Youth Olympic Games

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The Youth Olympic Games (YOG) is an international multi-sport event for athletes between 15 and 18 years old, [1] organized by the International Olympic Committee. The games are held every four years in staggered summer and winter events consistent with the current Olympic Games format, though in reverse order with the Olympic Winter Games held in leap years instead of the Summer Olympic Games. The first summer version was held in Singapore from 14 to 26 August 2010 while the first winter version was held in Innsbruck, Austria from 13 to 22 January 2012. [2]

Contents

The idea of such an event was introduced by Johann Rosenzopf from Austria in 1998. On 6 July 2007, International Olympic Committee (IOC) members at the 119th IOC session in Guatemala City approved the creation of a youth version of the Olympic Games, with the intention of sharing the costs of hosting the event between the IOC and the host city, whereas the travelling costs of athletes and coaches were to be paid by the IOC. These Games will also feature cultural exchange programs and opportunities for participants to meet Olympic athletes.

Several other Olympic events for youth, like the European Youth Olympic Festival held every other year with summer and winter versions, and the Australian Youth Olympic Festival, have proven successful. The Youth Games are modelled after these sporting events. [3] The YOG is also a successor to the discontinued World Youth Games.

The Summer Youth Olympic Games of Singapore in 2010 and Nanjing in 2014 each played host to 3600 athletes and lasted 13 days, whereas the Winter YOG of Innsbruck in 2012 had 1059 athletes and Lillehammer in 2016 had 1100 athletes and lasted 10 days. Even though this exceeded initial estimates, [4] [5] the YOG are still both smaller in size as well as shorter than their senior equivalents. The most recent Summer YOG was the 2018 Summer Youth Olympic Games of Buenos Aires. The most recent Winter YOG was the 2020 Winter Youth Olympic Games of Lausanne. The next Summer YOG to take place will be the 2026 Summer Youth Olympics of Dakar, Senegal while the 2024 Winter Youth Olympics is now taken place in Gangwon, South Korea.

History

The concept of the Youth Olympic Games came from Austrian industrial manager Johann Rosenzopf in 1998. [6] This was in response to growing global concerns about childhood obesity and the dropping participation of youth in sport activities, especially amongst youth in developed nations. [7] It was further recognized that a youth version of the Olympic Games would help foster participations in the Olympic Games. [8] Despite these reasons for having an Olympic event for young people, the IOC's response of holding a purely sporting event was negative. [9] IOC delegates wanted the event to be as much about cultural education and exchange as it was about sports, which is why the Culture and Education Program (CEP) was developed as a component of each celebration of the Games. [9] Jacques Rogge, IOC President, formally announced plans for the Youth Olympic Games at the 119th IOC session in Guatemala City on 6 July 2007. [10] There are several goals for the YOG, and four of them include bringing together the world's best young athletes, offering an introduction into Olympism, innovating in educating and debating Olympic values. [11] The city of Singapore was announced as the host of the inaugural Summer Youth Olympics on 21 February 2008. [12] On 12 December 2008 the IOC announced that Innsbruck, host of the 1964 and 1976 Winter Olympics, would be the host of the inaugural Winter Youth Olympics in 2012. [13]

Requirements of host cities

The scale of the Youth Olympic Games is smaller than that of the Olympics, which is intentional and allows for smaller cities to host an Olympic event. Potential host cities are required to keep all events within the same city and no new sports venues should be built. [11] Exceptions to this building moratorium include a media centre, amphitheatre facilities for classes and workshops, and a village for coaches and athletes. [11] This village is to be the heart of the Games for the athletes, and the hub of activity. [11] No new or unique transportation systems are required as all athletes and coaches will be transported by local shuttles. [11] According to bid procedures, the athletics venue must hold 10,000 people, and a bidding city must have a 2,500-seat aquatics facility for the Summer editions. [14]

Financing

The first logo of Youth Olympic Games Youth Olympic Games.svg
The first logo of Youth Olympic Games
The second logo of Youth Olympic Games Youth Olympic Games New Logo.svg
The second logo of Youth Olympic Games
The third logo of Youth Olympic Games Youth Olympic Games Logo Third Version.svg
The third logo of Youth Olympic Games

