Ice hockey at the 1920 Summer Olympics

Last updated
Ice hockey at the
Games of the VII Olympiad
1st Ice Hockey
World Championships
Winnipegfalcons.jpg
Picture of the Gold Medal-winning Winnipeg Falcons taken en route to the 1920 Olympics (photo includes an unidentified ships' officer and a woman)
Tournament details
Host countryFlag of Belgium (civil).svg  Belgium
DatesApril 23–29, 1920
Format Bergvall System
Teams7
Final positions
Champions Gold medal blank.svgCanadian Red Ensign (1868-1921).svg  Canada
Winnipeg Falcons (1st title)
Runner-up Silver medal blank.svgFlag of the United States (1912-1959).svg  United States
Third place Bronze medal blank.svgFlag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czechoslovakia
Fourth placeFlag of Sweden.svg  Sweden
Tournament statistics
Games played10
Goals scored99 (9.9 per game)
Attendance6,946 (695 per game)
Scoring leader(s)Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg Herb Drury (14 points)
1924  

Ice hockey was introduced to the Olympic Games at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp. [1] [2] The tournament also served as the first World Championships. The matches were played between April 23 and April 29, 1920. Canada, represented by the Winnipeg Falcons, won the gold medal. [3] The silver went to the United States and Czechoslovakia took the bronze.

Contents

Summary

The organizing committee for the hockey matches included Paul Loicq, the captain of the Belgian team and a future president of the Ligue Internationale de Hockey sur Glace (LIHG). [4] The games used the Canadian ice hockey rules, and the Bergvall system to determine medal winning teams. [5]

The Canadian Amateur Hockey Association (CAHA) chose the Winnipeg Falcons as the 1920 Allan Cup champions to represent the Canada men's national team, instead of forming a national all-star team on short notice. [6] [7] Canada's manager W. A. Hewitt, introduced the CAHA rules of play to the LIHG at the Olympics. [8] Writer Andrew Podnieks described Hewitt's interpretation of the rules as "competitive yet gentlemanly", and that the rules of play were accepted for Olympic hockey. [9] Hewitt refereed the first Olympic hockey game played, an 8–0 win by the Sweden men's national team versus the Belgium men's national team, on April 23, 1920. [10]

All matches took place in the Palais de Glace d'Anvers (ice palace of Antwerp). [3] The rink was smaller than North American standards, measuring 56 metres (184 ft) long by 18 metres (59 ft) wide. All games were played with seven players per side, with the rover position being used. For the duration of each match no substitutions were permitted and if a player exited the game due to injury the opposing team was forced to take a player out as well. Additional differences from modern play included a prohibition on forward passing and the requirement that all players including the goaltender be standing on his skates to play the puck. [4] The duration of each game was two periods of twenty minutes each. [3] Any game tied at the end of forty minutes would be extended by two periods of five minutes each, not sudden death. If tied at the end of fifty minutes, this process would repeat—and repeat as many times as needed until a winner is declared.

This was the first ice hockey tournament at an Olympic Games, and the only ever instance of it at a Summer Olympics. [3] An ice hockey tournament was part of the inaugural Winter Olympics in 1924 and has been part of every Winter program since then.

Medalists

Palais de Glace d'Anvers ice rink where the ice hockey tournament was held. Palais de Glace d'Anvers, Antwerp.jpg
Palais de Glace d'Anvers ice rink where the ice hockey tournament was held.
GoldSilverBronze
Flag of Canada (1868-1921).svg  Canada  (CAN)
Robert Benson
Walter Byron
Frank Fredrickson
Chris Fridfinnson
Magnus Goodman
Haldor Halderson
Konrad Johannesson
Allan Woodman
US flag 48 stars.svg  United States  (USA)
Raymond Bonney
Anthony Conroy
Herbert Drury
Edward Fitzgerald
George Geran
Frank Goheen
Joseph McCormick
Lawrence McCormick
Frank Synott
Leon Tuck
Cyril Weidenborner
Flag of Czechoslovakia.svg  Czechoslovakia  (TCH)
Karel Hartmann
Vilém Loos
Jan Palouš
Jan Peka
Karel Pešek
Josef Šroubek
Otakar Vindyš
Karel Wälzer

