World Games

Last updated
The World Games
World Games logo.png
First event 1981 – Santa Clara, California, US
Occur every4 years
Last event 2022 – Birmingham, Alabama, US
Next event 2025 – Chengdu, China
PurposeTo conduct multi-sport events for sports and disciplines that are not contested in the Olympic Games
Website theworldgames.org

The World Games are an international multi-sport event comprising sports and sporting disciplines that are not contested in the Olympic Games. They are usually held every four years, one year after a Summer Olympic Games, over the course of 11 days. The World Games are governed by the International World Games Association, under the patronage of the International Olympic Committee.

Contents

In the most recent editions, between 25 and 34 sports have been included in the official program. Several sports or disciplines that were on the program of The World Games have been discontinued because they are now included in the programme of the Olympic Games. Around 3500 participants from around 100 nations take part.

The World Games differs from other multi-sport events, such as the Olympic Games, in that host cities are not required to construct new venues or facilities for the Games. [1] : 9  The competitors are selected by the sports' international federations, as opposed to by National Olympic Committees or national governing bodies. In most disciplines, qualification is by a top ranking at the world championships or a qualification tournament. This is intended to ensure the top athletes in a sport compete at the Games.

The event is officially known as "The World Games", spelled with a capital T. [2]

The first edition of The World Games was held in Santa Clara, California, United States, in 1981, and the eleventh edition was held in Birmingham, Alabama, United States from 7 to 17 July 2022. That edition was originally intended to be held in 2021, but it was delayed one year due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

History

Inauguration

The idea for a multi-sport event for non-Olympic sports came from the General Association of International Sports Federations (GAISF). Realising that there were few opportunities to become part of the Olympic program, non-Olympic federations wanted to form their own showcase event to increase the publicity of their sports, which they called The World Games. These federations formed a steering group in early 1979 to decide on the structure and principles of the games and search for a venue.

In May 1979, the steering group announced that they had found a venue for the first event: Santa Clara, USA. [3]

The GAISF steering committee became the World Games Executive Council in October 1979, and the inaugural meeting of the World Games Council was held on 19–22 May 1980, with a purpose of creating the concept of the Games. [4] The World Games Council was renamed the International World Games Association, or IWGA in 1985. [5]

The first edition of The World Games was held in Santa Clara, USA, in 1981. It was opened by Kim Un-yong, president of the World Games executive committee, at Buck Shaw Stadium. [6] At the opening ceremony, the athletes marched sorted by sport and not by nation.

The 15 sports at the inaugural games included badminton, casting, racquetball, and taekwondo. The first medals of the Games were awarded in the 640 kilo class of tug-of-war, with the gold going to the team from England. [7]

Twentieth century

After the inaugural Games, the West Nally Group, which had provided financing for the Games in Santa Clara, became owners of the rights to the event, and took the second edition to their headquarters in London. [8]

For the third Games in Karlsruhe, 1989, the West Nally Group still owned the commercial rights to the Games, but the host city was responsible for the staff and volunteers organising the event. After this, the IWGA bought back the commercial rights, and the organising committees of the host cities have been responsible for the organisation and financing since. This led to the organisers of The World Games in The Hague (1993) asking the participants to pay accommodation costs. [9]

The 1997 edition of the Games was due to be held in Port Elizabeth, South Africa, but in August 1994, Port Elizabeth pulled out of hosting the Games due to the political situation in the country. [10] Lahti in Finland volunteered to host instead and signed the host contract in January 1995. Airsports, dancesport, aerobics and jujitsu made their debut in Lahti and have been contested at the Games ever since. [10]

Following the Games in Lahti, the IWGA and IOC agreed on a memorandum of understanding, which was signed in 2000 [10] [11] Here, the IOC recognised the importance of The World Games and set out shared values, including the IOC providing patronage to Organising Committees, encouraging multi-sport national teams, and working together on anti-doping. It also set out that "disciplines/events of sport that are not on the Olympic Games program could be included on the program of the World Games". [12] A further memorandum of understanding was signed in 2016. [13]

Twenty-first century

In 2001, the Games were held in Akita, Japan – the first time it had been held outside of North America or Europe. Several competitions were delayed or moved to an alternative venue when a typhoon hit the city. For the first time, some National Olympic Committees organised hotel accommodation for their athletes, beyond the time they were hosted by the IWGA. [14]

The World Games in 2005, in Duisburg, Germany, were the first World Games where athletes paraded into the opening ceremony grouped by nation. Also several standards were set in place which continue to this day, such as the television production of all sports and sports grouped by category, such as ball sports and precision sports. [15]

The 2013 Games in Cali, Colombia were particularly noted for the large numbers of spectators, estimated at 500,000. For example, the Bullfight Ring, which was the venue for dancesport, was 'packed' for the salsa dance finals. [16] This edition of the Games saw the first time a competition was cancelled: due to concerns about temperature and air flow at the Del Pueblo Gymnasium, where the sport of rhythmic gymnastics was taking place, the ribbons event was cancelled. [17]

The 2017 Games in Wrocław, Poland were the first to be broadcast on the Olympic Channel, to 130 countries. Both the raffa and lyonnaise disciplines of boules were cancelled after a storm destroyed the venue and it could not be repaired in time. [18]

In 2015, it was announced that the 11th edition of The World Games was to be held in Birmingham, Alabama, USA in 2021, beating bids from Lima, Peru and Ufa, Russia. [19] On 2 April 2020, the Games were postponed to 2022 so as not to clash with the postponement of the 2020 Olympic Games in Tokyo due to the coronavirus pandemic. [20] [21] [22]

No parasport federations are currently part of the IWGA, but The World Games in Birmingham was the first edition to include parasports, with the inclusion of wheelchair rugby. Birmingham was also to include disabled athletes (one per gender) in archery. [23] The IWGA is also aiming to secure a partnership with the International Paralympic Committee and include a quota for para-athletes. [1] : 1 

In 2019, it was announced that The World Games in 2025 will take place in Chengdu, China. [24]

