Sailing at the 1900 Summer Olympics

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Sailing
at the Games of the II Olympiad
Regatta at Sainte-Adresse.JPG
An impression of yacht racing (1867) by Monet
North of Le Havre
Metropolitan Museum of Art
Venues Meulan
Le Havre
Dates20 May 1900 (1900-05-20) – 27 May 1900 (1900-05-27) (Meulan)
1 August 1900 (1900-08-01) – 5 August 1900 (1900-08-05) (Le Havre)
Competitorsabout 150
(including 1 woman) from 6 nations
Boats64
1908  

Sailing/Yachting made its first appearance as an Olympic sport at the 1900 Summer Olympics after competitions were cancelled at the 1896 Olympics. With the exception of 1904, sailing was thereafter always a part of the Olympic program. The sailing program in 1900 consisted of a total of eight sailing classes. For six classes, the races were scheduled from 20 – 27 May at the river Seine around Meulan, and several series of three races were held for the largest classes from 1–5 August on the North Atlantic off the coast of Le Havre. Approximately 150 sailors in 64 boats (the numbers of boats and competitors are not reliable, as in the official report some figures of the World exhibition and the Olympic Games are mixed) from 6 nations competed, including 1 woman, Hélène de Pourtalès, who won a gold medal in the 1 to 2 ton. [1]

Venues

During the early years of the Olympic movement there were no strict rules for the assignment of venues. For the Olympic sailing in 1900 the organizers decided to combine the Olympic sailing for the smaller yachts with the regattas of the Exposition Universelle on the river Seine near Meulan. For the larger yachts an Olympic regatta was held at Le Havre.

Meulan

Cercle de la Voile de Paris
Bassin Olympique
de Meulan Les Mureaux
Club House de Cercle de la Voile de Paris a Meulan.jpg
Burgee of Cercle de la Voile de Paris.svg
Burgee of the Cercle de la Voile de Paris
Sailing at the 1900 Summer Olympics
General information
StatusCompleted
TypeClub House
Address30, quai Albert Glandaz
Town or city78130 Les Mureaux
CountryFlag of France.svg  France
Coordinates 49°00′1″N1°54′54″E / 49.00028°N 1.91500°E / 49.00028; 1.91500
ElevationSealevel
OwnerCercle de la Voile de Paris

During the Olympic regattas of the Exposition Universelle of 1900 there were more than 100 yachts racing from Paris, Rouen, Cannes, Nantes and Arcachon and yachts from England, Germany, the United States and Holland. The Bassin Olympique was the river Seine near the Cercle de la Voile de Paris that served as the Olympic harbor.

The race conditions at Meulan during the Olympic regatta were not ideal. A light breeze could hardly make the sailing interesting. Since the river Seine mainly runs from east to west, the light north-easterly breeze was partly blocked by buildings or trees on the river bank, thus heavily influencing the regatta.

Le Havre

During the second part of the Olympic regatta the Atlantic Ocean was used for the races of the 10 – 20 ton and the 20+ ton yachts. The conditions during the regatta were so good that the 10 – 20 Ton class was able to sail the complete 22 nautical mile triangular course. The premises of the Société des Régates du Havre were used as Olympic harbor.

La Société des Régates du Havre
Le Havre
Sailing at the 1900 Summer Olympics
General information
StatusDestroyed
TypeClub House
CountryFlag of France.svg  France
Coordinates 49°29′30″N0°5′45″E / 49.49167°N 0.09583°E / 49.49167; 0.09583
ElevationSealevel
OwnerLa Société des Régates du Havre

Course areas

Since there were two venues there were two course areas. One the river Seine near Meulan. Here the organization could set courses of 8, 15 and 19 kilometres (4.3, 8.1 and 10.3 nmi). The other course area was on the North Atlantic off the coats of Le Havre. Here courses could be set up to 40 nautical miles (74 km).

1900 Olympic Course Areas
Meulan Olympic Harbor Sailing at the 1900 Summer Olympics.png
Course area Meulan
Le Havre Olympic Harbor Sailing at the 1900 Summer Olympics.png
Course area Le Havre

Participating nations

6 nations sent sailors. Several teams had crews from multiple countries, and in one case, they won a gold medal. This team, of the United Kingdom and France, is attributed as a mixed team.

