Swimming at the Games of the XXIX Olympiad | |
---|---|
Venue | Beijing National Aquatics Centre (pool) Shunyi Olympic Rowing-Canoeing Park (open water) |
Dates | 9–17 August 2008 (pool) 20–21 August 2008 (open water) |
Competitors | 1,026 from 162 nations |
Swimming at the 2008 Summer Olympics | ||
---|---|---|
Qualification | ||
Freestyle | ||
50 m | men | women |
100 m | men | women |
200 m | men | women |
400 m | men | women |
800 m | women | |
1500 m | men | |
Backstroke | ||
100 m | men | women |
200 m | men | women |
Breaststroke | ||
100 m | men | women |
200 m | men | women |
Butterfly | ||
100 m | men | women |
200 m | men | women |
Individual medley | ||
200 m | men | women |
400 m | men | women |
Freestyle relay | ||
4 × 100 m | men | women |
4 × 200 m | men | women |
Medley relay | ||
4 × 100 m | men | women |
Marathon | ||
10 km | men | women |
The swimming competitions at the 2008 Summer Olympics took place from 9 to 17 August 2008 at the Beijing National Aquatics Centre. [1] The newly introduced open water marathon events (10 km) were held on 20 and 21 August 2008 at Shunyi Olympic Rowing-Canoeing Park. [2]
Swimming featured 34 events (17 male, 17 female), including two 10 km open-water marathons. The remaining 32 were contested in a 50 m long course pool within the Olympic Park.
The United States claimed a total of 31 medals (12 golds, 9 silver, and 10 bronze) in the leaderboard to maintain its standings as the most successful nation in swimming. [3] A stellar performance in the pool also made an Olympic history for Michael Phelps, who captured eight gold medals to break Mark Spitz's 1972 record, a total of seven, at a single Games. [4] [5] Despite the male swimmers failing to attain a single gold in swimming, Australia managed to repeat a second-place effort on its third consecutive Olympics with 20 medals (six golds, six silver, and eight bronze). [3] Meanwhile, Great Britain finished third with a total of six medals by the benefit of a sterling long-distance freestyle double from Rebecca Adlington. [5]
A total of 25 world records and 65 Olympic records were set during the competition.
All the swimming, synchronized swimming, and diving events of the 2008 Olympics were held at the Beijing National Aquatics Center (better known as the "Water Cube"), which was claimed to be built to increase the speed of the swimmers. [6] The main pool is about 10 feet (3.0 m) deep, 3 feet (0.91 m) deeper than any other Olympic pool. [6] The lane lines, nicknamed "wave eaters", buffer the waves produced by swimmers while they stroke. [6] The technological advances of the pool were enhanced by several advantages inherent to an indoor swimming venue, namely: temperature, humidity and lighting control. Even the wide decks were built to help give the swimmers a sense of space. [6]
The swimming program for 2008 was expanded from 2004, with the addition of the 10 km marathon open water swimming events, bringing the total number of events to 34 (17 each for men and women). The following events were contested (all pool events were long course, and distances are in metres unless stated): [7]
Unlike the previous Olympics, swimming program schedule occurred in two segments. For the pool events, prelims were held in the evening, with semifinals and final in the following morning session, spanning a day between semifinals and finals in those events with semifinals. The shift of the normal morning prelims and evening finals (to evening prelims and morning finals) occurred for these Games because of the prior request made by US broadcaster NBC (due to the substantial fees NBC has paid for rights to the Olympics, the IOC has allowed NBC to have influence on event scheduling to maximize U.S. television ratings when possible; NBC agreed to a $7.75 billion contract extension on May 7, 2014, to air the Olympics through the 2032 games [8] and is also one of the major sources of revenue for the IOC), [9] so that the finals from the event could be shown live in the United States. [10] [11]
H | Heats | ½ | Semifinals | F | Final |
Date → | Aug 9 | Aug 10 | Aug 11 | Aug 12 | Aug 13 | Aug 14 | Aug 15 | Aug 16 | Aug 17 | Aug 21 | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Event ↓ | M | E | M | E | M | E | M | E | M | E | M | E | M | E | M | E | M | E | M | E |