Features

Venues

In order for hosting to be sustainable, organisers of The World Games are not required to build any new venues or facilities. [1] : 9  For example, Sloss Furnaces, a former pig iron-producing blast furnace now in public use, hosted the sport climbing, breakdancing, parkour and beach handball competitions in Birmingham 2022. [25] Athletes stayed at the student accommodations of the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), several of whose sports facilities were used for various events. [23]

Past venues have included the Lahti City Theatre (bodybuilding), Landschaftspark Nord (a former iron foundry in Duisburg), Wrocław Zoo, and Wrocław's Philharmonic Hall, the National Forum of Music. [10] [15] [26]

Even though it is not required, some venues are constructed or renovated for The World Games. For instance, for the 2017 World Games in Wrocław, a new swimming pool and speed skating rink were built, and Olympic Stadium, built in 1928, was renovated and is still used for American football and speedway. [18] Also, for the 2009 World Games, Kaohsiung built a National Stadium – the first stadium in the world to use solar energy technology for its power. [27] Other editions used new facilities that were built for purposes other than the World Games; the main stadium of the 2022 edition, Protective Stadium, was built for UAB's American football team.

Athlete selection

Athletes are selected to compete at The World Games by their sport's international federation, as opposed to their sport's national governing body or National Olympic Committee, as in other multi-sport events. [28] The selections are intended to "achieve a satisfactory balance between competitors' positions on world ranking lists and the fair representation of as many as possible of its member nations". [29] : 13 

International federations are obliged to send their best athletes, with The World Games development agenda setting out that sports are only to be included if "the best athletes/teams in the world are present". [1] : 10 

International World Games Association

The International World Games Association (IWGA) is the international association responsible for the direction and control of The World Games. Its headquarters are located in Lausanne, Switzerland, and its official language is English. [30]

Its membership consists of 39 international sporting federations. [31] It also works very closely with the Local Organising Committees (LOCs), temporary committees responsible for the organisation of each World Games. LOCs are dissolved after each Games. The IWGA is officially recognised by the International Olympic Committee.

Ceremonies

Opening ceremony

The opening ceremony marks the official start of The World Games. Until Duisburg 2005, athletes paraded into the ceremony grouped by sport. From 2005, they were grouped by nation, and now march in alphabetical order, with the host country and then the judges last. [15] [32]

The Athletes' Oath is taken by an athlete of the host nation, and the Judges' Oath is taken by the chairman of the Tournament Judges' Commission. Parading of flags, speeches and official opening also make up the required parts of the ceremony. [32] [33] : 55  There is also often a musical and artistic aspect of the ceremony. For example, more than 400 artists took part in the opening ceremony of the 2017 World Games in Wroclaw. [33] : 55 

Athlete party

Since 1993 at The Hague, an athlete party has been held in the middle of the competition. [33] : 270  [34] It was intended to allow all athletes to participate in at least one ceremony (opening, athlete party, or closing) during the competition. [35]

Closing ceremony

The closing ceremony ends The World Games and follows the last awards ceremony. [32] Official aspects include speeches, a presentation by the next host city and a handing of the flag of the Games to the representatives of the next host city. In Wroclaw, the second part of the ceremony was a concert performed by local artists. [33] : 56 

Editions

World location map (equirectangular 180).svg
Red pog.svg
Red pog.svg
Red pog.svg
Red pog.svg
Red pog.svg
Red pog.svg
Red pog.svg
Red pog.svg
Red pog.svg
Red pog.svg
Red pog.svg
Red pog.svg
class=notpageimage|
Host cities of The World Games
Overview of The World Games Editions
YearEditionHostOpened byOfficial
Sports		Invitational
Sports		Medal
Events		NationsDateAthletesOfficialsTop nationTop medalist
1981 1 Flag of the United States (23px).png  United States, Santa Clara Kim Un-yong 151 [36] [a 1] 1045825 July – 2 August 19811400 (est) [38] or 1546 [36] 293Flag of the United States (23px).png  United States Flag of the United States (23px).png  United States
1985 2 Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom, London Charles Palmer 201 [8] 1345125 July – 4 August 19851410333Flag of Italy.svg  Italy Flag of Italy.svg  Italy
1989 3 Flag of Germany.svg  West Germany, Karlsruhe Juan Antonio Samaranch 182 [9] 1035020 – 30 July 19891359285Flag of Italy.svg  Italy Flag of Germany.svg  West Germany
1993 4 Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands, The Hague Kevan Gosper 214 [35] 1606721 July – 1 August 19932026418Flag of Germany.svg  Germany Flag of Germany.svg  Germany
1997 5 Flag of Finland.svg  Finland, Lahti Juan Antonio Samaranch 206 [39] 16470 [39] 7 – 11 August 19972016430Flag of the United States (23px).png  United States Flag of the United States (23px).png  United States
2001 6 Flag of Japan.svg  Japan, Akita Toyama Atsuko 225 [40] 1708016 – 26 August 20012380591Flag of Russia.svg  Russia Flag of Russia.svg  Russia
2005 7 Flag of Germany.svg  Germany, Duisburg Otto Schily 266 [15] 1789314 – 24 July 20053149638Flag of Russia.svg  Russia Flag of Russia.svg  Russia
Flag of Germany.svg  Germany
2009 8 Flag of Chinese Taipei for Olympic games.svg  Chinese Taipei [a 2] , Kaohsiung Ma Ying-jeou 255 [27] 1558416 – 26 July 20092908636Flag of Russia.svg  Russia Flag of Russia.svg  Russia
2013 9 Flag of Colombia.svg  Colombia, Cali Angelino Garzón 264 or 5 [a 3] 1949125 July – 4 August 20133103682Flag of Italy.svg  Italy Flag of Russia.svg  Russia
2017 10 Flag of Poland.svg  Poland, Wrocław Thomas Bach 274 [18] 21910220 – 30 July 20173430856Flag of Russia.svg  Russia Flag of Russia.svg  Russia
2022 11 Flag of the United States (23px).png  United States, Birmingham Randall Woodfin 305 [43] [44] [a 4] 223 [46] [47] [48] [49] [50] 99 [51] 7 – 17 July 20223457 [51] 868Flag of Germany.svg  Germany Flag of Italy.svg  Italy
2025 12 Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China, Chengdu 3507 – 17 August 2025
2029 13 Flag of Germany.svg  Germany, Karlsruhe 19 – 29 July 2029
  1. ↑ An invitational sport program did not exist for the 1981 World Games. Press coverage did not refer to water polo as an invitational sport. An agreement was reached with FINA in the lead-up to the games not to allow women's water polo athletes to march in the opening ceremony, to assuage the displeasure of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) for its being included in the programme. [37]
  2. ↑ The Flag of the Republic of China.svg Republic of China (Taiwan) is recognised as Chinese Taipei by International World Games Association and the majority of international organisations it participates in due to political considerations and Cross-Strait relations with the People's Republic of China.
  3. ↑ A summary article at the TWG website cites "Roller Sports - Road" as an invitational sport. [16] However, at the TWG results history look-up website, medals awarded for "Roller Sports - Speed Skating Road" events are included, unlike four 2013 invitational sports, [41] and the medals are included in the main Medal Tally on the website of the 2013 TWG Full Official Results, not the Invitational Medal Tally. [42] In either case, the number of official sports is not affected since the Roller Sports are already included in the number of official sports because of other disciplines.
  4. ↑ José Perurena, IWGA President, stated, "In Birmingham, for the first time, invitational sports were no longer presented separately but were also part of the official programme." [45] This is now TWG policy.

