GANEFO

Last updated
Games of the New Emerging Forces
Formation1962–1967
TypeSporting event organization
PurposeTo boycott the International Olympic Committee after the suspension of Indonesia from that organisation
Headquarters Jakarta, Indonesia
Membership51 active members
Official language
English
and host country's official language when necessary
Federation cofounder
Sukarno
President of Indonesia

The Games of the New Emerging Forces (GANEFO; Indonesian : Pesta Olahraga Negara-Negara Berkembang) were the games set up by Indonesia as a counter to the Olympic Games. Established for the athletes of the so-called "emerging nations" (mainly socialist states and newly independent former colonies), GANEFO was the name given both to the games held in Jakarta in 1963 and the 36-member sporting federation established the same year. [1] A second GANEFO scheduled for Cairo in 1967 was cancelled and GANEFO had only one subsequent event, an "Asian GANEFO" held in Phnom Penh in 1966.

Contents

Sports and politics at GANEFO

1st GANEFO GANEFO Stadium.jpg
1st GANEFO

Indonesia established GANEFO in the aftermath of IOC censure for the politically charged fourth edition of Asian Games in 1962 in Jakarta which Indonesia hosted and for which Taiwan and Israel were refused entry cards. This ran against the doctrine of the International Olympic Committee, which strove to separate politics from sport. The IOC's eventual reaction was to suspend Indonesia indefinitely from the IOC. Indonesia had “thrown down a challenge to all international amateur sports organizations, which cannot very well be ignored,” in the words of IOC president Avery Brundage. This was the first time the IOC suspended one of its members, although Indonesia was readmitted in time for the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo. [2]

Indonesian president Sukarno responded that the IOC was itself political because it did not have the People's Republic of China or North Vietnam as members; the IOC was simply "a tool of the imperialists and colonialists." [1] In his words: “The International Olympic Games have proved to be openly an imperialistic tool… Now let’s frankly say, sports have something to do with politics. Indonesia proposes now to mix sports with politics, and let us now establish the Games of the New Emerging Forces, the GANEFO… against the Old Established Order.” [3] GANEFO itself would make it clear in its constitution that politics and sport were intertwined. The event was inspired by the anti-Western, anti-colonial movement and the ideas of the 1955 Bandung Conference. [4]

Ten countries (Cambodia, China, Guinea, Indonesia, Iraq, Mali, Pakistan, Vietnam, and the USSR) announced plans to form GANEFO in April 1963, and another 36 signed on as members in November 1963. [1] Despite its doctrine of separating sports and politics, the IOC nevertheless decreed that the athletes attending GANEFO would be ineligible to participate in the Olympic Games.

Sukarno would later form, with Chinese support, a Conference of New Emerging Forces, or CONEFO (Conference of New Emerging Forces). [5]

1st GANEFO

1st Games of the New Emerging Forces
1963 GANEFO countries.png
Participating states
Host city Jakarta, Indonesia
Nations51
Athletes2,700
Opening10 November 1963 (1963-11-10)
Closing22 November 1963 (1963-11-22)
Opened by Sukarno
President of Indonesia
Main venue Gelora Bung Karno Main Stadium
President Sukarno extinguishing the GANEFO flame at the closing ceremony. GANEFO Sukarno.jpg
President Sukarno extinguishing the GANEFO flame at the closing ceremony.

Participating states in 1st GANEFO

The first edition of GANEFO was held in Jakarta, Indonesia, on 10 to 22 November 1963. Athletes from 46 states dispatched about 2,700 athletes and seven nations sent staff and officials. In total, 51 states participated in the Games from Africa, Asia, Europe, and Latin America such as Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Argentina, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burma, Cambodia, Chile, Ceylon, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, DPR Korea, the Dominican Republic, Finland, France, the German Democratic Republic, Guinea, Hungary, Indonesia, Iraq, Italy, Japan, Laos, Lebanon, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, the Netherlands, Nigeria, Pakistan, Palestine (the Jordanian West Bank and the Egyptian Gaza Strip), People's Republic of China, the Philippines, Poland, Republic of Mali, Romania, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Somalia, Thailand, Tunisia, Soviet Union, Syria, North Vietnam, the United Arab Republic, Uruguay, and Yugoslavia. Unlike the Olympics, there was also a team representing "Arab Palestine." [6]

No country, however, was represented officially by its national Olympics committee, for fear of IOC reprisals. [2] For instance, the Soviet Union, in a show of solidarity, sent athletes to the first GANEFO, but in order not to jeopardise their position in the IOC, the Soviet athletes were not of Olympic calibre. Japan let their athletes of non-Olympic calibre attend the first GANEFO to take account of the host nation's position of 1964 Summer Olympics. Nevertheless, in the lead-up to the first GANEFO, the Japanese NOC did receive a thinly-veiled threat from the American IOC President at the time, Avery Brundage, regarding Japanese participation in the first GANEFO. [7]

Commemorative stamps

A set of eight postage stamps were issued by Indonesia on November 10, 1963 to publicise the GANEFO.