Participating nations

A total of 60 ice hockey players from 7 nations competed at the Antwerp Games:

Format

Seven nations entered teams in the inaugural Olympic ice hockey tournament. The tournament format used the Bergvall system, starting with an elimination round to determine the gold medal winner, after which teams that lost to the tournament winner would play through a new bracket to determine silver. Finally, teams which lost to either the gold or silver winners would face off in a third bracket to determine the bronze winner. For the gold medal round, teams were drawn into the bracket with France receiving a bye to the semifinals.

At the time of draw, the Swedish team questioned how the matchups for the later rounds would be determined and it was believed that teams advancing further in the earlier round would receive a bye. [4] However, no decision was made and when it came time for the silver medal round Sweden and the United States were selected to play a semifinal game while Czechoslovakia received the bye. Later for the bronze medal round, organizers wanted to ensure the tournament would conclude on schedule but were reluctant to force the Czechoslovakians to play twice in one day. As a result, the Swedish team were made to play another semifinal game which would be their fourth in as many days with the bronze medal game the following day. This led to criticism of the format despite Bergvall later noting that the system was not used correctly. [4]

Gold medal round (premier prix)

Bracket

 
QuarterfinalsSemifinalsGold Medal Game
 
          
 
April 23
 
 
Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden 8
 
April 25
 
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Belgium 0
 
Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden 4
 
 
Flag of France.svg  France 0
 
 
April 26
 
 
Canadian Red Ensign (1868-1921).svg  Canada Gold medal icon.svg12
 
April 24
 
Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden 1
 
Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg  United States 29
 
April 25
 
Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg   Switzerland 0
 
Canadian Red Ensign (1868-1921).svg  Canada 2
 
April 24
 
Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg  United States 0
 
Canadian Red Ensign (1868-1921).svg  Canada 15
 
 
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czechoslovakia 0
 

Quarterfinals

23 April 1920
21:30
Sweden  Flag of Sweden.svg8 – 0
(5–0, 3–0)
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Belgium Palais de Glace d'Anvers
Game reference
Seth Howander Goalies François Vergult Referee:
Canadian Red Ensign (1868-1921).svg W. A. Hewitt
Burman 1 – 0
Johansson 2 – 0
Burman3 – 0
Lindqvist 4 – 0
Burman5 – 0
Johansson6 – 0
Molander 7 – 0
Lindqvist8 – 0
12 minPenalties6 min
24 April 1920
17:00
United States  Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg29 – 0
(15–0, 14–0)
Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg   Switzerland Palais de Glace d'Anvers
Game reference
Ray Bonney Goalies René Savoie Referee:
Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg Raoul Le Mat
Conroy (8)
J. McCormick (7)
Drury (6)
Goheen (6)
Fitzgerald
Tuck
Goals
7 minPenalties0 min
24 April 1920
21:30
Canada  Canadian Red Ensign (1868-1921).svg15 – 0
(7–0, 8–0)
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czechoslovakia Palais de Glace d'Anvers
Game reference
Walter Byron Goalies Jan Peka
Halderson (7)
Fredrickson (4)
Goodman (2)
Woodman
Johannesson
Goals
0 minPenalties0 min

Semifinals

25 April 1920
17:00
Sweden  Flag of Sweden.svg4 – 0
(2–0, 2–0)
Flag of France.svg  France Palais de Glace d'Anvers
Game reference
Seth Howander Goalies Jacques Gaittet Referee:
Canadian Red Ensign (1868-1921).svg Ernie Garon
Burman 1 – 0
Svensson 2 – 0
Molander 3 – 0
Lindqvist 4 – 0
0 minPenalties0 min
Shots1
25 April 1920
21:00
Canada  Canadian Red Ensign (1868-1921).svg2 – 0
(0–0, 2–0)
Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg  United States Palais de Glace d'Anvers
Game reference
Walter Byron Goalies Ray Bonney Referee:
Flag of France.svg Alfred de Rauch
Fredrickson 1 – 0
Johannesson 2 – 0
7 minPenalties5 min