Sports

Official sports

For The World Games in 2017 and before, official sports were selected solely by the IWGA. Only sports whose international federations were members of the IWGA could be selected. [29] : 13–14  From 2022, the official sports are selected by both the IWGA and host city and can include some sports whose federations are not part of the IWGA. [1] : 10–11 

As formalised in the memorandum of understanding, "only events that are not on the program of the Olympic Games can be included in the program of The World Games". [13] For example, canoe polo is a discipline at The World Games, while canoe sprint and canoe slalom are disciplines at the Olympic Games, despite all three being governed by the International Canoe Federation.

Sports that depend on the availability of snow and/or ice for competitions are ineligible for inclusion in The World Games. [29] : 14 

Sports which have been contested at all editions of The World Games are bowling, finswimming, trampoline and tumbling disciplines of gymnastics, karate, powerlifting, roller sports, tug of war and water skiing. Bowling and water skiing are not on the program of the 2025 World Games.

Invitational sports

In addition to the official sports, the host city, in coordination with the IWGA, has been allowed to invite sports to participate in the individual program. These sports optionally are permitted to include international sports federations that were not members of the IWGA. [29] : 13–14  Before Birmingham 2022, these were deemed "invitational sports".

Starting in Birmingham 2022, there was no distinction between official and invitational sports. Host cities are still able to select up to five optional sports, but they are designated "official" sports, rather than invitational. In addition, the host city will be able to designate "display sports". [1] : 10–11  José Perurena, IWGA President, stated, "In Birmingham, for the first time, invitational sports were no longer presented separately but were also part of the official programme." [45] For example, the Birmingham Organising Committee selected men's lacrosse (women's being selected by the IWGA), duathlon, flag football and wushu. For the first time ever, a paralympic sport was part of the program as a wheelchair rugby tournament was held. [43]

Some sports or disciplines started in The World Games as invitational sports and then became official, often as their international federations became part of the IWGA. These include the lyonnaise discipline of boules sports, beach handball, sumo, and indoor tug of war.

Olympic sports

Sports or disciplines which have been part of The World Games and the Olympics include badminton, baseball and softball, karate, rugby, sport climbing, taekwondo, target archery, triathlon, beach volleyball and water polo. Target archery is currently on the programs of both, but The World Games only holds events in divisions that are not contested in the Olympics.

Other sports presented

In addition to official and invitational sports, other sports have been presented during The World Games, including through "The World Games Garden". Among such sports are: Rhönrad (Wheel Gymnastics), [52] Karlsruhe-based Ring Tennis, [52] Skateboard, [52] Baton twirling [53] [b 1] and others.

Table of sports

  1. ↑ IWGA does not mention Baton twirling among the invitational or other sports.
  2. ↑ José Perurena, IWGA President, stated, "In Birmingham, for the first time, invitational sports were no longer presented separately but were also part of the official programme." [45] This is now TWG policy.
  3. ↑ Target archery is part of the Olympic Games program, but only in what that sport calls the "open recurve" division, allowing stabilizers and sights to be attached to bows. The World Games program in target archery features compound bow and "barebow" divisions, with the latter restricted to recurve bows without sights or stabilizers.
  4. ↑ Dragon Boat is cited as a sport in the Summaries of the 2005 [15] and 2009 [27] Games. It is now considered a discipline of canoe.
  5. ↑ Medals were awarded for "casting allround", but it was not separately contested. It was a combination of athletes’ results in all three disciplines.
  6. ↑ Gymnastics disciplines at The World Games are not those contested at the Olympics.
  7. ↑ Road speed skating was held at the 1981 Games, with the men's marathon and women's half-marathon being contested in international competition for the first time. [98] [99] But at the TWG results history look-up website, it is not indicated as a separate discipline for Roller Sports, but rather as part of track speed skating.
  8. ↑ A summary article at the TWG website cites "Roller Sports - Road" as an invitational sport. [16] However, at the TWG results history look-up website, medals awarded for "Roller Sports - Speed Skating Road" events are included, unlike four 2013 invitational sports, [41] and the medals are included in the main Medal Tally on the website of the 2013 TWG Full Official Results, not the Invitational Medal Tally. [42]
  9. ↑ An invitational sport program did not exist for the 1981 World Games. Press coverage did not refer to water polo as an invitational sport. An agreement was reached with FINA in the lead-up to the games not to allow women's water polo athletes to march in the opening ceremony, to assuage the displeasure of the International Olympic Committee for its being included in the program. [37] Five days before the opening ceremony, Canada had become the newly-crowned World Cup champion in Brisbane, Australia, in a competition that included the same three teams that medaled in these Games. [114] [115]