The original estimated costs for running the Games were US$30 million for the Summer and $15 million to $20 million for Winter Games (these costs did not include infrastructure improvements for venue construction). The IOC has stipulated that costs for infrastructure and venues is to be paid by the host city. [15] The IOC will pay travel costs to the host city and room and board for the athletes and judges, estimated at $11 million. The funding will come from IOC funds and not revenues. The budgets for the final two bids for the inaugural Summer Games as submitted by the IOC came in at $90 million, much higher than the estimated costs. [16] The cost of the first games in Singapore escalated to an estimated S$387 million ($284 million). [17] [18] Sponsors have been slow to sign on for the YOG, due to the fact that it is a new initiative and corporations are not sure what level of exposure they will get. [16] The budget for the inaugural Winter Games to be held in Innsbruck has been estimated at $22.5 million, which does not include infrastructure improvements and venue construction. [19]

Participation

Over 200 countries and 3,600 athletes participated in the inaugural 2010 Youth Summer Olympics. [20] Participants are placed in the following age groups: 15–16 years, 16–17 years, and 17–18 years. [21] The athlete's age is determined by how old they are by 31 December of the year they are participating in the YOG. [11] Qualification to participate in the Youth Olympics is determined by the IOC in conjunction with the International Sport Federations (ISF) for the various sports on the program. [11] To ensure that all nations are represented at the YOG the IOC instituted the concept of Universality Places. A certain number of spots in each event are to be left open for athletes from under-represented nations regardless of qualifying marks. This is to ensure that every nation will be able to send at least four athletes to each Youth Olympic Games. [11] For team tournaments one team per continent will be allowed to compete along with a sixth team either representing the host nation or as proposed by the IF with IOC approval. There is a cap of two teams (one boys' and one girls') per nation. [11] Finally, no nation may enter more than 70 athletes in individual sports. [11]

Sports

Summer Youth Olympics

All sports on the core program of the Summer Olympics, as well as most of the optional sports added in the 2020 and 2024 Summer Olympics, have been represented in the program of the Summer Youth Olympics. Most team sports use versions with reduced team sizes, including replacing regular basketball with 3x3 basketball, football with futsal, handball with beach handball, field hockey with hockey5s, indoor volleyball with beach volleyball, and, in 2026, baseball with baseball5. The 2026 edition will mark the first time the summer youth program has an equal number of events for boys and girls. [22]

Unlike the traditional Games, it is up to the Organizing Committee to choose which disciplines will be chosen to be played in collective sports. Twenty-seven sports were introduced in the 2010 Games. The Organizing Committee for the 2014 Games, chose beach volleyball (replacing their indoor counterpart) and field hockey as optional sport. In the 2018 Games, six sports were introduced: beach handball (replacing their indoor counterpart), breakdancing, futsal (replacing their association counterpart), karate, roller speed skating and sport climbing. The 28 Olympic core sports are expected to feature in the 2026 Games, being confirmed in 2020. [23] [24]

The following sports (or disciplines of a sport) make up the current and discontinued Summer Youth Olympic Games official program and are listed alphabetically according to the name used by the IOC. The discontinued sports were previously part of the Summer Youth Olympic Games program as official sports, but are no longer on the current program. The figures in each cell indicate the number of events for each sport contested at the respective Games; a bullet (•) denotes that the sport was contested as a demonstration sport.