50 m freestyle | H | ½ | F | |||||||||||||||||
100 m freestyle | H | ½ | F | |||||||||||||||||
200 m freestyle | H | ½ | F | |||||||||||||||||
400 m freestyle | H | F | ||||||||||||||||||
1500 m freestyle | H | F | ||||||||||||||||||
100 m backstroke | H | ½ | F | |||||||||||||||||
200 m backstroke | H | ½ | F | |||||||||||||||||
100 m breaststroke | H | ½ | F | |||||||||||||||||
200 m breaststroke | H | ½ | F | |||||||||||||||||
100 m butterfly | H | ½ | F | |||||||||||||||||
200 m butterfly | H | ½ | F | |||||||||||||||||
200 m individual medley | H | ½ | F | |||||||||||||||||
400 m individual medley | H | F | ||||||||||||||||||
4 × 100 m freestyle relay | H | F | ||||||||||||||||||
4 × 200 m freestyle relay | H | F | ||||||||||||||||||
4 × 100 m medley relay | H | F | ||||||||||||||||||
10 km open water | F |
Date → | Aug 9 | Aug 10 | Aug 11 | Aug 12 | Aug 13 | Aug 14 | Aug 15 | Aug 16 | Aug 17 | Aug 20 | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Event ↓ | M | E | M | E | M | E | M | E | M | E | M | E | M | E | M | E | M | E | M | E |
50 m freestyle | H | ½ | F | |||||||||||||||||
100 m freestyle | H | ½ | F | |||||||||||||||||
200 m freestyle | H | ½ | F | |||||||||||||||||
400 m freestyle | H | F | ||||||||||||||||||
800 m freestyle | H | F | ||||||||||||||||||
100 m backstroke | H | ½ | F | |||||||||||||||||
200 m backstroke | H | ½ | F | |||||||||||||||||
100 m breaststroke | H | ½ | F | |||||||||||||||||
200 m breaststroke | H | ½ | F | |||||||||||||||||
100 m butterfly | H | ½ | F | |||||||||||||||||
200 m butterfly | H | ½ | F | |||||||||||||||||
200 m individual medley | H | ½ | F | |||||||||||||||||
400 m individual medley | H | F | ||||||||||||||||||
4 × 100 m freestyle relay | H | F | ||||||||||||||||||
4 × 200 m freestyle relay | H | F | ||||||||||||||||||
4 × 100 m medley relay | H | F | ||||||||||||||||||
10 km open water | F |
A National Olympic Committee (NOC) may enter up to 2 qualified athletes in each individual event if both meet the A standard, or 1 athlete per event if they meet the B standard. An NOC may also enter a maximum of 1 qualified relay team per event. NOCs may enter swimmers regardless of time (1 swimmer per sex) if they have no swimmers meeting qualifying B standard. [12]
A total of 1,026 swimmers (571 men and 455 women) from 162 nations would compete in swimming events at these Olympic Games. American Samoa, Botswana, Comoros, Congo Democratic Republic, Cook Islands, Marshall Islands, and Tanzania made their official debut in swimming. Meanwhile, Belgium, Dominican Republic, Kuwait, Netherlands Antilles, and Tajikistan returned to the sport after an eight-year absence. Nations with swimmers at the Games are (team size in parentheses):
Retrieved from 2008 NBC Olympics website. [13]
Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | United States (USA) | 12 | 9 | 10 | 31 |
2 | Australia (AUS) | 6 | 6 | 8 | 20 |
3 | Great Britain (GBR) | 2 | 2 | 2 | 6 |
4 | Japan (JPN) | 2 | 0 | 3 | 5 |
5 | Germany (GER) | 2 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
6 | Netherlands (NED) | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
7 | China (CHN) | 1 | 3 | 2 | 6 |
8 | Zimbabwe (ZIM) | 1 | 3 | 0 | 4 |
9 | France (FRA) | 1 | 2 | 3 | 6 |
10 | Russia (RUS) | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 |
11 | Italy (ITA) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
South Korea (KOR) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | |
13 | Brazil (BRA) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
14 | Tunisia (TUN) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
15 | Hungary (HUN) | 0 | 3 | 0 | 3 |
16 | Norway (NOR) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
17 | Serbia (SRB) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Slovenia (SLO) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
19 | Austria (AUT) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Canada (CAN) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
Denmark (DEN) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
Totals (21 entries) | 34 | 34 | 36 | 104 |
* Swimmers who participated in the heats only and received medals.
* Swimmers who participated in the heats only and received medals.