Medal tables

All-time nation medal table

As of the 2022 World Games

Top ten total medal ranking [121] [122] [123] [124] [125] [126]
RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal
1Flag of Italy.svg  Italy [a] 166171153490
2Flag of Germany.svg  Germany [b] 162118156436
3Flag of the United States (23px).png  United States [c] 161137115413
4Flag of Russia.svg  Russia [d] 13711072319
5Flag of France.svg  France 114116121351
6Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China 785929166
7Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  Great Britain [c] [e] 656595225
8Flag of Japan.svg  Japan 654965179
9Flag of Ukraine.svg  Ukraine [f] 585954171
10Flag of Spain.svg  Spain 474949145
Totals (10 entries)1,0539339092,895
  1. ↑ The results from the 2001 World Games are from the archived website of the Akita, Japan, organizing committee. [127] [128] [129] [130] [131] [132] [133] [134] [135] [136] [137] [138] [139] [140]
  2. ↑ In 2017, Germany was stripped of a gold medal in women's bowling for doping. This table reflects the reallocation of medals for that event. [141]
  3. 1 2 The 1997 bronze medalists in aerobics mixed pair were from Great Britain, not United States as stated in IWGA source. [142]
  4. ↑ The Soviet Union, which won 36 total medals in 1989, is counted separately from its all successor states, including Russia. This is consistent with the separate counting of medals for other states that sub-divided into their constituent successor states following their initial participation in the World Games. These include Czechoslovakia (Czech Republic and Slovakia) and FR Yugoslavia (2001) and Serbia and Montenegro in (2005).
  5. ↑ The 1981 mixed badminton title was won by a pair of players from Sweden and Great Britain. Both nations are counted as having won a gold medal.
  6. ↑ In 2009, Ukraine was stripped of two gold medals in bodybuilding for doping, and Qatar and Brazil were each stripped of a silver medal. This table does not include those stripped medals, and neither does it include possible reallocation of those medals, as the results at the World Games website do not reflect a reallocation. [143]

All-time athlete medal table

Top ten medal table for athletes [144]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2009 World Games</span> Multi-sport event in Kaohsiung, Taiwan

The 2009 World Games (2009年世界運動會) the eighth edition of the World Games, were an international multi-sport event held in Kaohsiung, Taiwan from 16 July 2009 to 26 July 2009. The games featured sports that are not contested in the Olympic Games.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">International World Games Association</span> Sporting organization

The International World Games Association, abbreviated as IWGA, is an international association, recognised by the International Olympic Committee (IOC), that organises every four years, beginning in 1981, the multi-sport event called The World Games.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ju-Jitsu International Federation</span>

The Ju-Jitsu International Federation (JJIF) is an international sport federation founded in 1998 after the expansion of the European Ju-Jitsu Federation (EJJF) for the propagation of the modern competitive sports version of Jujitsu, also known as Sport Ju-Jitsu.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2017 World Games</span> Multi-sport event in Wroclaw, Poland

The 2017 World Games, also known as Wrocław 2017, was the tenth edition of the World Games, held from 20 to 30 July 2017 in Wrocław, Poland. The World Games were organized by the Wrocław Organizing Committee. Wrocław was selected as the host city in January 2012 in Lausanne, over Budapest, Hungary. It was the first time The World Games was organised in Poland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2022 Commonwealth Games</span> Multi-sport event in Birmingham, England

The 2022 Commonwealth Games, officially known as the XXII Commonwealth Games and commonly known as Birmingham 2022, were an international multi-sport event for members of the Commonwealth of Nations that took place in Birmingham, England between 28 July and 8 August 2022. They were the 22nd edition of the Commonwealth Games. It was the third and seventh time England and the United Kingdom hosted the Commonwealth Games, respectively.

The World Games sports comprise all the sports contested in The World Games. Starting in Birmingham 2022, there was no distinction between official and invitational sports. José Perurena, IWGA President, stated, "In Birmingham, for the first time, invitational sports were no longer presented separately but were also part of the official programme." This is now The World Games policy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">International Federation of Muaythai Associations</span> Sport governing body

The International Federation of Muaythai Associations, or IFMA, called the International Federation of Muaythai Amateur until 27 July 2019, is a sport governing body of amateur and professional Muay Thai and Muay boran consisting of 140 member countries worldwide with 5 continental federations after unification of International Federation of Muaythai Amateur and World Muaythai Council. IFMA is officially recognised by the International Olympic Committee (IOC), the Global Association of International Sports Federations (GAISF), the Association of IOC Recognised International Sports Federations (ARISF), the Olympic Council of Asia (OCA), World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) International World Games Association (IWGA), and Trim and Fitness International Sport for All Association (TAFISA). Muaythai has been included in many official sport programs such as the World Games, World Combat Games, Arafura Games, TAFISA Games, SEA Games, Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games, Asian Beach Games, Demonstration Sport in the Asian Games.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2022 World Games</span> Multi-sport event in Birmingham, Alabama, U.S.

The 2022 World Games, commonly known as Birmingham 2022, were an international multi-sport event held from July 7 to 17, 2022, in Birmingham, Alabama, United States. They were the 11th World Games, a multi-sport event featuring disciplines of Olympic sports and other competitions that are not currently contested at the Olympic Games; the Games featured 3,457 athletes competing in 223 medal events over 34 total sports.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">World Skate</span> Roller sports governing body

World Skate is the only governing body in the world for all sports performed on skating wheels. The organisation is the successor of the Fédération Internationale de Roller Sports (FIRS) founded on 21 April 1924.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Muaythai at the 2022 World Games</span>

The muaythai tournaments at the 2022 World Games in Birmingham, Alabama, United States were held from 15 to 17 July 2022 at the Boutwell Memorial Auditorium. Originally scheduled to take place in 2021, the Games were rescheduled for July 2022 as a result of the 2020 Summer Olympics postponement due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It was the second time of muaythai including in the World Games.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Boules sports at the 2022 World Games</span>