SportDisciplineCode & Pictogram Body 10 12 18 26
Archery Archery ARC Archery pictogram.svg World Archery 4 3 3 3
Aquatics Diving DIV Diving pictogram.svg World Aquatics 4 5 5 4
Swimming SWM Swimming pictogram.svg 34 36 36 34
Athletics Athletics ATH Athletics pictogram.svg World Athletics 36 37 36 38
Badminton Badminton BDM Badminton pictogram.svg BWF 2 3 3 3
Baseball Baseball5 BS5 Baseball5 pictogram.svg WBSC 1
Basketball 3x3 BK3 3-on-3 basketball pictogram.svg FIBA 2 4 4 4
Boxing Boxing BOX Boxing pictogram.svg No body recognised [25] 11 11 13 10
Canoe Slalom CSL Canoeing (slalom) pictogram.svg ICF 3 4 4 4
Sprint CSP Canoeing (flatwater) pictogram.svg 3 4 4 4
Cycling BMX Freestyle BMF BMX freestyle pictogram.svg UCI 1 2
Road CRD Cycling (road) pictogram.svg 1 [sy 1] 3 [sy 1] 2 [sy 2] 5
Dance Sport Breaking BKG Breakdancing pictogram.svg WDSF 3 2
Equestrian Jumping EJP Equestrian Jumping pictogram.svg FEI 2 2 2 1
Fencing Fencing FEN Fencing pictogram.svg FIE 7 7 7 6
Football Futsal FBS Futsal pictogram.svg FIFA 2 2
Golf Golf GLF Golf pictogram.svg IGF 3 3 3
Gymnastics Artistic GAR Gymnastics (artistic) pictogram.svg FIG 12 12 12 12
Rhythmic GRY Gymnastics (rhythmic) pictogram.svg 2 2 1 2
Handball Beach HBB Beach handball pictogram.svg IHF 2 2
Hockey Field HOC Field hockey pictogram.svg FIH 2 2 2 2
Judo JUD Judo pictogram.svg IJF 9 9 9 8
Karate KTE Karate pictogram.svg WKF 6 6
Modern Pentathlon MPN Modern pentathlon pictogram.svg UIPM 3 3 3 3
Rowing ROW Rowing pictogram.svg World Rowing 4 4 4 5
Rugby Sevens RU7 Rugby Sevens pictogram.svg World Rugby 2 2 2
SailingSAL Sailing pictogram.svg WSail 4 4 5 6
ShootingSHO Shooting pictogram.svg ISSF 4 6 6 6
Skate Skateboarding SKB Skateboarding pictogram.svg World Skate • 2
Sport Climbing CLB Climbing pictogram.svg IFSC • 2 2
Surfing SRF Surfing pictogram.svg ISA 2
Table Tennis TTE Table tennis pictogram.svg ITTF 3 3 3 3
Taekwondo TKW Taekwondo pictogram.svg World Taekwondo 10 10 10 11
Tennis TEN Tennis pictogram.svg ITF 4 5 5 5
Triathlon TRI Triathlon pictogram.svg World Triathlon 3 3 3 3
Volleyball Beach VBV Volleyball (beach) pictogram.svg FIVB 2 2 2
Weightlifting WLF Weightlifting pictogram.svg IWF 11 11 12 12
Wrestling Freestyle WRE Wrestling Freestyle pictogram.svg UWW 9 9 10 10
Beach WRB Beach wrestling pictogram.svg 8
Wushu WSU Wushu pictogram.svg IWUF • 4
Cycling BMX Racing BMX Cycling (BMX) pictogram.svg UCI 1 [sy 1] 3 [sy 1] 1
Mountain Bike MTB Cycling (mountain biking) pictogram.svg 2 [sy 2]
Football Football FBL Football pictogram.svg FIFA 2 2
Gymnastics Acrobatic GAC Gymnastics (acrobatic) pictogram.svg FIG 1
Trampoline GTR Gymnastics (trampoline) pictogram.svg 2 2 2
Multi-DisciplineGYM Gymnastics (artistic) pictogram.svg 1 [sy 3]
Handball Indoor HBL Handball pictogram.svg IHF 2 2
SkateInline Speed SkatingISS Inline speed skating pictogram.svg World Skate • 2
Volleyball Indoor VVO Volleyball (indoor) pictogram.svg FIVB 2
Wrestling Greco-Roman WRG Wrestling pictogram.svg UWW 5 5 9
Total events202220243244
Total sports 33 35 41 40
  1. 1 2 3 4 In 2010 and 2014 Road, Mountain, and BMX Racing were combined into a single event with multiple stages.
  2. 1 2 In 2018 Road and Mountain Cycling were combined into a single event with multiple stages.
  3. ↑ In 2018 gymnastics included a mixed multi-discipline, multi-NOC team event.

Demonstration summer sports

Six sports have been demonstrated at the Summer Youth Olympics. Skateboarding, Sports Climbing, Inline Speed Skating, and Wushu were demonstrated at the 2014 games and included in subsequent editions. Three sports were demonstrated at the 2018 games and have not yet been included in subsequent editions:

Winter Youth Olympics

All sports on the core program of the Winter Olympics have been a part of every Winter Youth Olympics. In 2020, ski mountaineering was added as an optional sport (it was later added to the program of the 2026 Winter Olympics). [26] The 2024 Winter Youth Olympics marked the first time at any Olympic Games that the program included an equal number of events for male and female athletes. [27] No sports have been demonstrated at the Winter Youth Olympics. There have been 46 disciplines across 16 sports in the Winter Youth Olympics between the 2012 Games to the 2020 Games.