Map of Participating Sailing Countries at the 1900 Summer Olympics
* Green = Participating for the first time Map Sailing at the 1900 Summer Olympics.png
Map of Participating Sailing Countries at the 1900 Summer Olympics
Green = Participating for the first time
Flag of France.svg  France  (FRA)Flag of the German Empire.svg  Germany  (GER)Flag of the United Kingdom (3-2).svg  Great Britain  (GBR)Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands  (NED)
Civil Ensign of Switzerland (Pantone).svg  Switzerland  (SUI)US flag 45 stars.svg  United States  (USA)Olympic flag.svg  Mixed team  (ZZX)

Classes (equipment)

Sailing during the turn of the century was not as well defined as it became later during the 20th century. Racing rules were mostly defined by local yacht clubs or in some cases by a National Yachting Federation. Also, boats were not standardized to what are now called One Design or One Builder classes. Therefore, many handicap systems or systems that put yachts into different categories were used. In 1892, Auguste Godinet developed a formula that placed different boats in different Ton categories. This rule was adopted by the Union des yachts français and later by several other National Yachting Federations such as the Société Nautique de Genève. For the sailing at the 1900 Olympics this rule was chosen to determine the tonnage of a yacht.

For the smallest class, 0 – ½ Ton, among others, Larks were used. These Larks, copies of the Davis Lark and of the Sorceress designed by Linton Hope, became famous One Designs in France (Monotype de Chatou at the beginning of the 20th century.

The Olympics were open for the following classes:

ClassTypeVenueEventSailorsFirst OGOlympics so far
Open Class UndefinedMeulan Cercle noir 100%25.svg Unknown19001
0 – ½ Ton UndefinedMeulan Cercle noir 100%25.svg Unknown19001
0 – ½ Ton UndefinedMeulan Cercle noir 100%25.svg Unknown19002
½ – 1 Ton UndefinedMeulan Cercle noir 100%25.svg Unknown19001
½ – 1 Ton UndefinedMeulan Cercle noir 100%25.svg Unknown19002
1 – 2 Ton UndefinedMeulan Cercle noir 100%25.svg Unknown19001
1 – 2 Ton UndefinedMeulan Cercle noir 100%25.svg Unknown19002
2 – 3 Ton UndefinedMeulan Cercle noir 100%25.svg Unknown19001
2 – 3 Ton UndefinedMeulan Cercle noir 100%25.svg Unknown19002
3 – 10 Ton UndefinedMeulan Cercle noir 100%25.svg Unknown19001
3 – 10 Ton UndefinedMeulan Cercle noir 100%25.svg Unknown19002
10 – 20 Ton UndefinedLe Havre Cercle noir 100%25.svg Unknown19001
20+ Ton UndefinedLe Havre Cercle noir 100%25.svg Unknown19001
Legend: Cercle noir 100%25.svg = Mixed gender event

Race schedule

  Meulan competition  Le Havre competition
1900MayAugust
20
Sun
21
Mon
22
Tue
23
Wed
24
Thu
25
Fri
26
Sat
27
Thu
1
Fri
2
Sat
3
Sun
4
Mon
5
Tue
6
Wed
Sailing 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 No
wind
1 1 1 1
Total gold medals133411

Medal summary

The results of the individual races are known; however, in the past there has not been consensus on which races were considered "Olympic" and thus who the Olympic medalists were. The Official Report, [2] International Olympic Committee (IOC), [3] International Sailing Federation (ISAF) [4] and Sports Reference [5] present different medalists. The IOC has never decided which events were "Olympic" and which were not. [6] Occasionally, sources differ on the nationality of competitors (such as H. MacHenry, alternately listed as French or American). For example, the medalists in the 3 – 10 Ton races are shown in the various sources as:

ReportRaceGoldSilverBronze
Official Report [2] Race 1Henri Gilardoni (FRA)Henri Smulders (NED)Maurice Gufflet (FRA)
Race 2Howard Taylor (GBR)Maurice Gufflet (FRA)H. MacHenry (FRA)
IOC [3] and ISAF [4] Race 2Howard Taylor (GBR)Maurice Gufflet (FRA)H. MacHenry (FRA)
Sports Reference [5] Race 1Henri Gilardoni (FRA)Henri Smulders (NED)Maurice Gufflet (FRA)
Race 2Howard Taylor (GBR)Maurice Gufflet (FRA)H. MacHenry (USA)