The boules sports competition at the 2022 World Games took place in July 2022, in Birmingham in United States, at the University of Alabama Birmingham. Originally scheduled to take place in July 2021, the Games were rescheduled for July 2022 as a result of the 2020 Summer Olympics postponement due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This was the first time that only women's events were held as part of the boules sports programme at The World Games. It was also the first time since raffa's introduction at the 2009 World Games that it was not contested.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Indonesia at the 2022 World Games</span> Sporting event delegation

Indonesia competed in the 2022 World Games in Birmingham, United States, from 7 to 17 July 2022. The games were originally scheduled for July 2021, but were postponed due to the rescheduling of the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games. Athletes representing Indonesia won two gold medals and three silver medals. The country finished in 25th place in the medal table.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lithuania at the 2022 World Games</span> Sporting event delegation

Lithuania competed in the 2022 World Games in Birmingham, United States, from 7 to 17 July 2022. The games were originally scheduled for July 2021, but were postponed due to the rescheduling of the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games. Athletes representing Lithuania won one gold medal and one bronze medal. The country finished in 45th place in the medal table.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Powerlifting at the 2022 World Games – Women's lightweight</span>

The women's lightweight competition in powerlifting at the 2022 World Games took place on 8 July 2022 at the Birmingham Jefferson Convention Complex in Birmingham, United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2025 World Games</span> Multi-sport event in Chengdu, China

The 2025 World Games (2025年世界运动会), commonly known as Chengdu 2025, is the 12th edition of the World Games, which includes sports and sporting disciplines that are not contested in the Olympic Games. It is expected to be held from 7 to 17 August 2025 in Chengdu, Sichuan, China. This is the first edition to be held under the guidelines set by the strategy paper "Growth Beyond Excellence", the third edition to be held in Asia, and the first time for the nation to host the World Games.

The women's petanque precision shooting competition in boules sports at the 2022 World Games took place on 12 July 2022 at the University of Alabama Birmingham in Birmingham, United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Powerlifting at the 2022 World Games – Men's lightweight</span>

The men's lightweight competition in powerlifting at the 2022 World Games took place on 8 July 2022 at the Birmingham Jefferson Convention Complex in Birmingham, United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Greece at the World Games</span> Sporting event delegation

Greece, the birthplace of the Olympic Games has participated in the World Games since 1997, in various sports, and as of 2022 has won a sum of 23 medals and holds the 42nd place at the all-time World Games medal table.

