959).svg  United States
4Flag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czechoslovakia
5Flag of Germany (1935-1945).svg  Germany
5Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden
7Flag of Austria.svg  Austria
7Flag of Hungary (1915-1918, 1919-1946).svg  Hungary
9Flag of Italy (1861-1946).svg  Italy
9Flag of France.svg  France
9Flag of Japan.svg  Japan
9Flag of Poland (1928-1980).svg  Poland
13Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Belgium
13Flag of Latvia.svg  Latvia
13Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg   Switzerland

European Championship medal table

Gold medal icon.svg Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  Great Britain
Silver medal icon.svg Flag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czechoslovakia
Bronze medal icon.svg Flag of Germany (1935-1945).svg  Germany
Bronze medal icon.svg Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden
5Flag of Austria.svg  Austria
5Flag of Hungary (1915-1918; angels).svg  Hungary
7Flag of France.svg  France
7Flag of Italy (1861-1946).svg  Italy
7Flag of Poland (1928-1980).svg  Poland
10Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Belgium
10Flag of Latvia.svg  Latvia
10Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg   Switzerland

Statistics

Average age

Team Belgium was the oldest team in the tournament, averaging 29 years and 2 months. Team Germany was the youngest team in the tournament, averaging 23 years and 1 months. Gold medalists Great Britain averaged 25 years and 4 months. Tournament average was 25 years and 2 months. [15]

Top scorer

TeamGPGAPts
Canadian Red Ensign (1921-1957).svg Hugh Farquharson 81010

There is some disagreement as to the totals of Farquharson, both the IOC and IIHF maintain that he scored ten goals. Assist totals were not officially tabulated at the time, and sources indicate anywhere from five to ten. [16] [17]

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Cecil Charles Duncan was a Canadian ice hockey administrator. He served as president of the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association (CAHA) from 1936 to 1938 and led reforms towards semi-professionalism in ice hockey in Canada. He served as chairman of the CAHA committee which proposed a new definition of amateur to eliminate what it called "shamateurism", in the wake of Canada's struggles in ice hockey at the 1936 Winter Olympics. He negotiated a series of agreements to protect the CAHA's interests, and to develop relationships with all other areas of the world where hockey was played. The agreements allowed the CAHA to become independent of the Amateur Athletic Union of Canada which wanted to keep the old definition of pure amateurism. Duncan's reforms also returned the CAHA to affluence after four years of deficits during the Great Depression and increased player registrations in Canada.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">E. A. Gilroy</span> Canadian ice hockey administrator (1879–1942)

Edward Albert Gilroy was a Canadian ice hockey administrator. He served as president of the Manitoba Amateur Hockey Association (MAHA) from 1927 to 1934, and the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association (CAHA) from 1934 to 1936. In Manitoba, he sought to expand senior ice hockey and establish co-operation between teams and owners of the Winnipeg Amphitheatre on schedules and reducing travel costs. He wanted all players aged 21 and younger to remain in junior ice hockey and began to negotiate with professional teams to refrain from signing them to contracts. His seven years as leader of the MAHA was the longest tenure for a president at the time, during which he oversaw continued growth of the association and improvement of finances.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fred Marples</span> Canadian sports executive (1885–1945)

Frederick Paul Henry Marples was a Canadian sports executive in ice hockey and athletics. He was president of the Winnipeg Monarchs team which won Winnipeg Amateur Hockey League championships in 1914 and 1915, and the Allan Cup as senior ice hockey champions of Canada. His operation of a reserve team to support the Monarchs led to debates on player eligibility for the Allan Cup and calls for a national governing body of hockey. As the secretary-treasurer of the Winnipeg Amateur Hockey League, he helped establish both the Manitoba Amateur Hockey Association (MAHA) and the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association (CAHA) in 1914; then served as secretary-treasurer of the MAHA from 1914 to until 1934, and as secretary of the CAHA from 1926 to 1945. He sought to grow the game in rural regions of Manitoba, promote minor ice hockey as a source of future senior players, to keep players in junior ice hockey until age 21, and was against the exodus of amateur players to professional teams.

References

  1. "Ice Hockey at the 1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen Winter Games". Sports Reference. Archived from the original on 27 April 2020. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Duplacey p. 459
  3. 1 2 "Feeling High Among British Hockey Officials Over Dominion's Action". Winnipeg Tribune. Winnipeg, Manitoba. February 6, 1936. p. 12. Lock-green.svg
  4. "Gilroy Denies Bans Against Archer and Foster Are Lifted". Winnipeg Tribune. Winnipeg, Manitoba. February 8, 1936. p. 30. Lock-green.svg
  5. "Suspension Lifted on Two Winnipeg Players Averting Olympic Row". Winnipeg Free Press. Winnipeg, Manitoba. February 8, 1936. p. 28. Lock-green.svg
  6. 1 2 Wallechinsky p. 609
  7. Tournament summary
  8. "Gilroy Charges Hockey "A Racket" in Britain as Other Nations Prepare to Protest English Wins". Winnipeg Tribune. Winnipeg, Manitoba. February 10, 1936. p. 10. Lock-green.svg
  9. Gordon, David S.; Harris, Martin C. Lion in Winter: A Complete Record of Great Britain at the Olympic, World and European Ice Hockey Championships 1910-1981. p. 123.
  10. "Official games report from la84.org, pg 265" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-09-12. Retrieved 2014-01-18.
  11. "Canada Threatens To Quit Olympic Hockey Contests". Winnipeg Free Press. Winnipeg, Manitoba. February 13, 1936. p. 1. Lock-green.svg
  12. "Gilroy Says Canadians Will Not Question Any Decisions by Committee". Winnipeg Free Press. Winnipeg, Manitoba. February 14, 1936. p. 12. Lock-green.svg
  13. Gordon, David S.; Harris, Martin C. Lion in Winter: A Complete Record of Great Britain at the Olympic, World and European Ice Hockey Championships 1910-1981. p. 137.
  14. Podnieks, Andrew (1997). Canada's Olympic Hockey Teams: The Complete History, 1920–1998 . Toronto: Doubleday Canada. pp. 41–52. ISBN   0-385-25688-4.
  15. "Team Canada - Olympics - Garmisch-Partenkirchen 1936 - Player Stats". QuantHockey. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
  16. Podnieks pg. 403
  17. "Official games report from la84.org, pgs 107–21" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-09-12. Retrieved 2014-01-18.