Gold medal game

26 April 1920
22:00
Gold medal icon.svg Canada  Canadian Red Ensign (1868-1921).svg12 – 1
(5–1, 7–0)
Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden Palais de Glace d'Anvers
Game reference
Walter Byron Goalies Seth Howander Referee:
Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg Joseph McCormick
Halderson – 1:151 – 0
Fridfinnson − 1:552 – 0
Fredrickson – 5:203 – 0
3 – 115:58 – Svensson
Fredrickson – 16:004 – 1
Fredrickson – 17:355 – 1
Goodman – 23:476 – 1
Benson – 28:097 – 1
Fredrickson – 29:158 – 1
Fredrickson – 29:309 – 1
Fredrickson – 34:5510 – 1
Halderson – 36:2011 – 1
Fredrickson – 39:0212 – 1
0 minPenalties0 min

Silver medal round (second prix)

Bracket

 
SemifinalSilver Medal Game
 
      
 
April 27
 
 
Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg  United States 7
 
April 28
 
Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden 0
 
Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg  United States Silver medal icon.svg16
 
 
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czechoslovakia 0
 
 
 
 

Semifinal

27 April 1920
22:00
United States  Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg7 – 0
(5–0, 2–0)
Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden Palais de Glace d'Anvers
Game reference
Cy Weidenborner Goalies Seth Howander
Drury (4)
Geran (3)
Goals
0 minPenalties0 min

Silver medal game

28 April 1920
22:00
Silver medal icon.svg United States  Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg16 – 0
(7–0, 9–0)
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czechoslovakia Palais de Glace d'Anvers
Game reference
Cy Weidenborner Goalies Jan Peka Referee:
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Paul Loicq
L. McCormick (7)
Drury (4)
Conroy (2)
Goheen
J. McCormick
Synott
Goals
0 minPenalties0 min

Bronze medal round (troisième prix)

Bracket

 
SemifinalBronze Medal Game
 
      
 
April 28
 
 
Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden 4
 
April 29
 
Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg   Switzerland 0
 
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czechoslovakia Bronze medal icon.svg1
 
 
Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden 0
 
 
 
 

Semifinal

28 April 1920
23:30
Sweden  Flag of Sweden.svg4 – 0
(0–0, 4–0)
Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg   Switzerland Palais de Glace d'Anvers
Game reference
Abbe Jansson Goalies René Savoie Referee:
Canadian Red Ensign (1868-1921).svg Frank Fredrickson
Säfwenberg 1 – 0
Johansson 2 – 0
Arwe 3 – 0
Arwe4 – 0
0 minPenalties0 min

Bronze medal game

29 April 1920
23:00
Bronze medal icon.svg Czechoslovakia  Flag of the Czech Republic.svg1 – 0
(1–0, 0–0)
Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden Palais de Glace d'Anvers
Game reference
Karel Wälzer Goalies Seth Howander Referee:
Canadian Red Ensign (1868-1921).svg Frank Fredrickson
Šroubek 1 – 0
0 minPenalties0 min
2Shots48

Statistics

Average age

Team France was the oldest team in the tournament, averaging 32 years and 11 months. Gold medalists team Canada was the youngest team in the tournament, averaging 24 years and 5 months. Tournament average was 26 years and 9 months. [11]

Scoring leaders

PlayerGPG
US flag 48 stars.svg  Herb Drury  (USA)414
Flag of Canada (1868-1921).svg  Frank Fredrickson  (CAN)312
US flag 48 stars.svg  Anthony Conroy  (USA)410
Flag of Canada (1868-1921).svg  Haldor Halderson  (CAN)39
US flag 48 stars.svg  Joe McCormick  (USA)38
US flag 48 stars.svg  Moose Goheen  (USA)67
US flag 48 stars.svg  Larry McCormick  (USA)15
Flag of Sweden.svg  Erik Burman  (SWE)54
US flag 48 stars.svg  Gerry Geran  (USA)23
Flag of Canada (1868-1921).svg  Magnus Goodman  (CAN)33