The following sports (or disciplines of a sport) make up the current and discontinued Winter Youth Olympic Games official program and are listed alphabetically according to the name used by the IOC. The discontinued sports were previously part of the Winter Youth Olympic Games program as official sports, but are no longer on the current program.

SportDisciplineCode & Pictogram Body 12 16 20 24
Biathlon BTH Biathlon pictogram.svg IBU 5 6 6 6
Bobsleigh BOB Bobsleigh pictogram.svg IBSF 2 2 2 2
Skeleton SKN Skeleton pictogram.svg 2 2 2 2
Curling CUR Curling pictogram.svg World Curling 2 2 2 2
Ice Hockey IHO Ice hockey pictogram.svg IIHF 4 4 4 4
Luge LUG Luge pictogram.svg FIL 4 4 5 5
Skating Figure FSK Figure skating pictogram.svg ISU 5 5 5 5
Short Track Speed STK Short track speed skating pictogram.svg 5 5 5 7
Speed SSK Speed skating pictogram.svg 8 7 7 7
Skiing Alpine ALP Alpine skiing pictogram.svg FIS 9 9 9 9
Cross-Country CCS Cross country skiing pictogram.svg 4 6 6 5
Freestyle FRS Freestyle skiing pictogram.svg 4 6 8 12
Nordic Combined NCB Nordic combined pictogram.svg 1 2 3 3
Ski Jumping SJP Ski jumping pictogram.svg 3 3 3 3
Snowboarding SBD Snowboarding pictogram.svg 4 7 9 9
Ski Mountaineering SMT Ski mountaineering pictogram.svg ISMF 5
Total events62708181
Total sports 15 15 16 15

Culture and education

Flags of participating nations at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics Opening Ceremony of Singapore YOG 2010 flags.jpg
Flags of participating nations at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics

Education and culture are also key components for the Youth edition. Not only does the education/culture aspect apply to athletes and participants, but also youth around the world and inhabitants of the host city and surrounding regions. To this end, a Culture and Education Program (CEP) will be featured at each Games. [8] The first CEP at the 2010 Singapore Games featured events that fostered cooperation amongst athletes of different nations. It had classes on topics ranging from health and fitness to the environment and career planning. Local students from Singapore made booths at the World Culture Village that represented each of the 205 participating National Olympic Committee. [28] The Chat with Champions sessions were the most popular portion of the program. [8] Participants were invited to hear inspirational talks given by former and current Olympic athletes. [8]

Also part of the CEP is the Young Ambassadors Programme, Young Reporters Programme and Athlete Role Models. [29] Under the Young Ambassadors Programme, a group of youths aged 18 to 25 years old are nominated by the NOCs to help promote the YOG in their regions and communities, and encourage the athletes to participate in the CEP programmes.

The Young Reporters Programme [30] provides journalism students or those who have recently started their journalism careers a cross-platform journalist-training programme and on-the-job experience during the YOG. Young Reporters, between the ages of 18 and 24, are selected by the Continental Associations of National Olympic Committees and will represent each of the five continents.

Acting as mentors to help support and advise young Olympians are the Athlete Role Models, who are typically active or recently retired Olympians nominated by the IFs, such as Japanese wrestler Kaori Icho, [31] Italian Simone Farina [32] and Namibian Frank Fredericks. [33]

Emphasis on exchange goes beyond the CEP. Another unique feature of the Youth Olympic Games is mixed-gender and mixed-national teams. Triathlon relays, fencing, table tennis, archery and mixed swimming relays are a few of the sports in which athletes from different nations and mixed genders can compete together. [8] YOG organizers are also using social media such as Facebook, Flickr, and Twitter as key platforms for engaging young athletes before, during, and after each celebration of the Games. [8] Multi-lingual, multi-cultural, and multi-age requirements are the targets of the program, which stress the themes of "Learning to know, learning to be, learning to do, and learning to live together". [28]

List of Youth Olympic Games

In early November 2007, Athens, Bangkok, Singapore, Moscow, and Turin were selected by the IOC as the five candidate cities to host the inaugural Youth Olympic Games. [34] In January 2008, the candidates were further pared down to just Moscow and Singapore. Finally, on 21 February 2008, Singapore was declared host of the inaugural Youth Olympic Games 2010 via live telecast from Lausanne, Switzerland, winning by a tally of 53 votes to 44 for Moscow. [35]