In all classes at Meulan except the Open class, there were two distinct "finals." Boats were assigned time handicaps according to their weight within each class and prizes were handed out to the winners of each race. The IOC initially recognized the winner of the first race in each class as Olympic champion except in the case of the 10 – 20 ton class, which was decided on aggregate time over three races. However, currently the participants of both first and second races in three classes (0 – 0.5t, 1 – 2t and 2 – 3t) are present in the IOC database [7] as medalists. That is, the second race in each of these three classes is recognized by the IOC and for each of these events two gold, two silver, and two bronze medals were retrospectively awarded by the IOC. In the 3 – 10 Ton race, however, only the second race winners are listed with Olympic medals.

The data below notes all races and medalists of the regattas of the Games of the second Olympiad, as well as of the Exposition Universelle and counts all winners as medalists, because the IOC website currently affirms a total of 95 medal events in the Games. [8]

EventGoldSilverBronze
Open class
details
Flag of the United Kingdom (3-2).svg  Great Britain  (GBR)
Lorne Currie
John Gretton
Linton Hope
Algernon Maudslay
Flag of the German Empire.svg  Germany  (GER)
Paul Wiesner
Georg Naue
Heinrich Peters
Ottokar Weise
Flag of France.svg  France  (FRA)
Émile Michelet
0 to .5 ton
Race 1
details [a]
Flag of France.svg  France  (FRA)
Pierre Gervais
Flag of France.svg  France  (FRA)
François Texier
Auguste Texier
Jean-Baptiste Charcot
Robert Linzeler
Flag of France.svg  France  (FRA)
Henri Monnot
Léon Tellier
Gaston Cailleux
0 to .5 ton
Race 2
details
Flag of France.svg  France  (FRA)
Émile Sacré
Flag of France.svg  France  (FRA)
François Texier
Auguste Texier
Jean-Baptiste Charcot
Robert Linzeler
Flag of France.svg  France  (FRA)
Pierre Gervais
.5 to 1 ton
Race 1
details [a]
Flag of the United Kingdom (3-2).svg  Great Britain  (GBR)
Lorne Currie
John Gretton
Linton Hope
Algernon Maudslay
Flag of France.svg  France  (FRA)
Jules Valton
Félix Marcotte
William Martin
Jacques Baudrier
Jean Le Bret
Flag of France.svg  France  (FRA)
Émile Michelet
Marcel Meran
.5 to 1 ton
Race 2
details
Flag of France.svg  France  (FRA)
Louis Auguste-Dormeuil
Flag of France.svg  France  (FRA)
Émile Michelet
Marcel Meran
Flag of France.svg  France  (FRA)
Jules Valton
Félix Marcotte
William Martin
Jacques Baudrier
Jean Le Bret
1 to 2 ton
Race 1
details [a]
Civil Ensign of Switzerland (Pantone).svg  Switzerland  (SUI)
Hermann de Pourtalès
Hélène de Pourtalès
Bernard de Pourtalès
Flag of France.svg  France  (FRA)
François Vilamitjana
Auguste Albert
Albert Duval
Charles Hugo
Flag of France.svg  France  (FRA)
Jacques Baudrier
Lucien Baudrier
Dubosq
Édouard Mantois
1 to 2 ton
Race 2
details
Flag of the German Empire.svg  Germany  (GER)
Paul Wiesner
Georg Naue
Heinrich Peters
Ottokar Weise
Civil Ensign of Switzerland (Pantone).svg  Switzerland  (SUI)
Hermann de Pourtalès
Hélène de Pourtalès
Bernard de Pourtalès
Flag of France.svg  France  (FRA)
François Vilamitjana
Auguste Albert
Albert Duval
Charles Hugo
2 to 3 ton
Race 1
details [a]
Olympic flag.svg  Mixed team  (ZZX)
Flag of the United Kingdom (3-2).svg  William Exshaw  (GBR)
Flag of France.svg  Frédéric Blanchy  (FRA)
Flag of France.svg  Jacques Le Lavasseur  (FRA)
Flag of France.svg  France  (FRA)
Léon Susse
Jacques Doucet
Auguste Godinet
Henri Mialaret
Flag of France.svg  France  (FRA)
Ferdinand Schlatter
de Cottignon
Émile Jean-Fontaine
2 to 3 ton
Race 2
details
Olympic flag.svg  Mixed team  (ZZX)
Flag of the United Kingdom (3-2).svg  William Exshaw  (GBR)
Flag of France.svg  Frédéric Blanchy  (FRA)
Flag of France.svg  Jacques Le Lavasseur  (FRA)
Flag of France.svg  France  (FRA)
Léon Susse
Jacques Doucet
Auguste Godinet
Henri Mialaret
Flag of France.svg  France  (FRA)
Auguste Donny
3 to 10 ton
Race 1
details [a]
Flag of France.svg  France  (FRA)
Henri Gilardoni
Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands  (NED)
Henri Smulders
Chris Hooijkaas
Arie van der Velden
Flag of France.svg  France  (FRA)
Maurice Gufflet
A. Dubois
J. Dubois
Robert Gufflet
Charles Guiraist
3 to 10 ton
Race 2
details
Flag of the United Kingdom (3-2).svg  Great Britain  (GBR)
Howard Taylor
Edward Hore
Harry Jefferson
Flag of France.svg  France  (FRA)
Maurice Gufflet
A. Dubois
J. Dubois
Robert Gufflet
Charles Guiraist
US flag 45 stars.svg  United States  (USA)
H. MacHenry (USA) [b]
10 to 20 ton
details
Flag of France.svg  France  (FRA)
Émile Billard
Paul Perquer
Flag of France.svg  France  (FRA)
Jean, duc Decazes
Flag of the United Kingdom (3-2).svg  Great Britain  (GBR)
Edward Hore
20+ ton
details
Flag of the United Kingdom (3-2).svg  Great Britain  (GBR)
Cecil Quentin
Flag of the United Kingdom (3-2).svg  Great Britain  (GBR)
Selwin Calverley
US flag 45 stars.svg  United States  (USA)
Harry Van Bergen
  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Two races in this class are recognized by the IOC. Thus, for this event, two gold, two silver, and two bronze medals were retrospectively awarded. [8] [9]
  2. John Howard Taylor (GBR) is sometimes mentioned as a crewman, but is only known to have designed boat Frimousse, not sailed it. [10]