Medal table at 1st GANEFO

In the first edition of GANEFO, China was the highest-ranking country with 68 gold medals, Soviet Union the second, followed by the United Arab Republic on the third, Indonesia the fourth, and North Korea the fifth. [8] In all, 26 countries reportedly won medals. [2] [9]

  *   Host nation (Indonesia)

RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal
1Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China  (CHN)685845171
2Flag of the Soviet Union.svg  Soviet Union (URS)2721957
3Flag of the United Arab Republic.svg  United Arab Republic  (UAR)22181252
4Flag of Indonesia.svg  Indonesia  (INA)*21253581
5Flag of North Korea (1948-1992).svg  North Korea (PRK)13152452
6Flag of Argentina.svg  Argentina  (ARG)5049
7Flag of Japan (1870-1999).svg  Japan (JPN)4101428
8Flag of Poland.svg  Poland  (POL)3126
9Flag of Iraq (1963-1991); Flag of Syria (1963-1972).svg  Iraq (IRQ)2136
10Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands  (NED)2002
11Flag of Cambodia.svg  Cambodia  (CAM)15713
12Flag of Pakistan.svg  Pakistan  (PAK)13711
13Flag of Lebanon.svg  Lebanon  (LBN)1236
14Flag of Syria (1963-1972).svg  Syria (SYR)1225
15Flag of Finland.svg  Finland  (FIN)1124
16Flag of Bulgaria (1948-1967).svg  Bulgaria (BUL)1102
17Flag of Algeria.svg  Algeria  (ALG)1034
18Flag of Brazil.svg  Brazil  (BRA)1001
19Flag of Albania.svg  Albania  (ALB)0235
20Flag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czechoslovakia  (TCH)0224
Flag of Hungary.svg  Hungary  (HUN)0224
22Flag of the Philippines (navy blue).svg  Philippines (PHI)0156
23Flag of France.svg  France  (FRA)0123
Flag of Guinea.svg  Guinea  (GUI)0123
Flag of Morocco.svg  Morocco  (MAR)0123
26Flag of Germany.svg  West Germany  (FRG)0101
Totals (26 entries)175174190539

2nd GANEFO (1st Asian GANEFO)

2nd Asian GANEFO
1966 GANEFO countries.png
Participating states
Host city Phnom Penh, Cambodia
Nations17
Athletes2,000
Opening25 November 1966 (1966-11-25)
Closing6 December 1966 (1966-12-06)
Opened by Prince Sihanouk
Main venue Olympic Stadium, Phnom Penh

The second edition of GANEFO had been planned to be held in Cairo, United Arab Republic, in 1967, but this was cancelled for various political reasons. [4]

The second GANEFO was held in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, on 25 November – 6 December 1966.

Participating nations in 2nd GANEFO (1st Asian GANEFO)

About 2,000 athletes participated in the 2nd edition of GANEFO from 17 nations (Cambodia, Ceylon, China PR, Indonesia, Iraq, Japan, North Korea, Laos, Lebanon, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, Palestine, Singapore, Syria, North Vietnam and Yemen). The games were opened by then Prince Sihanouk, the then Chief of State of Cambodia.

The second GANEFO was restricted to Asia, except Guinea which participated in the qualifying tournament in Pyongyang, North Korea, on 1–11 August 1965. Consequently, only 17 Asian countries participated in the second tournament in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, on 25 November – 6 December 1966 which was named '1st Asian GANEFO'.

Medal table at 2nd GANEFO (1st Asian GANEFO)

In the second edition of GANEFO, China PR was the highest-ranking country with 108 gold medals, North Korea the second, and the host nation, Cambodia, the third.

  *   Host nation (Cambodia)

RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal
1Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China  (CHN)1085734199
2Flag of North Korea (1948-1992).svg  North Korea  (PRK)304232104
3Flag of Cambodia.svg  Cambodia  (CAM)*13421065
4Flag of Japan (1870-1999).svg  Japan  (JPN)1012830
Totals (4 entries)16115384398

2nd Asian GANEFO

In September 1967 was announced a second Asian GANEFO to be held in Beijing, China, in 1970, but later Beijing dropped the plans to host the Games, which were then awarded to Pyongyang, North Korea. The Games never occurred, however, and the GANEFO organisation collapsed.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 Modelski, George (1963). The New Emerging Forces. Canberra: Australian National University, Research School of Pacific Studies.
  2. 1 2 3 Field, Russell (2011). The Olympic Movement's Response to the Challenge of Emerging Nationalism in Sport: An Historical Reconsideration of GANEFO. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba.
  3. Jules Boykoff (2016). A Political History of the Olympics. Verso Books. ISBN   9781784780722.
  4. 1 2 Lutan, Rusli; Hong, Fan (September 2005). "The politicization of sport: GANEFO–A case study" . Sport in Society. 8 (3): 425–439. doi:10.1080/17430430500260503. ISSN   1743-0437.
  5. "Fakta Sejarah: CONEFO".
  6. GANEFO opening ceremony footage on YouTube
  7. Shuman, Amanda (2013-11-13). "Elite Competitive Sport in the People's Republic of China 1958–1966: The Games of the New Emerging Forces (GANEFO)" . Journal of Sport History. 40 (2): 258–283. doi:10.5406/jsporthistory.40.2.258. ISSN   2155-8450.
  8. "Pembagian medal". Harian Rakyat. 23 November 1963.
  9. Dahlan, Muhidin. "Para Perebut Medali" (in Indonesian). Ganefo Olimpiade Kiri di Indonesia. Retrieved 7 June 2025.