On 2 September 2008 IOC announced that the executive board had shortlisted four cities among the candidates to host the first Winter Youth Olympic Games in 2012. The four candidate cities were Harbin, Innsbruck, Kuopio, and Lillehammer. [36] IOC president Jacques Rogge appointed Pernilla Wiberg to chair the commission which analysed the projects. As with the Summer Games, the list was then shortened to two finalists, Innsbruck and Kuopio, in November 2008. On 12 December 2008, it was announced that Innsbruck beat Kuopio to host the games. [36] Nanjing, China was selected by the IOC over Poznan, Poland to be the host-city of the 2014 Youth Olympics. The election was held on 10 February 2010, two days before the start of the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver. [37] Lillehammer, Norway hosted the 2016 Winter Youth Olympics. [38]

Summer Youth Olympic Games

EditionYearHost CityHost NationOpened byStart DateEnd DateNationsCompetitorsSportsEventsTop of the medal table Ref.
I 2010 Singapore Flag of Singapore.svg  Singapore President S. R. Nathan 14 August26 August2043,52426201Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China  (CHN) [39]
II 2014 Nanjing Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China President Xi Jinping 16 August28 August2033,57928222Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China  (CHN) [40]
III 2018 Buenos Aires Flag of Argentina.svg  Argentina President Mauricio Macri 6 October18 October2063,99732239Flag of Russia.svg  Russia  (RUS) [41]
IV 2026 [lower-alpha 1] Dakar Flag of Senegal.svg  Senegal 31 October13 NovemberFuture event35244Future event [42]
V 2030 TBD TBD Future eventFuture event
VI 2034 TBD TBD Future eventFuture event
class=notpageimage|
Host cities of the Summer Youth Olympic Games

Winter Youth Olympic Games

EditionYearHost CityHost NationOpened byStart DateEnd DateNationsCompetitorsSportsEventsTop of the medal table Ref.
I 2012 Innsbruck Flag of Austria.svg  Austria President Heinz Fischer 13 January22 January691,059763Flag of Germany.svg  Germany  (GER) [43]
II 2016 Lillehammer Flag of Norway.svg  Norway King Harald V 12 February21 February711,100770Flag of the United States.svg  United States  (USA) [44]
III 2020 Lausanne Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg   Switzerland President Simonetta Sommaruga 9 January22 January791,872881Flag of Russia.svg  Russia  (RUS) [45]
IV 2024 Gangwon Flag of South Korea.svg  South Korea President Yoon Suk-yeol 19 January1 February781,802781Flag of Italy.svg  Italy  (ITA) [46]
V 2028 TBD TBD Future eventFuture event
VI 2032 TBD TBD Future eventFuture event
class=notpageimage|
Host cities of the Winter Youth Olympic Games

Medal count

RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal
1Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China  (CHN)1055941205
2Flag of Russia.svg  Russia  (RUS)967458228
–Olympic flag.svg  Mixed-NOCs  (MIX)484652146
3Flag of Japan.svg  Japan  (JPN)464638130
4Flag of South Korea.svg  South Korea  (KOR)44292598
5Flag of the United States.svg  United States  (USA)394236117
6Flag of Italy.svg  Italy  (ITA)393738114
7Flag of Germany.svg  Germany  (GER)384748133
8Flag of France.svg  France  (FRA)323342107
9Flag of Hungary.svg  Hungary  (HUN)25202368
10Flag of Ukraine.svg  Ukraine  (UKR)22263179
11–127Remaining4294945871510
Totals (127 entries)96395310192935

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The games were originally scheduled for 2022; however, they were postponed to 2026 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