Source: olympedia.org

Final ranking

Winnipeg Falcons team photo at the 1920 Summer Olympics Winnipeg Falcons team photo at the 1920 Summer Olympics.jpg
Winnipeg Falcons team photo at the 1920 Summer Olympics
PosTeamPldWLGFGAGD
Gold medal icon.svgCanadian Red Ensign (1868-1921).svg  Canada 330291+28
Silver medal icon.svgFlag of the United States (1912-1959).svg  United States 431522+50
Bronze medal icon.svgFlag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czechoslovakia 31213130
4Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden 63317203
5Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg   Switzerland 20203333
5Flag of France.svg  France 101044
5Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Belgium 101088
Source: olympedia.org

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ice Hockey World Championships</span> Recurring international ice hockey tournament for mens national teams

The Ice Hockey World Championships are an annual international men's ice hockey tournament organized by the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF). First officially held at the 1920 Summer Olympics. The IIHF was created in 1908 while the European Championships, the precursor to the World Championships, were first held in 1910. The tournament held at the 1920 Summer Olympics is recognized as the first Ice Hockey World Championship. From 1920 to 1968, the Olympic hockey tournament was also considered the World Championship for that year.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Canada men's national ice hockey team</span> Mens national ice hockey team representing Canada

The Canada men's national ice hockey team is the ice hockey team representing Canada internationally. The team is overseen by Hockey Canada, a member of the International Ice Hockey Federation. From 1920 until 1963, Canada's international representation was by senior amateur club teams. Canada's national men's team was founded in 1963 by Father David Bauer as a part of the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association, playing out of the University of British Columbia. The nickname "Team Canada" was first used for the 1972 Summit Series and has been frequently used to refer to both the Canadian national men's and women's teams ever since.

The men's ice hockey tournament at the 1948 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz, Switzerland, was the sixth Olympic Championship, also served as the 15th World Championships and the 26th European Championships. Canada won its fifth Olympic gold medal and 12th World Championship, represented by the Ottawa RCAF Flyers team of Canadian Armed Forces personnel. The highest-finishing European team Czechoslovakia, won the silver medal and its eighth European Championship. Bibi Torriani played for Switzerland which won the bronze medal, and became the first ice hockey player to recite the Olympic Oath on behalf of all athletes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ice hockey at the 1924 Winter Olympics</span>

The men's ice hockey tournament at the 1924 Winter Olympics in Chamonix, France, was the second Olympic Championship, also serving as the second World Championships. The competition was held from Monday, January 28, 1924, to Sunday, February 3, 1924. Canada, represented by the Toronto Granites, defended its championship from the 1920 Summer Olympics. The United States and Great Britain took the silver and bronze respectively, while other contenders included Czechoslovakia, France, and Sweden.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ice hockey at the 1928 Winter Olympics</span>

The men's ice hockey tournament at the 1928 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz, Switzerland, was the third Olympic Championship, also serving as the third World Championships and the 13th European Championships. Canada, represented by the University of Toronto Graduates, won its third consecutive gold medal. Highest finishing European team Sweden won the silver medal and its third European Championship.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ice hockey at the 1936 Winter Olympics</span>

The men's ice hockey tournament at the 1936 Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany, was the fifth Olympic Championship, also serving as the tenth World Championships and the 21st European Championships.

