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The Winter Olympic Games is a major international multi-sport event held once every four years for sports practiced on snow and ice. The first Winter Olympic Games, the 1924 Winter Olympics, were held in Chamonix, France. The modern Olympic Games were inspired by the ancient Olympic Games, which were held in Olympia, Greece, from 776 BC to 394 AD. The Baron Pierre de Coubertin of France founded the International Olympic Committee (IOC) 1,500 years later in 1894, leading to the first modern Summer Olympic Games in Athens, Greece in 1896. The IOC is the governing body of the Olympic Movement, with the Olympic Charter defining its structure and authority. The original five Winter Olympic Sports were bobsleigh, curling, ice hockey, Nordic skiing, and skating. The Games were held every four years from 1924 to 1936, interrupted in 1940 and 1944 by World War II, and resumed in 1948. Until 1992, the Summer Olympic Games and the Winter Olympic Games were held in the same year. A decision to change this was made in 1986, when during the 91st International Olympic Committee session, IOC members decided to alternate the Summer Olympic Games and the Winter Olympic Games on separate four-year cycles in even-numbered years. Also, at that same congress it was decided that 1992 Winter Olympics would be the last to be held in the same year as the Summer Games and that to change the rotation, the edition that would be held in 1996 would be brought forward by two years, being scheduled to 1994. After this edition, the next one was to be held in 1998 when the 4-year Olympic Cycle resumed.
The 1948 Winter Olympics, officially known as the V Olympic Winter Games and commonly known as St. Moritz 1948, were a winter multi-sport event held from 30 January to 8 February 1948 in St. Moritz, Switzerland. The Games were the first to be celebrated after World War II; it had been twelve years since the last Winter Games in 1936.
The 1928 Winter Olympics, officially known as the II Olympic Winter Games and commonly known as St. Moritz 1928, were an international winter multi-sport event that was celebrated from 11 to 19 February 1928 in St. Moritz, Switzerland.
The 1952 Winter Olympics, officially known as the VI Olympic Winter Games and commonly known as Oslo 1952, was a winter multi-sport event held from 14 to 25 February 1952 in Oslo, the capital of Norway.
The 1960 Winter Olympics were a winter multi-sport event held from February 18 to 28, 1960, at the Squaw Valley Resort in Squaw Valley, California, United States. The resort was chosen to host the Games at the 1956 meeting of the International Olympic Committee (IOC). Squaw Valley was an undeveloped resort in 1955, so the infrastructure and all of the venues were built between 1956 and 1960 at a cost of US$80,000,000. The layout was designed to be intimate, allowing spectators and competitors to reach most of the venues on foot.
The 1916 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the VI Olympiad, were scheduled to be held in Berlin, Germany, but were eventually cancelled for the first time in their twenty-year history due to the outbreak of World War I. Berlin was selected as the host city during the 14th IOC Session in Stockholm on 4 July 1912, defeating bids from Alexandria, Amsterdam, Brussels, Budapest and Cleveland. After the 1916 Games were cancelled, Berlin would eventually host the 1936 Summer Olympics, twenty years later.
The 1988 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XV Olympic Winter Games and commonly known as Calgary 1988, were a multi-sport event held from February 13 to 28, 1988, with Calgary, Alberta, Canada as main host city. It was the first Winter Olympic Games to be held for 15 days, like the counterpart Summer Olympic Games. The majority of the events took place in Calgary itself. However, the snow events were shared by Nakiska ski resort in Kananaskis Country at the west of the city and the Canmore Nordic Centre Provincial Park in the town of Canmore.
The 1972 Winter Olympics, officially the XI Olympic Winter Games and commonly known as Sapporo 1972, were a winter multi-sport event held from February 3 to 13, 1972, in Sapporo, Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan. It was the first Winter Olympic Games to take place outside Europe and North America.
The men's ice hockey tournament at the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo, Norway, was the seventh Olympic Championship, also serving as the 19th World Championships and the 30th European Championships. The tournament was mainly played at the Jordal Amfi Arena, as well as the stadiums at Dælenenga, Kadettangen (Sandvika), Marienlyst (Drammen) and Lillestrøm (Lillestrøm). Canada, represented by the Edmonton Mercurys, won its sixth Olympic gold medal and 15th World Championship. Highest finishing European team Sweden won the bronze medal and its sixth European Championship.
Seychelles first participated at the Olympic Games in 1980, and has sent athletes to compete in most Summer Olympic Games since then, missing only the 1988 Games when Seychelles did not respond to the invitation sent by the IOC. The nation has never participated in the Winter Olympic Games.