Daniel Schmidt is a German athlete who competes in trampoline gymnastics.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "The World Games – Growth Beyond Excellence" (PDF). International World Games Association. 13 Jan 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
  2. ↑ "Media Information". International World Games Association. Archived from the original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
  3. ↑ "World, Continental and Intercontinental Games". Olympic Studies Centre. Archived from the original on 30 July 2024. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
  4. ↑ "The Birth". International World Games Association. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
  5. ↑ Proposals of the Exco for Changes of the WG Constitution, 1984, IWGA Archives
  6. ↑ Sargis, Joe (July 24, 1981). "With a simple ceremony, a touch of pageantry and..." United Press International. Archived from the original on April 4, 2019. Retrieved May 29, 2021.
  7. ↑ "TWG 1981 Santa Clara, USA". International World Games Association. Archived from the original on 25 March 2023. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
  8. 1 2 3 4 "London, GBR 1985". International World Games Association. Archived from the original on 30 July 2024. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
  9. 1 2 3 4 "Karlsruhe, GER 1989". International World Games Association. Archived from the original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 "TWG 1997 Lahti, FIN". International World Games Association. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
  11. ↑ "IOC and IWGA Sign Memorandum of Understanding". International Olympic Committee. Archived from the original on 17 October 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
  12. ↑ "Memorandum of Understanding between the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the International World Games Association (IWGA)" (PDF). International World Games Association. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
  13. 1 2 "Memorandum of Understanding between the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the International World Games Association (IWGA), 2016" (PDF). International World Games Association. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 July 2017. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
  14. ↑ "Akita, JAP 2021". International World Games Association. Archived from the original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Duisburg, GER 2005". International World Games Association. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
  16. 1 2 3 4 "Cali, COL 2013". International World Games Association. Archived from the original on 30 July 2024. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
  17. ↑ "Cancelled event at Cali 2013" (PDF). sportresult.com. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 August 2013.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 "Wrocław, POL 2017". International World Games Association. Archived from the original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
  19. ↑ "Birmingham, AL (USA), to be host city of The World Games 2021". International World Games Association. Archived from the original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
  20. ↑ "Birmingham 2021 World Games moved back a year following Tokyo 2020 postponement". Inside the Games. Archived from the original on 30 July 2024. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
  21. ↑ "The World Games in Birmingham Postponed Until 2022". International Handball Federation. Archived from the original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
  22. ↑ "The World Games in Birmingham, Alabama Moves to July 2022". International World Games Association. Archived from the original on 30 July 2024. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
  23. 1 2 3 "Birmingham, USA 2022". International World Games Association. Archived from the original on 30 July 2024. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
  24. ↑ "Chengdu confirmed as host of 2025 World Games". Inside the Games. Archived from the original on 30 July 2024. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
  25. ↑ "Three further competition venues confirmed for World Games 2022". Inside the Games. Archived from the original on 14 May 2021. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
  26. ↑ "GSI Event Study, The World Games 2017" (PDF). Sportcal Global Communications Ltd. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 February 2019. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
  27. 1 2 3 4 "Kaohsiung, TPE 2009". International World Games Association. Archived from the original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
  28. ↑ "IWGA Commitment". International World Games Association. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
  29. 1 2 3 4 "Rules of TWG: IWGA The World Games". International World Games Association. 21 Jul 2018. Archived from the original on 30 July 2024. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
  30. ↑ "Constitution of the International World Games Association" (PDF). International World Games Association. p. 8. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
  31. ↑ "The World Games Family Grows". International World games Association. 27 May 2021. Archived from the original on 2021-06-03. Retrieved 2021-06-02.
  32. 1 2 3 "IF Opening and Closing Ceremony Award Ceremony: Specifics & Protocols" (PDF). International World Games Association. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
  33. 1 2 3 4 "Final Report: The World Games 2017" (PDF). The World Games, Wroclaw 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
  34. ↑ "Athletes' Night". The World Games 2022 Birmingham, USA. Archived from the original on 3 June 2021. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
  35. 1 2 3 4 5 "The Hague, NED 1993". International World Games Association. Archived from the original on 4 October 2023. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
  36. 1 2 3 "The World Games 1981, Santa Clara (USA) summary | IWGA". www.theworldgames.org. Retrieved 2024-02-21.
  37. 1 2 Berkow, Ira (28 July 1981). "Unheralded Sports Exert a Pull, Too". The New York Times . Archived from the original on 2022-02-27. Retrieved 2015-10-25.
  38. ↑ Sargis, Joe (3 Aug 1981). "For the real sports fan, the name of the..." United Press International. Archived from the original on 2 September 2017. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
  39. 1 2 3 4 5 "The World Games 1997, Lahti (FIN) summary | IWGA". www.theworldgames.org. Archived from the original on 2024-02-21. Retrieved 2024-02-21.
  40. 1 2 "The World Games 2001, Akita (JPN) summary | IWGA". www.theworldgames.org. Archived from the original on 2023-11-29. Retrieved 2024-02-21.
  41. 1 2 "Result history of The World Games | IWGA - Roller Sports - Speed Skating Road". www.theworldgames.org. Archived from the original on 2017-02-25. Retrieved 2024-02-21.