Medal table

All races now considered official Olympic events, as IOC website affirms 95 total medal events.

RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal
1Flag of France.svg  France  (FRA)591024
2Flag of the United Kingdom (3-2).svg  Great Britain  (GBR)4116
3Olympic flag.svg  Mixed team  (ZZX)2002
4Flag of the German Empire.svg  Germany  (GER)1102
Civil Ensign of Switzerland (Pantone).svg  Switzerland  (SUI)1102
6Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands  (NED)0101
7US flag 45 stars.svg  United States  (USA)0022
Totals (7 entries)13131339

Notes

There was some discussion [ where? ] about the validity of the Olympic status of Sailing at the 1900 Summer Olympics. Ian Buchanan, first president of the International Society of Olympic Historians, stated, "Given the possible awarding of cash prizes, the "Olympic status" of this sport in 1900 must be in question. It is not exactly certain if the prizes were cash or "objets d’art" of the values listed, thus, for now, I have retained yachting as an Olympic sport in 1900." [11]

Other information

During the sailing regattas at the 1900 Summer Olympics among others the following persons were competing (or owning yachts) in the various classes:

Further reading

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1900 Summer Olympics</span> Multi-sport event in Paris, France

The 1900 Summer Olympics, today officially known as the Games of the II Olympiad and also known as Paris 1900, were an international multi-sport event that took place in Paris, France, from 14 May to 28 October 1900. No opening or closing ceremonies were held.