Skijoring was a demonstration sport at the 1928 Winter Olympics, held in St. Moritz, Switzerland from February 11 through 19, 1928. The sole skijoring event of the Games was held on February 12, the second day of the Games. The sport of skijoring is one in which a person on skis is pulled by dogs, horses, or a form of mechanized transportation such as a snowmobile. In the 1928 Olympics, athletes were towed behind horses.
Kazimierz Kay-Skrzypecki was a British luge racer.
The women's figure skating competition at the 1956 Winter Olympics took place at the Olympic Ice Stadium in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy. The competition was held on 30–31 January and 2 February 1956. Twenty-one women from eleven countries participated in the competition. The event was dominated by the American skaters and who won gold and silver. Tenley Albright, who overcame a significant injury two weeks before the start of the competition, was the Olympic champion.
The men's figure skating competition at the 1956 Winter Olympics took place at the Olympic Ice Stadium in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy. The competition was held on 29 January and 1 February 1956. Sixteen men from eleven countries participated in the competition. The event was dominated by the American skaters who swept the medals. Hayes Jenkins and his brother, David Jenkins, won gold and bronze respectively.
The selection process for the 1988 Winter Olympics consisted of three bids, and saw Calgary, Alberta, Canada, be selected ahead of Falun, Sweden, and Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy. The selection was made at the 84th International Olympic Committee (IOC) Session in Baden-Baden, West Germany, on 30 September 1981.
The Olympic Diploma of Merit was an award given by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) to recognise outstanding services to sports or a notable contribution to the Olympic Games. By 1974, the last time the awards were granted, just 58 people had received the award.
The Olympiques Calgary Olympics '88 (OCO'88), originally incorporated as XV Olympic Winter Games Organizing Committee was the organization responsible for overseeing the planning and development of the 1988 Winter Olympic Games.
A number of notable controversies and concerns associated with the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, emerged which were the subject of public debate and media commentary.
References
- ↑ Wallechinsky, David (2019) "Olympic Films: From the Beginning to Riefenstahl's Berlin Docudrama"; "Olympic Films 1948-1960: Serious Event Coverage with Touches of Sexism and Racism"; "Olympic Films 1964-1984: Troubled Times and Troubled Films Mixed with Excellent Exceptions" Journal of Olympic History #27 International Society of Olympic Historians
- ↑ Wallechinsky, David (2020) “Olympic Films 1988-1996: New Political Realities, New Cinematic Styles” Journal of Olympic History #28 International Society of Olympic Historians
- ↑ Findling, John E.; Pelle, Kimberly D. (2004) Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement Greenwood Press Appendix C: Olympic Films
- ↑ Official films at Olympics.com
- ↑ sportsheritage.org
- ↑ 2019 Award from Association of Moving Image Archivists
- ↑ Fristoe, Roger (2021) "100 YEARS of OLYMPIC FILMS" at Turner Classic Movies
- ↑ Introduction of the Olympic Official Films at beijing2022.cn
- ↑ The Olympic Games (1924) from Imperial War Museum
- ↑ Motion Picture News (1924) at Internet Archive
- ↑ Motion Picture News (1924) at Internet Archive
- ↑ Motion Picture News (1924) at Internet Archive
- ↑ III Winter Olympics at Internet Archive
- ↑ Yaple bibliography entry at skiinghistory.org
- ↑ Motion Picture Herald (1932) at Internet Archive
- ↑ Motion Picture Herald (1932) at Internet Archive
- ↑ Motion Picture Herald (1932) at Internet Archive
- ↑ Motion Picture Herald (1932) at Internet Archive
- ↑ Film Daily (1936) at Internet Archive
- ↑ Film Daily (1936) at Internet Archive
- ↑ Olympia St. Moritz 1948 at Swedish Film Institute
- ↑ VIII Olympic Winter Games 1960 Squaw Valley, California, Final Report of the California Olympic Commission, California State Printing Office, July 1960, pg 67
- ↑ Flame in the Snow at YouTube
- ↑ Winter Olympics at Internet Archive
- ↑ Victoires olympiques at CinéVOD of numothèque grenoble-alpes
- ↑ Ski, un jeu Olympique at CinéVOD of numothèque grenoble-alpes
- ↑ Findling, John E.; Pelle, Kimberly D. (2004) Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement Greenwood Press page 403
- ↑ Olympic Glory review
- ↑ Rings of the World at moviefone.com
- ↑ 2022 preview film at Yahoo
- ↑ IOC (2023) Beijing 2022 Official Film opens Beijing International Film Festival in world premiere