At the 2008 Summer Olympics, new world records were set 25 times (affecting 21 distinct world records) and new Olympic records were set 65 times and one other was equalled (affecting 30 distinct Olympic records). [14] Only Ian Thorpe's 3:40.59 in the 400 metres freestyle and Inge de Bruijn's 56.61 in the 100 metres butterfly, both set in Sydney, remained Olympic records. Michael Phelps of the United States also broke the record for the most gold medals ever won by an Olympian with a total of 14; 8 of which were won during the 2008 Summer Olympics - this was also a world record.
* World record split from the 4 × 100 m freestyle relay
Note: At the 4 × 100 m freestyle relay final, anchor Jason Lezak swam the fastest 100 m split (46.06); however, this is not considered an official FINA record, as he did not swim the first leg.
Another big change to swimming occurred when Speedo launched the LZR Racer swim suits on February 13, 2008. The suits, developed by the Australian Institute of Sport, [15] were designed to repel water, allow oxygen to flow to the muscles, and hold the body in a more hydrodynamic position. [16] [17] The suits had been proven to give the swimmer a lower time by 1.9 to 2.2%. [18] Due to the advantage provided by the suits, some swimmers complained about the fairness in its use, because some people used multiple swimsuits to improve buoyancy and compressing of body; [19] the official blog for the National Collegiate Athletic Association pondered whether they were "technology doping" and what was the difference between gaining advantage from a swimsuit and gaining advantage from performance-enhancing drugs. [18] In response to these complaints, the International Swimming Federation (FINA) scheduled a meeting with Speedo to discuss the suits. [19] After the meeting, FINA dismissed the claims of cheating, and endorsed the suits for future swimming meets. [19] By August 14, 2008, 62 world records had been broken by swimmers wearing the LZR Racer. [20] [17]
Speedo International Limited is an Australian-British distributor of swimwear and swim-related accessories based in Nottingham, England.
Brent Matthew Hayden is a Canadian competitive swimmer. Representing Canada for a decade, Hayden is regarded as the fastest swimmer in Canadian history. Hayden won a bronze medal in the 100 m freestyle at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London with a time of 47.80, and was world champion in the same event in 2007 with Filippo Magnini of Italy. By winning the 100 metre, Hayden became the first Canadian in 21 years to win a gold medal at the World Aquatics Championships, and was also the first Canadian to appear in the 100 metre final at the Olympics since Dick Pound at the 1960 Summer Olympics, and the first Canadian to win an Olympic medal in the 100 metre. Hayden added a further three silver and one bronze medal to his World Championship totals.
Competitive swimwear refers to the swimsuit, clothing, equipment, and accessories used in the aquatic sports of swimming, diving, synchronized swimming, triathlon, and water polo.
High-technology swimwear, or tech suits, are scientifically advanced materials used for swimwear in competitive water sports such as swimming and triathlon. Materials of this type are normally spandex and nylon composite fabrics with features to reduce drag against the water. The fabrics include features that increase the swimmer's glide through water and reduce the absorption of water by the suit as opposed to regular swimsuits. Additionally, the suits are extremely tight, which make the swimmers body more streamlined and help reduce the buildup of lactic acid in the body.
Kathryn Elise Hoff is a former American competitive swimmer, she is an Olympic medalist, and former world record-holder. Hoff was known for her success in the 200-meter and 400-meter individual medley. She represented the United States at the 2004 Summer Olympics and 2008 Summer Olympics, in which she was awarded a silver medal and two bronze medals.
Ryan Steven Lochte is an American professional swimmer and 12-time Olympic medalist. Along with Natalie Coughlin, Dara Torres, and Jenny Thompson, he is the second-most decorated swimmer in Olympic history measured by total number of medals, behind only Michael Phelps. Lochte's seven individual Olympic medals rank second in history in men's swimming, tied for second among all Olympic swimmers. He currently holds the world records in the 200-meter individual medley. As part of the American teams, he also holds the world record in the 4×200-meter freestyle and 4×100-meter freestyle (mixed) relay.
Cullen Andrew Jones is an American former competition swimmer and Olympic gold medalist who specializes in freestyle sprint events. As part of the American team, he holds the world record in the 4×100-meter freestyle relay. At the 2012 Summer Olympics, he won silver medals in the 4 x 100-meter freestyle relay and the 50-meter freestyle, as well as the gold in the 4 x 100-metre medley.