The Toronto Granites were an amateur senior ice hockey team from Toronto, Ontario. The Granites were Allan Cup champions in 1922 and 1923. They were chosen to represent Canada at the 1924 Winter Olympics in Chamonix, France. The Granites won the second consecutive Olympic gold medal for the Canada national men's ice hockey team.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ice hockey at the Olympic Games</span>

Ice hockey tournaments have been staged at the Olympic Games since 1920. The men's tournament was introduced at the 1920 Summer Olympics and was transferred permanently to the Winter Olympic Games program in 1924, in France. The women's tournament was first held at the 1998 Winter Olympics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Canada at the 1920 Summer Olympics</span> Sporting event delegation

Canada competed at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, Belgium. 52 competitors, all men, took part in 38 events in 9 sports. These games marked the introduction of winter sports to the Olympic program ; Canada won its first gold medal for ice hockey.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Canada at the 1924 Winter Olympics</span> Sporting event delegation

Canada competed at the 1924 Winter Olympics in Chamonix, France. They won one gold medal, in ice hockey.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">W. A. Hewitt</span> Canadian sports executive and journalist (1875–1966)

William Abraham Hewitt was a Canadian sports executive and journalist, also widely known as Billy Hewitt. He was secretary of the Ontario Hockey Association (OHA) from 1903 to 1966, and sports editor of the Toronto Daily Star from 1900 to 1931. He promoted the establishment of the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association (CAHA), then served as its secretary-treasurer from 1915 to 1919, registrar from 1921 to 1925, registrar-treasurer from 1925 to 1961, and a trustee of the Allan Cup and Memorial Cup. Hewitt standardized player registrations in Canada, was a committee member to discuss professional-amateur agreements with the National Hockey League, and negotiated working agreements with amateur hockey governing bodies in the United States. He oversaw referees within the OHA, and negotiated common rules of play for amateur and professional leagues as chairman of the CAHA rules committee. After retiring from journalism, he was the managing-director of Maple Leaf Gardens from 1931 to 1948, and chairman of the committee to select the inaugural members of the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1945.

The Winnipeg Falcons were a senior men's amateur ice hockey team based in Winnipeg, Manitoba. The Winnipeg Falcons won the 1920 Allan Cup. That team went on to represent Canada in the 1920 Olympic games held in Antwerp, Belgium. There the Falcons, soundly beating all their opponents, won for Canada the first Olympic gold medal in ice hockey.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paul Loicq</span> Belgian ice hockey administrator, referee and player (1888–1953)

Paul Loicq was a Belgian lawyer, businessman and ice hockey player, coach, referee and administrator. He played ice hockey for Belgium men's national ice hockey team and won four bronze medals from in 1910 to 1914. He was a leading supporter of the efforts to introduce ice hockey at the Olympic Games, and served on the organizing committee for ice hockey at the 1920 Summer Olympics. After playing in the 1920 Olympics he served as president of the Royal Belgian Ice Hockey Federation from 1920 to 1935, and as president of the Ligue Internationale de Hockey sur Glace (LIHG) from 1922 to 1947, which was later known as the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF). During his time as president the LIHG more than doubled its membership and welcomed the first national associations from Asia and Africa, and the LIHG began hosting its annual Ice Hockey World Championships in 1930. He was also an international ice hockey referee from 1924 to 1937 at the Olympic Games, the Ice Hockey World Championships and the Ice Hockey European Championships. He served in the Belgian Army during World War I and World War II, achieved the rank of colonel, and represented Belgium as legal counsel at the Nuremberg trials.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Canada men's national junior ice hockey team</span>

The Canadian men's national under-20 ice hockey team is the ice hockey team representing Canada internationally in under-20 competition. Their primary participation in this age group comes at the International Ice Hockey Federation's World Junior Championship, held annually every December and January. The team also participates in various exhibition matches and occasional exhibition series, such as the 2007 Super Series against their Russian counterparts, an eight-game exhibition series commemorating the 35th anniversary of the 1972 Summit Series.