Sailing/Yachting is an Olympic sport starting from the Games of the 1st Olympiad. With the exception of the 1904 and the canceled 1916 Summer Olympics, sailing has always been included on the Olympic schedule. The Sailing program of 1908 was open for a total of five sailing classes (disciplines), but actually only four Sailing events were contested. The planned venue of all races, named matches, was Ryde, Isle of Wight.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sailing at the 1900 Summer Olympics – 0 to .5 ton</span> Sailing at the Olympics

The 0 to 0.5 ton was a sailing event on the Sailing at the 1900 Summer Olympics program in Meulan. Seven boats started during the two races in the 0 – 0.5 ton. Twelve competitors from France are documented. The races were held on 22 and 24 May 1900 on the river Seine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sailing at the 1900 Summer Olympics – .5 to 1 ton</span> Sailing at the Olympics

The 0.5 to 1 ton was a sailing event on the Sailing at the 1900 Summer Olympics program in Meulan. Twenty boats started during the two races in the 0.5 to 1 ton. thirty–five competitors from three countries are documented. The races were held on 24 and 25 May 1900 on the river Seine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sailing at the 1900 Summer Olympics – 1 to 2 ton</span> Competition in Meulan, France

The 1 to 2 ton was a sailing event on the Sailing at the 1900 Summer Olympics program in Meulan. Nine boats started during the two races in the 1 to 2 ton. Twenty–two competitors from three countries are documented. The races were held on 22 and 25 May 1900 on the river Seine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sailing at the 1900 Summer Olympics – 2 to 3 ton</span> Sailing at the Olympics

The 2 to 3 ton was a sailing event on the Sailing at the 1900 Summer Olympics program in Meulan. Four boats started during the two races in the 2 to 3 ton. Eleven sailors are documented, besides the France participants there was a Mixed country team from Great Britain and France. The races were held on 22 and 25 May 1900 on the river Seine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sailing at the 1900 Summer Olympics – 3 to 10 ton</span> Sailing at the Olympics

The 3 to 10 ton was a sailing event on the Sailing at the 1900 Summer Olympics program in Meulan. Eleven boats started during the two races in the 3 to 10 ton. Twenty sailors are documented, besides the France and Great Britain participants there was a Mixed country team from the US and Great Britain. The races were held on 24 and 25 May 1900 on the river Seine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sailing at the 1900 Summer Olympics – 10 to 20 ton</span> Sailing at the Olympics

The 10 to 20 ton was a sailing event on the Sailing at the 1900 Summer Olympics program in Le Havre. Six boats started during the three races in the 10 to 20 ton. Seven sailors are documented. The races were held on 1, 5 and 6 August 1900 on the English Channel.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sailing at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Open class</span> Sailing at the Olympics

The Open class was a sailing event on the Sailing at the 1900 Summer Olympics program in Meulan. All boats intended to compete in other races of the Meulan program were supposed to compete in the Concours d'Honneur. It was held on 20 May 1900. About seventy–eight sailors, on about forty–seven boats, from six nations competing. The latest finishing time was at 19:00 hours. Only seven boats made it to the finish in time.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sailing at the Summer Olympics</span> Summer Olympics Sport

Sailing has been one of the Olympic sports since the Games of the I Olympiad, held in Athens, Greece, in 1896. Despite being scheduled in the first Olympic program, the races were canceled due to severe weather conditions. Apart from the 1904 Summer Olympics, sailing has been present in every edition of the Olympic Games.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">One Ton Cup</span> Sailing trophy

The One Ton Cup is a trophy presented to the winner of a sailing competition created in 1899 by the Cercle de la voile de Paris (CVP).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sailing at the 1912 Summer Olympics</span> Sailing at the Olympics

Sailing/Yachting is an Olympic sport starting from the Games of the 1st Olympiad. With the exception of 1904 and the canceled 1916 Summer Olympics, sailing has always been included on the Olympic schedule. The Sailing program of 1912 consisted of a total of four sailing classes (disciplines). For each class two races were scheduled from 19 July 1912 to 22 July 1912 off the coast of Nynäshamn at the Baltic Sea.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sailing at the 1924 Summer Olympics</span> Sailing at the Olympics

Sailing/Yachting is an Olympic sport starting from the Games of the 1st Olympiad. With the exception of 1904 and the canceled 1916 Summer Olympics, sailing has always been included on the Olympic schedule. The Sailing program of 1924 consisted of a total of three sailing classes (disciplines). For each of the classes the event an elimination round, semi-finals and finals were scheduled. The French National Monotype 1924 was on the program from 10 to 13 July. The Metre classes had their races from 21 to 26 July.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sailing at the 1932 Summer Olympics</span> Sailing at the Olympics