The LZR Racer is a line of competition swimsuits manufactured by Speedo using a high-technology swimwear fabric composed of woven elastane-nylon and polyurethane. The swimsuits are made in body-length; they compress the body and trap air for buoyancy. The LZR Pro and LZR Elite were launched on 13 February 2008; the higher-priced LZR Elite was replaced by the LZR Elite 2 in early 2014. The LZR X was launched in early 2015. The technology is patented in Italy, and protected worldwide.
The men's 200 metre freestyle event at the 2008 Olympic Games took place on 10–12 August at the Beijing National Aquatics Center in Beijing, China. There were 58 competitors from 50 nations.
The men's 100 metre butterfly event at the 2008 Olympic Games took place on 14–16 August at the Beijing National Aquatics Center in Beijing, China.
Richard "Ricky" Berens is an American former competition swimmer, two-time Olympic gold medalist, world champion, and current world record-holder. As a member of the U.S. national team, he holds the world record in the 4×200-meter freestyle relay. He competed in the 4×100-meter and 4×200-meter freestyle relay events, as well as the individual 200-meter freestyle at the 2012 Summer Olympics.
Michael Fred Phelps II is an American former competitive swimmer. He is the most successful and most decorated Olympian of all time with a total of 28 medals. Phelps also holds the all-time records for Olympic gold medals (23), Olympic gold medals in individual events (13), and Olympic medals in individual events (16). At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Phelps tied the record of eight medals of any color at a single Games, held by gymnast Alexander Dityatin, by winning six gold and two bronze medals. Four years later, when he won eight gold medals at the 2008 Beijing Games, he broke fellow American swimmer Mark Spitz's 1972 record of seven first-place finishes at any single Olympic Games. At the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, Phelps won four gold and two silver medals, and at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, he won five gold medals and one silver. This made him the most successful athlete of the Games for the fourth Olympics in a row.
Swimming is an individual or team racing sport that requires the use of one's entire body to move through water. The sport takes place in pools or open water. Competitive swimming is one of the most popular Olympic sports, with varied distance events in butterfly, backstroke, breaststroke, freestyle, and individual medley. In addition to these individual events, four swimmers can take part in either a freestyle or medley relay. A medley relay consists of four swimmers who will each swim a different stroke, ordered as backstroke, breaststroke, butterfly and freestyle.
A number of new Olympic records were set in various events at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing.
Arena X-Glide is a swimsuit from the Arena brand, made of pure polyurethane that causes a swimmer to slide through water faster when swimming. One notable example of the efficacy of this suit design is that of Paul Biedermann of Germany who wore the suit in the 2009 World Championships, breaking two world records. The design of the suit covers basically the whole torso and the legs with the impermeable polyurethane, thereby exposing less skin to the water and improving the swimmer's buoyancy and streamlined shape. This significantly reduces the drag on the swimmer as they move through the water.
The swimming competitions at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London took place from 28 July to 4 August at the Aquatics Centre. The open-water competition took place from 9 to 10 August in Hyde Park.
Daniel William Henry "Danny" Wong Bego, OLY is a Malaysian swimmer, who specialises in freestyle and butterfly events. He emerged as one of Malaysia's most promising and outstanding swimmers, winning a total of fifteen medals at the Southeast Asian Games, and breaking six national records. He was the first Malaysian swimmer to compete in three different events at a single Olympic Games.
The history of competitive swimwear has been dominated by concerns over public nudity in the first half of the 20th century and by efforts to reduce water drag in the second half. Those efforts initially led swimmers to reduce the early sagging one-piece swimsuits down to briefs only. With the development of new materials that tightly fit the body and offered lower resistance to water than human skin, this trend was reversed to a complete body coverage from heels to neck and wrists. FINA banned full-body suits from competition effective from 1 January 2010, stating that it "wishes to recall the main and core principle is that swimming is a sport essentially based on the physical performance of the athlete".
Caeleb Remel DresselOLY is an American professional swimmer who specializes in freestyle, butterfly, and individual medley events. He swims representing the Cali Condors as part of the International Swimming League. He won a record seven gold medals at the 2017 World Aquatics Championships in Budapest, nine medals, six of which were gold, at the 2018 World Swimming Championships in Hangzhou, and eight medals, including six gold, at the 2019 World Aquatics Championships in Gwangju. Dressel is a seven-time Olympic gold medalist and holds world records in the 100 meter butterfly, 50 meter freestyle, and 100 meter individual medley.