The 1947 Ice Hockey World Championships were the 14th World Championships and 25th European Championship was the first after the Second World War. It was held from 15 to 23 February 1947 at Štvanice Stadium in Prague, Czechoslovakia. Eight teams participated, but the competition was notably missing the reigning world champion, Canada. The world champion was decided for the first time by round robin league play. Czechoslovakia won the world championship for the first time and the European championship for the seventh time. King Gustav V had sent a telegram of congratulations to the Swedish team after beating the Czechoslovaks, but they had barely finished celebrating when they were upset by the Austrians, costing them the gold medal.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1954 Ice Hockey World Championships</span> 1954 edition of the IIHF World Ice Hockey Championship

The 1954 Ice Hockey World Championships, were the 21st World Championships and 32nd European ice hockey championships were held from 26 February to 7 March 1954 in Stockholm, Sweden. Every team played each other once with the top three finishers receiving medals at the end. The USSR won in its first attempt, led by Vsevolod Bobrov who was recognized as the best forward of the tournament in the first ever presentation of Directorate Awards.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1967 Ice Hockey World Championships</span> 1967 edition of the World Ice Hockey Championships

The 1967 Ice Hockey World Championships was the 34th edition of the Ice Hockey World Championships. The tournament was held in Vienna, Austria from March 18 to March 29, 1967. The Soviet Union won the tournament for the fifth straight year, Sweden won the silver medal, and Canada claimed the bronze medal.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1935 Allan Cup</span> Canadian senior ice hockey championship

The 1935 Allan Cup was the senior ice hockey championship of the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association (CAHA) for the 1934–35 season. In the best-of-three final, the Halifax Wolverines defeated the Port Arthur Bearcats two games to none.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ice hockey at the 1920 Summer Olympics – Rosters</span> List of ice hockey players

The 1920 Summer Olympics ice hockey rosters consisted of 60 players on 7 national ice hockey teams. Played at the Olympic Games for the first time, and later regarded by the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) as the first World Championship. Teams were required to be strictly amateur, so players from the Canadian-based National Hockey League (NHL) or other professional leagues were excluded. Canada sent the Winnipeg Falcons, who had won the 1920 Allan Cup, the amateur championship in Canada.

The International Ice Hockey Association was a governing body for international ice hockey. It was established in 1940 when the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association wanted more control over international hockey, and was in disagreement with the definition of amateur used by the International Olympic Committee. The Amateur Hockey Association of the United States co-founded the association, with the British Ice Hockey Association joining later. The association oversaw the relationships between the National Hockey League, and leagues within the national amateur associations. W. G. Hardy served as its president, and planned for an amateur hockey World Series after World War II. The association was merged into the Ligue Internationale de Hockey sur Glace in 1947.

References

  1. Justin Felisko. "When Ice Hockey Was A Summer Sport". USA Hockey Magazine. Retrieved 2016-10-25.
  2. "Ice Hockey at the 1920 Antwerp Summer Games". Sports Reference. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2019.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Smith, Stephen (23 April 2020). "Remembering Canada's first Olympic hockey gold: Winning gold 100 years ago in Antwerp, Belgium, Canada's team set a standard for Olympic hockey dominance that would last for three more successive Games". Canadian Geographic. Retrieved 2 May 2020.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Hansen, Kenth (May 1996). "The Birth of Swedish Ice Hockey – Antwerp 1920". LA84 Digital Library. Retrieved 2021-05-27.
  5. "Story #21: Ice Hockey debuts at the Olympics". International Ice Hockey Federation. 2008. Archived from the original on 2019-07-24. Retrieved 2019-07-25.
  6. Podnieks, Andrew (1997), p. 2
  7. Podnieks, Andrew; Hockey Hall of Fame (2005), pp. 28–29
  8. "Pro Officials Like Own Interpretation Of Rules". Winnipeg Free Press. Winnipeg, Manitoba. December 7, 1957. p. 43. Lock-green.svg
  9. Podnieks, Andrew (1997), p. 4
  10. "IIHF Honour Roll: W. A. Hewitt". Legends of Hockey. Hockey Hall of Fame. 2013. Retrieved January 3, 2022.
  11. "Team Canada - Olympics - Antwerpen 1920 - Player Stats". QuantHockey. Retrieved 23 April 2020.

Sources