Sailing/Yachting is an Olympic sport starting from the Games of the 1st Olympiad. With the exception of 1904 and the canceled 1916 Summer Olympics, sailing has always been included on the Olympic schedule. The Sailing program of 1932 consisted of a total of four sailing classes (disciplines). For each class races were scheduled from 5–12 August directly off the Los Angeles Harbor on the Pacific Ocean.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Algernon Maudslay</span> British sailor

Algernon Maudslay CBE was a British yachtsman and an administrator of refugee, Red Cross and relief organisations. Maudslay represented Great Britain in sailing competitions at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Meulan, France. He was the helmsman of the yacht that won gold medals in the open event and the half- to one-ton class event. During World War I Maudslay was honorary secretary of the War Refugees Committee, supporting Belgian refugees who arrived in Britain. He was active in the Anglo-Belgian Union and served in British and international Red Cross and relief organizations during the post-war decades. Maudslay continued to compete in yachting events and held prominent positions as an administrator in yachting organisations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">French National Monotype 1924</span>

For the 1924 Olympic Monotype sailing a National Dinghy Class from France was used. Some documents refer to this class as the Meulan and in France as Monotype national. It might originate as the Scheldejol a Class originated in Antwerp, Belgium and also used in The Netherlands but is a little different at certain measurements. At least more sail area, including a spinnaker and a 10 cm more beam.

Over time, several scoring systems for Sailing were used during the Summer Olympics. Many of these systems were also used by other regattas in their times. In order to understand how the medals in the Olympics were handed out one must have a look at the scoring system of that specific olympic sailing regatta.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Linton Hope</span> British sailor

Linton Chorley Hope FRAes was a sailor from Great Britain, who represented his country at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Meulan, France. With Lorne Currie as helmsman and fellow crewmembers John Gretton and Algernon Maudslay, Hope took first places in both the race of the .5 to 1 ton class and the Open class.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sailing at the 1900 Summer Olympics – 20+ ton</span> Sailing at the Olympics

The 20+ ton was a sailing event on the Sailing at the 1900 Summer Olympics program in Le Havre. The race was planned for 2 August 1900. However, as result of the storm that was unleashed on the port and the poor condition of the sea the race was postponed to Sunday 3 August 1900. 14 boats, from 4 nations registered for the competition. Due to the weather conditions only four of them started and finished the race. Originally this race was not a part of the Olympic competition but was part of the l’Exposition universelle. Later it was incorporated in the Olympic history.

References

  1. "Sailing at the 1900 Summer Olympics". Olympedia.org. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
  2. 1 2 "Exposition Universelle Internationale de 1900, Concours D'Exercices Physiques et de Sports" (PDF) (in French). Imprimerie Nationale (LA84). 1901. pp. 399–430. Retrieved 16 March 2014.
  3. 1 2 "Official website of the Olympic Movement: Olympics Search all results & Olympic medalists". IOC . Retrieved 16 March 2014.
  4. 1 2 "Fleet racing - Open - 3 - 10 Ton Under the Thames Measurement Rule". International Sailing Federation . Retrieved 16 March 2014.
  5. 1 2 "Sports Reference – Sailing at the 1900 Paris Summer Games: Mixed 3-10 Ton". Sports Reference. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2014.
  6. Lennartz, Karl; Teutenberg, Walter (1995). Olympische Spiele 1900 in Paris. Kassel, Germany: Agon-Sportverlag. p. 147. ISBN   3-928562-20-7. In many works, it is read that the IOC later met to decide which events were Olympic and which were not. This is not correct and no decision has ever been made. No discussion of this item can be found in the account of any Session.
  7. "Paris 1900: Sailing". IOC . Retrieved 16 March 2014.
  8. 1 2 "Paris 1900". International Olympic Committee. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  9. Mallon, Bill (1998). The 1900 Olympic Games, Results for All Competitors in All Events, with Commentary. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. ISBN   978-0-7864-4064-1.
  10. "Olimpedia - 3-10 Ton Race Two, Open". Olimpedia. Retrieved 7 August 2021.
  11. "Sailing at the 1900 Paris Summer Games". Sports Reference. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2014.
  12. "The Countess de Pourtales – After all the first modern female Olympic starter" (PDF). International Society of Olympic Historians. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 April 2014. Retrieved 16 March 2014.