  42. 1 2 "The World Games 2013, Cali (COL) info system | Full Results from the Official Results Provider (Swiss Timing)". www.theworldgames.org. Retrieved 2024-02-21.
  43. 1 2 "Five Invitational Sports in The World Games 2022". twg2022.com. TWG 2022 Birmingham. 15 Sep 2020. Archived from the original on 2022-02-27. Retrieved 2021-05-30.
  44. ↑ Quantum Event Evaluation Report Archived 2024-02-21 at the Wayback Machine - The World Games 2022, p. 8.
  45. 1 2 3 "Interview of the Month | IWGA". The World Games. 2022-12-22. Retrieved 2024-02-25.
  46. ↑ "Detailed sports program published". www.theworldgames.org. Archived from the original on 2020-10-28. Retrieved 2020-07-07.Note: This document states 207 official events, which, however, includes men's lacrosse, an invitational event.
  47. ↑ "The World Games 2022 Birmingham Partners with NFL, Adds Flag Football". twg2022.com. 15 Jul 2020. Archived from the original on 2022-02-27. Retrieved 2020-08-06.
  48. ↑ "Introduction to Wheelchair Rugby". iwrf.com. International Wheelchair Rugby Federation. Archived from the original on 2021-07-28. Retrieved 2021-05-31. Wheelchair Rugby is a mixed team sport for male and female quadriplegic athletes. ... Men and women compete on the same teams and in the same competitions.
  49. ↑ "Meet Duathlon – the little sibling of Triathlon". theworldgames.org. International World Games Association. 27 Nov 2020. Archived from the original on 2020-12-11. Retrieved 2021-05-31. At The World Games 2022 in Birmingham, Alabama, USA, 40 female and 40 male Duathlon athletes will compete in individual competitions as well as in Mixed Relay.
  50. ↑ "Wushu Included as an Invitational Sport in The World Games 2022 in Birmingham, USA". iwuf.org. International Wushu Federation. 22 Sep 2020. Archived from the original on 2020-10-05. Retrieved 2021-05-29.
  51. 1 2 "FULL RESULTS FROM THE OFFICIAL RESULTS PROVIDER". theworldgames.org. International World Games Association. 3 Nov 2022. Archived from the original on 2023-07-14. Retrieved 2022-11-03.
  52. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "The World Games 1989, Karlsruhe (GER) | IWGA". www.theworldgames.org. Archived from the original on 2024-02-29. Retrieved 2024-02-21.
  53. ↑ "History | World Baton Twirling Federation". www.wbtf.org. Archived from the original on 2024-07-30. Retrieved 2022-06-18.
  54. ↑ "Aikido | IWGA". www.theworldgames.org. Archived from the original on 2024-02-21. Retrieved 2024-02-21.
  55. ↑ "Air Sports | IWGA". www.theworldgames.org. Archived from the original on 2024-02-21. Retrieved 2024-02-21.
  56. ↑ "American Football | IWGA". www.theworldgames.org. Retrieved 2024-02-21.
  57. ↑ "Flag Football – the non-contact American Football | IWGA". www.theworldgames.org. Retrieved 2024-02-21.
  58. ↑ Flag Football Archived 2023-11-01 at the Wayback Machine , Olympics.com
  59. ↑ "Archery | IWGA". www.theworldgames.org. Archived from the original on 2024-02-29. Retrieved 2024-02-21.
  60. ↑ "Result history of The World Games | IWGA - Badminton (press "Search")". www.theworldgames.org. Archived from the original on 2017-02-25. Retrieved 2024-02-21.
  61. ↑ Badminton Archived 2023-07-20 at the Wayback Machine , Olympics.com
  62. ↑ "Baseball - Softball | IWGA". www.theworldgames.org. Archived from the original on 2024-02-21. Retrieved 2024-02-21.
  63. ↑ Baseball - Softball Archived 2024-01-17 at the Wayback Machine , Olympics.com
  64. ↑ "Billiards Sports | IWGA". www.theworldgames.org. Archived from the original on 2024-02-21. Retrieved 2024-02-21.
  65. 1 2 3 "THE WORLD GAMES CONTINUE TO GROW!". TheWorldGames.org. IWGA. 2019. Archived from the original on 2022-04-22. Retrieved 2021-07-14. (In 1989) Aikido and Minigolf were presented as invitational sports, and Triathlon, Boomerang and Flying Disc were among the demonstration sports. This was the first time there were sports demonstrations at The World Games.
  66. ↑ "Boules Sports | IWGA". www.theworldgames.org. Archived from the original on 2024-02-21. Retrieved 2024-02-21.
  67. ↑ "Bowling | IWGA". www.theworldgames.org. Archived from the original on 2024-02-29. Retrieved 2024-02-21.
  68. ↑ "Canoe | IWGA". www.theworldgames.org. Archived from the original on 2024-02-21. Retrieved 2024-02-21.
  69. ↑ "Casting | IWGA". www.theworldgames.org. Archived from the original on 2024-02-21. Retrieved 2024-02-21.
  70. 1 2 "The World Games 2025, Chengdu (CHN) | IWGA". www.theworldgames.org. Archived from the original on 2021-06-29. Retrieved 2024-02-21.
  71. ↑ "DanceSport | IWGA". www.theworldgames.org. Archived from the original on 2024-02-21. Retrieved 2024-02-21.
  72. ↑ Breaking Archived 2023-02-28 at the Wayback Machine , Olympics.com
  73. ↑ "The World Games 1993, The Hague (NED) | IWGA". www.theworldgames.org. Archived from the original on 2024-03-29. Retrieved 2024-02-21.
  74. ↑ Antwerp 1920 - Equestrian Vaulting Results Archived 2022-06-18 at the Wayback Machine , Olympics.com
  75. ↑ "Fistball | IWGA". www.theworldgames.org. Retrieved 2024-02-21.
  76. ↑ "Fitness and Bodybuilding | IWGA". www.theworldgames.org. Archived from the original on 2024-02-21. Retrieved 2024-02-21.
  77. ↑ "Floorball | IWGA". www.theworldgames.org. Archived from the original on 2018-04-22. Retrieved 2024-02-21.
  78. ↑ "Flying Disc | IWGA". www.theworldgames.org. Retrieved 2024-02-21.
  79. ↑ "Gymnastics | IWGA". www.theworldgames.org. Archived from the original on 2019-05-09. Retrieved 2024-02-21.
  80. ↑ Trampoline Archived 2023-02-28 at the Wayback Machine , Olympics.com
  81. ↑ "Handball | IWGA". www.theworldgames.org. Archived from the original on 2024-07-30. Retrieved 2024-02-21.
  82. ↑ "Hockey | IWGA". www.theworldgames.org. Archived from the original on 2024-07-30. Retrieved 2024-02-21.
  83. ↑ "Ju-Jitsu | IWGA". www.theworldgames.org. Archived from the original on 2024-02-29. Retrieved 2024-02-21.
  84. ↑ "Karate | IWGA". www.theworldgames.org. Archived from the original on 2024-07-30. Retrieved 2024-02-21.
  85. ↑ Karate Archived 2023-02-28 at the Wayback Machine , Olympics.com
  86. ↑ "Kickboxing | IWGA". www.theworldgames.org. Archived from the original on 2024-02-21. Retrieved 2024-02-21.
  87. ↑ "Korfball | IWGA". www.theworldgames.org. Archived from the original on 2024-07-30. Retrieved 2024-02-21.
  88. ↑ "Lacrosse | IWGA". www.theworldgames.org. Archived from the original on 2022-10-28. Retrieved 2024-02-21.
  89. ↑ "Men's Lacrosse joins the Games | IWGA". www.theworldgames.org. Retrieved 2024-02-21.
  90. ↑ Lacrosse Archived 2023-11-01 at the Wayback Machine , Olympics.com
  91. ↑ "Life Saving | IWGA". www.theworldgames.org. Archived from the original on 2022-06-02. Retrieved 2024-02-21.
  92. ↑ "Muaythai | IWGA". www.theworldgames.org. Archived from the original on 2024-01-14. Retrieved 2024-02-21.
  93. ↑ "Netball | IWGA". www.theworldgames.org. Archived from the original on 2024-02-21. Retrieved 2024-02-21.