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  7. ↑ "Youth Olympic Games" (PDF). International Olympic Committee. p. 28. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 August 2010. Retrieved 20 May 2011.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Stoneman, Michael. "Welcome to the Family". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 20 May 2011.
  9. 1 2 "Youth Olympic Games" (PDF). International Olympic Committee. p. 35. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 August 2010. Retrieved 20 May 2011.
  10. ↑ "IOC Session: A "go" for Youth Olympic Games". International Olympic Committee. 5 July 2007. Retrieved 5 July 2007.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "Factsheet Youth Olympic Games" (PDF). International Olympic Committee. February 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 20 May 2011.
  12. ↑ Wang, Jeanette. "Perfect Pitch" (PDF). International Olympic Committee. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 August 2010. Retrieved 20 May 2011.
  13. ↑ "Innsbruck Elected To Host the Inaugural Youth Olympic Winter Games In 2012". Gamebids.com. 12 December 2008. Archived from the original on 28 December 2010. Retrieved 20 May 2011.
  14. ↑ "2018 Youth Olympic Games: Appraising Abuja's Bid Plan". Leadershipeditors.com. 19 March 2011. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2011.
  15. ↑ "Youth Olympic Games Candidature Procedure and Questionnaire" (PDF). International Olympic Committee. p. 52. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 August 2011. Retrieved 7 July 2011.
  16. 1 2 Leyl, Sharanjit (15 August 2010). "Youth Olympic Games gamble for Singapore". BBC. Retrieved 20 May 2011.
  17. ↑ "Cost of Youth Games goes up three-fold An extra $265 million". Comsenz Inc. Retrieved 7 July 2011.
  18. ↑ "Youth Olympic Games to cost $387 million". Singapore Democrats. Retrieved 7 July 2011.
  19. ↑ "1st Winter Youth Olympic Games in 2012" (PDF). International Olympic Committee. pp. 12–14. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 7 July 2011.
  20. ↑ "About Us". Singapore 2010 Youth Olympic Games. Archived from the original on 25 May 2012. Retrieved 19 May 2011.
  21. ↑ "Youth Olympic Games". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 19 May 2011.
  22. ↑ International Olympic Committee. "Youth Olympic Games Dakar 2026 - Sports and Events Programme" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 December 2019. Retrieved 6 December 2019.
  23. ↑ International Olympic Committee. "Youth Olympic Games Dakar 2026 - Sports and Events Programme" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 December 2019. Retrieved 6 December 2019.
  24. ↑ "Senegal and the IOC agree to postpone the Youth Olympic Games Dakar 2022 to 2026". Olympics.com. 15 July 2020. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
  25. ↑
  26. ↑ "IOC Executive Board confirms gender equality and more innovation for Winter Youth Olympic Games Lausanne 2020". International Olympic Committee. 9 July 2017. Retrieved 10 July 2017.
  27. ↑ "Official Programme of the Winter Youth Olympic Games Gangwon 2024" (PDF). International Olympic Committee. 16 October 2021.
  28. 1 2 "Youth Olympic Games" (PDF). International Olympic Committee. p. 42. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 August 2010. Retrieved 20 May 2011.
  29. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 August 2010. Retrieved 17 August 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  30. ↑ "IOC announces the Young Reporters for the Youth Olympic Games" . Retrieved 30 January 2016.
  31. ↑ "Three-time Olympic champion and Athlete Role Model Kaori Icho on her love for wrestling" . Retrieved 30 January 2016.
  32. ↑ "Farina appointed to Youth Olympic Games role" . Retrieved 30 January 2016.
  33. ↑ "Meet Frank Fredericks, Athlete Role Model for Innsbruck 2012!" . Retrieved 30 January 2016.
  34. ↑ "Teenage Kicks: The Inaugural Youth Olympic Games". SportsPro. Retrieved 12 July 2011.
  35. ↑ "Factsheet Youth Olympic Games" (PDF). International Olympic Committee. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 12 July 2011.
  36. 1 2 "Innsbruck Elected To Host the Inaugural Youth Olympic Winter Games In 2012". Gamesbids.com. Archived from the original on 6 January 2012. Retrieved 12 July 2011.
  37. ↑ "Nanjing, China Elected To Host 2014 Summer Youth Olympic Games". Gamesbids.com. Archived from the original on 10 August 2011. Retrieved 12 July 2011.
  38. ↑ "Lillehammer awarded 2016 Winter Youth Olympic Games". 7 December 2011. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
  39. ↑ "1st YOG Singapore 2010". IOC. Retrieved 14 August 2010.
  40. ↑ "2nd YOG Nanjing 2014". IOC. Retrieved 16 August 2014.
  41. ↑ "3rd YOG Buenos Aires 2018". IOC. Retrieved 4 July 2013.
  42. ↑ "4th YOG Dakar 2022". IOC. Retrieved 8 January 2020.
  43. ↑ "1st WYOG Innsbruck 2012". IOC. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
  44. ↑ "2nd WYOG Lillehammer 2016". IOC. Retrieved 12 February 2016.
  45. ↑ "3rd WYOG Lausanne 2020". IOC. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
  46. ↑ "Gangwon 2024 | Winter Youth Olympic Games". IOC. Retrieved 22 January 2024.
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