  94. ↑ "Orienteering | IWGA". www.theworldgames.org. Archived from the original on 2021-04-21. Retrieved 2024-02-21.
  95. ↑ "Powerlifting | IWGA". www.theworldgames.org. Archived from the original on 2024-03-29. Retrieved 2024-02-21.
  96. ↑ "Racquetball | IWGA". www.theworldgames.org. Archived from the original on 2024-02-21. Retrieved 2024-02-21.
  97. ↑ "Roller Sports | IWGA". www.theworldgames.org. Archived from the original on 2024-02-29. Retrieved 2024-02-21.
  98. ↑ Sargis, Joe (Aug 1, 1981). "Running 26 miles -- the classic marathon distance --..." United Press International. Archived from the original on August 5, 2021. Retrieved February 25, 2024.
  99. ↑ Finch, Peter (August 2, 1981). "A big wheel of World Games adds third win". San Jose Mercury-News. San Jose, California. p. 5E.
  100. ↑ "Rugby | IWGA". www.theworldgames.org. Archived from the original on 2024-07-30. Retrieved 2024-02-21.
  101. ↑ Rugby Sevens Archived 2023-04-08 at the Wayback Machine , Olympics.com
  102. ↑ "Sambo | IWGA". www.theworldgames.org. Archived from the original on 2024-02-21. Retrieved 2024-02-21.
  103. ↑ "Sport Climbing | IWGA". www.theworldgames.org. Archived from the original on 2022-06-19. Retrieved 2022-06-19.
  104. ↑ "IOC - Sport Climbing". Archived from the original on 2024-07-30. Retrieved 2022-06-19.
  105. ↑ "Squash | IWGA". www.theworldgames.org. Archived from the original on 2024-02-21. Retrieved 2024-02-21.
  106. ↑ "Sumo | IWGA". www.theworldgames.org. Retrieved 2024-02-21.
  107. ↑ "The World Games 1993, The Hague (NED) | IWGA". www.theworldgames.org. Archived from the original on 2024-03-29. Retrieved 2024-02-21.
  108. ↑ Taekwondo Archived 2023-05-16 at the Wayback Machine , Olympics.com
  109. ↑ "Triathlon | IWGA". www.theworldgames.org. Archived from the original on 2023-10-06. Retrieved 2024-02-21.
  110. ↑ Triathlon Archived 2023-02-28 at the Wayback Machine , Olympics.com
  111. ↑ "Tug of War | IWGA". www.theworldgames.org. Archived from the original on 2024-02-21. Retrieved 2024-02-21.
  112. ↑ "Underwater Sports | IWGA". www.theworldgames.org. Archived from the original on 2024-02-21. Retrieved 2024-02-21.
  113. ↑ Beach Volleyball Archived 2024-07-30 at the Wayback Machine , Olympics.com
  114. ↑ "HistoFINA Water Polo Medallists and Statistics" (PDF). Lausanne, Switzerland: FINA. 2017. p. 66. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-05-28. Retrieved 2024-02-23.
  115. ↑ Krastev, Todor. "Women Water Polo 3rd World Cup 1981 Brisbane (AUS) - 12-19.07 Winner Canada" . Retrieved 30 Jul 2019.
  116. ↑ Water Polo Archived 2023-02-28 at the Wayback Machine , Olympics.com
  117. ↑ "Waterski & Wakeboard | IWGA". www.theworldgames.org. Archived from the original on 2024-02-29. Retrieved 2024-02-21.
  118. ↑ Weightlifting Archived 2022-05-07 at the Wayback Machine , Olympics.com
  119. ↑ "Wheelchair Rugby | IWGA". www.theworldgames.org. Archived from the original on 2024-02-21. Retrieved 2024-02-21.
  120. ↑ "Wushu | IWGA". www.theworldgames.org. Archived from the original on 2024-01-14. Retrieved 2024-02-21.
  121. ↑ "Results of the World Games". International World Games Association. Archived from the original on 2016-11-05. Retrieved 2015-10-26.
  122. ↑ "2009 Kaohsiung: Doping Violations". International World Games Association. Archived from the original on 2017-11-13. Retrieved 2017-11-12.
  123. ↑ "The World Games 2009 Kaohsiung". International Sumo Federation. Archived from the original on 2021-10-02. Retrieved 2017-11-12.
  124. ↑ "The World Games 2013 Cali Medal Tally". sportresult.com. Archived from the original on 2016-11-04. Retrieved 2015-10-26.
  125. ↑ "International Sumo Federation – World Games". Archived from the original on 2016-06-05. Retrieved 2015-11-01.
  126. ↑ "World Games I Results". United Press International. 29 July 1981.
  127. ↑ "The 6th World Games 2001.8.16-26 Results/". Archived from the original on 2007-06-18. Retrieved 2018-02-03.
  128. ↑ "The 6th World Games 2001.8.16-26 Karate/Sparring/Open weight/Men August 18-19 / Tenno Town Gymnasium, Tenno Town, Japan". Archived from the original on 2005-12-15. Retrieved 2018-02-03.
  129. ↑ "The 6th World Games 2001.8.16-26 Karate/Sparring/-60kg/Women/ August 18-19 / Tenno Town Gymnasium, Tenno Town, Japan". Archived from the original on 2005-04-15. Retrieved 2018-02-03.
  130. ↑ "The 6th World Games 2001.8.16-26 Life Saving/Point Race/". Archived from the original on 2005-09-20. Retrieved 2018-02-03.
  131. ↑ "The 6th World Games 2001.8.16-26 Life Saving/Surf/Rescue Bord Rescue Race". Archived from the original on 2005-11-02. Retrieved 2019-10-04.
  132. ↑ "The 6th World Games 2001.8.16-26 Life Saving/Surf/Rescue Tube Rescue Race". Archived from the original on 2005-11-07. Retrieved 2019-10-04.
  133. ↑ "The 6th World Games 2001.8.16-26 Life Saving/Pool/4x50m Obstacle Relay". Archived from the original on 2005-04-15. Retrieved 2019-10-04.
  134. ↑ "The 6th World Games 2001.8.16-26 Life Saving/Pool/4x25m Manikin Relay". Archived from the original on 2005-04-15. Retrieved 2019-10-04.
  135. ↑ "The 6th World Games 2001.8.16-26 Life Saving/Pool/4x50m Rescue Tube Relay". Archived from the original on 2005-09-14. Retrieved 2019-10-04.
  136. ↑ "The 6th World Games 2001.8.16-26 Sport Boules/Petanque/Women/Doubles/ August 17-19 / World Games Plaza, Akita City, Japan". Archived from the original on 2005-09-10. Retrieved 2018-02-03.
  137. ↑ "The 6th World Games 2001.8.16-26 Water Ski/Tournament/Men/ August 23-25 / Ogata Water Ski Course, Ogata Village, Japan". Archived from the original on 2005-09-08. Retrieved 2018-02-03.
  138. ↑ "WORLD GAMES AKITA, JAPAN". 2001-08-26. Archived from the original on 2012-07-16. Retrieved 2018-02-03.
  139. ↑ "The 6th World Games 2001.8.16-26 Roller Skating/Speed/Point+elimination 15,000m/Men/ August 24-26 / Akita Prefectural Skating Rink, Akita City, Japan". Archived from the original on 2005-09-14. Retrieved 2018-02-03.
  140. ↑ "The 6th World Games 2001.8.16-26 Roller Skating/Speed/Elimination 20,000m/Men/ August 24-26 / Akita Prefectural Skating Rink, Akita City, Japan". Archived from the original on 2005-09-09. Retrieved 2018-02-03.
  141. ↑ Butler, Nick (5 July 2018). "Bowler, kickboxer and indoor rower stripped of World Games medals for doping". Inside the Games. Dunsar Media Company Limited. Archived from the original on 2022-07-16. Retrieved 2019-10-22.
  142. ↑ "DYBO Health & Fitness". Archived from the original on 2019-10-16. Retrieved 2019-10-16. ... multi British Sports Aerobics champions Helen Carpenter-Waters and Alastair Rates who became GB's only ever medallists at World level
  143. ↑ "2009 Kaohsiung: Doping Violations". International World Games Association. Archived from the original on 2017-11-13. Retrieved 2017-11-12.
  144. ↑ "TWG most successful athletes". International World Games Association. Archived from the original on 2021-05-09. Retrieved 2021-05-26.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.